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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,585 records · Page 88

Automated Fortran–C++ Bindings for Large-Scale Scientific Applications

Although many active scientific codes use modern Fortran, most contemporary scientific software libraries are implemented in C and C++. Providing their numerical, algorithmic, or data management features to Fortran codes requires writing and maintaining substantial amounts of glue code. This paper introduces a tool that automatically generates native Fortran 2003 interfaces to C and C++ libraries. The tool supports C++ features that have no direct Fortran analog, such as templated functions and exceptions. Finally, a set of simple examples demonstrates the utility and scope of the tool, and timing measurements with a mock numerical library illustrate the minimal performance impact of the generated wrapper code.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Challenges of and Opportunities for a Large Diverse Software Team

A large software team consisting of members with different expertise, skillsets, personalities, ethnicities, and involving collaboration on a large and complex software product presents many technical and cultural challenges, but also provides unique opportunities. In this article, we discuss the essential issues we faced when successfully transforming a collection of various independently developed software libraries into one large integrated product: the eXtreme-scale scientific Software Development Kit (xSDK). Furthermore, we argue it is just as important to pay attention to cultural challenges, such as establishment of reliable communication channels that considers, among others, differences in personalities and backgrounds as well as overcoming geographical separation and time-zone distribution when collaborating, as technical challenges. Finally, we discuss opportunities stemming from participating in a large diverse software team, such as increased internal expertise, variety of skillsets, broadened connections to external experts, and access to a larger pool of ideas or solutions.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Performance on HPC Platforms Is Possible Without C++

Computing at large scales has become extremely challenging due to increasing heterogeneity in both hardware and software. More and more scientific workflows must tackle a range of scales and use machine learning and AI intertwined with more traditional numerical modeling methods, placing more demands on computational platforms. These constraints indicate a need to fundamentally rethink the way computational science is done and the tools that are needed to enable these complex workflows. The current set of C++-based solutions may not suffice, and relying exclusively upon C++ may not be the best option, especially because several newer languages and boutique solutions offer more robust design features to tackle the challenges of heterogeneity. In June 2023, we held a mini symposium that explored the use of newer languages and heterogeneity solutions that are not tied to C++ and that offer options beyond template metaprogramming and Parallel. For for performance and portability. In conclusion, we describe some of the presentations and discussion from the mini symposium in this article.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

A Unifying Framework to Enable Artificial Intelligence in High-Performance Computing Workflows

Current trends point to a future where large-scale scientific applications are tightly coupled high-performance computing/artificial intelligence (HPC/AI) hybrids. Hence, we urgently need to invest in creating a seamless, scalable framework where HPC and AI/machine learning can efficiently work together and adapt to novel hardware and vendor libraries without starting from scratch every few years. Finally, the current ecosystem and sparsely connected community are not sufficient to tackle these challenges, and we require a breakthrough catalyst for science similar to what PyTorch enabled for AI.

high-performance computing↗

Virtual Power Plants: Pilots, Challenges, and Innovations Shaping Future Development

Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) aggregate distributed energy resources (DERs) to provide grid services traditionally delivered by centralized power plants. This article reviews the current state of VPP deployment, highlighting business models, compensation mechanisms, and global pilot projects. While VPPs offer benefits such as grid flexibility, resilience, and cost savings, challenges remain in communication infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, market access, and customer engagement. To address these, we propose a scalable, privacy-preserving hierarchical VPP architecture that coordinates with distribution utilities and preserves customer data. We also present the Integrated T&D Control Room of the Future as a key test bed for validating and accelerating VPP adoption. These innovations can help transition VPPs from pilot programs to integral components of a modern, reliable power grid.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Review of Power System Support Functions for Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources - Standards, Control Algorithms, and Trends

Penetration of renewable energy in power systems has been increasing in the past decades in response to increased global electricity demand and concerns for the environment. Distributed energy resources (DERs) based on renewables have experienced rapid growth thanks to the incentive programs and broad-based participation. With the growing prevalence of DERs, the risk of grid instability and vulnerability increases due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy. At the same time, the voltage and frequency deviation problems emerge more often when the reverse power flow occurs under supply-demand imbalance in distributed power systems. Standards and grid codes have been issued for DER inverters to interconnect with the distribution grid. The updated standard and grid codes expect DERs to provide a variety of power system support functions in order to incorporate higher DER penetration and to maximize DER value to the grid. This paper provides an overview of the power system support functions from renewable DER inverters, which are categorized as: voltage regulation by active/reactive power control, frequency regulation by active power control, voltage ride-through, and frequency ride-through. The benefits and drawbacks of each algorithm are presented and compared with its predecessor, manifesting the logic in the evolution of the algorithms.

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Dialogue Between Lighting and HVAC Systems: Improving building system integration

Lighting systems have long been capable of sensing when someone enters or exits a room and using that knowledge to turn lights on or off. More recently, connected lighting systems with sensors integrated into every luminaire have become broadly available, facilitating highly granular occupancy detection. Similarly, HVAC systems have long been able to use an understanding of building occupancy to adjust temperature setpoints and reduce energy use without significant impacts to occupant comfort. Energy codes (e.g., ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, IECC, Title 24) now require “occupied standby HVAC control,” whereby systems adjust both temperature and ventilation setpoints in zones that are determined to be unoccupied during normal occupancy hours. Here, this article discusses current issues that stymie the integration of Lighting and HVAC systems, and DOE activities focused on addressing them.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

SBML Level 3: an extensible format for the exchange and reuse of biological models

Systems biology has experienced dramatic growth in the number, size, and complexity of computational models. To reproduce simulation results and reuse models, researchers must exchange unambiguous model descriptions. We review the latest edition of the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML), a format designed for this purpose. A community of modelers and software authors developed SBML Level 3 over the past decade. Its modular form consists of a core suited to representing reaction-based models and packages that extend the core with features suited to other model types including constraint-based models, reaction-diffusion models, logical network models, and rule-based models. The format leverages two decades of SBML and a rich software ecosystem that transformed how systems biologists build and interact with models. More recently, the rise of multiscale models of whole cells and organs, and new data sources such as single-cell measurements and live imaging, has precipitated new ways of integrating data with models. We provide our perspectives on the challenges presented by these developments and how SBML Level 3 provides the foundation needed to support this evolution.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Connected Equipment Maturity Model Version 1.0

The Connected Equipment Maturity Model (CEMM) evaluates the high-level functionality and characteristics that enable equipment to provide the four categories of energy-related services through communication with other entities (e.g., equipment, third parties, utilities, and users). The CEMM will help the U.S. Department of Energy, industry, energy efficiency organizations, and research institutions benchmark the current state of connected equipment and identify capabilities that may be attained to reach a more advanced, future state.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Accelerating Systems Integration Standards (ACCEL)

This is the final report for a project to support the development of systems integration standards. The scope of work undertaken by the multi-laboratory team was to facilitate standards development and to help expedite the process in three important standards identified under the SunShot National Laboratory Multiyear Partnership (SuNLaMP) grid performance and reliability topic area.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Clause-by-Clause Summary of Requirements in IEEE Standard 1547-2018

The revised IEEE 1547 standard (IEEE Std 1547-2018) contains eleven chapters (clauses) and eight annexes that comprise 136 pages. Each clause specifies information or requirements that apply to certain aspects important to the interconnection of distributed energy resources to the electric power system. Implementation of the requirements needs a careful study of the underlying technical concept and also needs the appropriate information that may be required to calculate various settings and configurations. This document aims to provide an introductory text to assist users of IEEE Std 1547-2018 in identifying the following questions: what is the primary audience of the clause/subclause? What knowledge is required to understand the technical subject matter? What information is required to apply/implement the requirements specified? What level of fluency with the subject matter is required to apply/implement the requirements?

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Electrification Annual Progress Report (FY2019)

During fiscal year 2019 (FY 2019), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) funded early stage research & development (R&D) projects that address Batteries and Electrification of the U.S. transportation sector. The VTO Electrification Sub-Program is composed of Electric Drive Technologies, and Grid Integration activities. The Electric Drive Technologies group conducts R&D projects that advance electric motors and power electronics technologies. The Grid and Charging Infrastructure group conducts R&D projects that advance grid modernization and electric vehicle charging technologies. This document presents a brief overview of the Electrification Sub-Program and progress reports for its R&D projects. Each of the progress reports provide a project overview and highlights of the technical results that were accomplished in FY 2019.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Electrification FY2020 Annual Progress Report

The Electric Drive Technologies (EDT) program’s mission is to conduct early-stage research and development on transportation electrification technologies that accelerate the development of cost-effective and compact electric traction drive systems that meet or exceed performance and reliability requirements of internal combustion engine (ICE)-based vehicles, thereby enabling electrification across all light-duty vehicle types.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

Connected Equipment Maturity Model (V.1.0)

The Connected Equipment Maturity Model (CEMM) evaluates the high-level functionality and characteristics that enable equipment to provide the four categories of energy-related services through communication with other entities (e.g., equipment, third parties, utilities, and users). The CEMM will help the U.S. Department of Energy, industry, energy efficiency organizations, and research institutions benchmark the current state of connected equipment and identify capabilities that may be attained to reach a more advanced, future state.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Skewering the silos: using Brick to enable portable analytics, modeling and controls in buildings

Nearly all large commercial buildings have heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, lighting systems, safety and other systems controlled by a computer—a dedicated server with a building energy management system (BMS). However, these BMSs are proprietary with each building’s assets (that is, fans, valves, pumps, and their setpoints) named and coded uniquely by the BMS vendor or engineer; building analytics and control algorithms are written specific to the assets and the building. Thus, any control updates or analytics to improve building performance—especially critical to reduce greenhouse emissions or improve load flexibility—are labor intensive and costly. The Brick schema was developed so the same analysis or control algorithms can work on a variety of buildings if each is digitally represented in a Brick data model. The goal of this project was to further the development of Brick to extend it beyond an academic project with demonstrated success in a small field study, to a practical choice for industrial and commercial stakeholders seeking to realize value from building data. To do this, we executed four objectives: (1) expand the Brick schema including its modeling capabilities and vocabulary, (2) develop tools for integrating Brick with existing digital technologies and representations in buildings, (3) develop an open-source analytics platform to facilitate use of Brick in delivering data value, and (4) demonstrate Brick-driven analytics and controls in real settings.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

The Energy and Operational Impacts of Using 0-10V Control for LED Streetlights

LED lighting is becoming widely adopted and displacing most traditional lighting technologies. However, the traditional methods used to control light sources have not seen similar displacement. Lighting systems have historically utilized either a proprietary control method, or one of a handful of standardized methods (e.g., 0-10V, DALI, DMX512). The utility and market success of the standardized methods has been limited for a variety of reasons. Analog 0-10V methods have long been popular due to their simplicity and low cost of implementation and are presently the most commonly available control interface for indoor and outdoor LED products in North America. The emergence of “connected lighting systems” with more modern network interfaces and luminaire-level sensors and intelligence was anticipated by many to mark the beginning of the end of analog control. However, 0-10V interfaces continue to be prevalent with these more “digital” systems. The use of 0-10V methods has significant tradeoffs. 0-10V standards have historically not explicitly defined the relationship between the luminaire input control signal and output luminous flux for the full control signal range. As a result, it is difficult to predict relative luminaire light output and input power at any particular control voltage, and in practice the performance across LED drivers and the luminaires power is inconsistent. While this inconsistency has long been acknowledged by experts in the field, it is not accounted for in standard practice deployment, and end-users continue to regularly see unexpected and undesirable performance. It is hoped that the results from this study will help the lighting industry and standards developing organizations better understand and possibly resolve the shortcomings of 0-10V products, and consider what is best for the industry – additional incremental improvements to this fundamentally limited analog technology, or fully moving on to existing digital approaches, such as DALI D4i, that deliver accurate and consistent dimming performance across all luminaires in the system and thus guarantee the delivery of expected light levels, and energy and cost savings. Recommendations consistent with these goals are made to lighting and driver manufacturers, lighting software developers, standard developing organizations, and system designers and specifiers.

0-10V↗

Introduction to Grid Forming Inverters: A Key to Transforming our Power Grid [Slides]

A grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resource (IBR) controls maintain an internal voltage phasor that is constant or nearly constant in the sub-transient to transient time frame. This definition means that the GFM IBR will nearly immediately respond to changes in the external system and attempt to maintain IBR control during challenging network conditions to maintain grid stability. In GFM IBR, the voltage phasor is controlled to maintain synchronism with other devices in the grid while regulating the active and reactive power appropriately to support the grid. This contrasts with conventional GFL IBR controls wherein immediately after a disturbance (0-5 cycles), within the normal operating range of voltage, the output current phasor magnitude and angle remain unchanged, and the current phasor begins changing only within the transient time frame (tens of cycles) to strictly control the active and reactive power being injected into the network. This presentation gives an introduction to GFM IBR and presents the current state of the art in this area.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Future Electric Power Industry and Grids—Now What Again is Our Destination?

Having a vision that others agree to support and work toward is highly desirable but hard to achieve. We seem to lack a common and shared understanding of the vision—or worse, multiple visions (vivid mental images or documented statements) with varying areas of focus and details: • some appear to be similar but have differing underlying goals and characteristics, or • some reflect differing viewpoints as to effects on various stakeholders. These desirable and undesirable situations apply to realizing visions for enterprise and industry, including the electricity sector. Multiple industry stakeholder groups have developed goals, industry vision statements, and characterizations of the future. The viewpoints are promoted, discussed, refined by their stakeholder group, and often published to promote broad understanding and to inform or influence others. The GridWise Architecture Council asked itself how well-aligned these characterizations of the future are. If these publications collectively set the overall direction for the industry, it is useful to identify their answers to questions such as, where is the electric industry headed, guided by what objectives, and with what role(s) for the customers, electric utilities, and other stakeholders? Are these goals, visions, and future states moving toward a common vision, do they provide value for the stakeholders, and are they likely to meet the objective stated? This paper addresses these questions via an assessment and characterization of a sampling of stakeholder groups’ publicly available vision and future state reports for the electricity industry. Identified electric power grid architectural topic areas needing further work are described, along with GridWise Architecture Council analysis and observation, potential collaborative work efforts, and suggested next steps.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗