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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Selecting RMF Controls for National Security Systems

In 2014, the United States Department of Defense started transitioning the way it performs risk management and accreditation of information systems to a process entitled Risk Management Framework for DoD Information Technology or RMF for DoD IT. There are many more security and privacy controls (and control enhancements) from which to select in RMF, than there were in the previous Information Assurance process. This report is an attempt to clarify the way security controls and enhancements are selected. After a brief overview and comparison of RMF for DoD IT with the previously used process, this report looks at the determination of systems as National Security Systems (NSS). Once deemed to be an NSS, this report addresses the categorization of the information system with respect to impact levels of the various security objectives and the selection of an initial baseline of controls. Next, the report describes tailoring the controls through the use of overlays and scoping considerations. Finally, the report discusses organization-defined values for tuning the security controls to the needs of the information system.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

R-Adaptivity to Enable Compression of Elementary Computations in Extreme-Scale Finite Element Simulators

Modern computing systems are capable of exascale calculations, which are revolutionizing the development and application of high-fidelity numerical models in computational science and engineering. While these systems continue to grow in processing power, the available system memory has not increased commensurately, and electrical power consumption continues to grow. A predominant approach to limit the memory usage in large-scale applications is to exploit the abundant processing power and continually recompute many low-level simulation quantities, rather than storing them. However, this approach can adversely impact the throughput of the simulation and diminish the benefits of modern computing architectures. We present three novel contributions to reduce the memory burden while maintaining, and sometimes improving, performance in simulations based on finite element discretizations. The first contribution develops dictionary-based data compression schemes that detect and exploit the structure of the discretization, due to redundancies across the finite element mesh. While these schemes are shown to reduce memory requirements by more than 99% on meshes with large numbers of identical mesh cells, there are applications where this structure does not exist. The second contribution leverages a recently developed augmented Lagrangian optimization algorithm to enable r-adaptivity for meshes with the goal of enhancing the redundancies in the mesh. The third contribution extends these methods to patch-based linear solvers and preconditioners by compressing local matrices. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods to detect, enhance and exploit mesh structure on a suite of examples inspired by large-scale applications.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Spent Crystalline Silicotitanate Storage Study—Post AP-105DF Processing

A Tank-Side Cesium Removal (TSCR) system is under development by Washington River Protection Solutions to support initial production of immobilized low-activity waste (LAW) by feeding Hanford tank supernate from tank farms to the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) LAW Facility. Tank waste supernate will be filtered to remove suspended solids and then Cs will be removed by processing it through crystalline silicotitanate (CST) ion exchange media manufactured by Honeywell UOP, LLC. The Cs-loaded CST columns will be stored indefinitely, with a goal of eventual CST removal and treatment. Thus, the spent CST needs to be recoverable after undetermined storage time. Previous testing with AP-105 simulant showed that rinsing the CST bed with 3 bed volumes (1.4 apparatus volumes [AVs]) of 0.1 M NaOH resulted in a dried bed that maintained flow characteristics indicative of ease of recovery. This study explored the intermediate conditions (between feed dried in place and the 1.4 AVs of 0.1 M NaOH rinse) to evaluate CST bed properties after: 1) stoppage with feed in place; 2) stoppage after draining feed; 3) stoppage after 0.7 AV of 0.1 M NaOH rinse through column; 4) stoppage after 1.5 AVs of 0.1 M NaOH rinse through column. Post processing, each column was heated at 50 °C for 19 days under pseudo-storage conditions to simulate the expected dried and stored CST bed conditions. Testing was conducted at the small scale (12-mL bed volume); actual, Cs-depleted, AP-105 tank waste was used as the feed. Post-dried CST bed physical properties (angle of repose and penetration depth) were measured to evaluate how CST moved and flowed. All process stop-conditions resulted in a solidified CST bed except for the final condition, 1.5 AVs of 0.1 M NaOH rinse. At this small scale, the three CST beds presented an issue for retrievability after the short storage period (19 days at 50 °C). The latter case confirmed the results from simulant testing. The testing was intended to provide a preliminary assessment of issues that may arise from desiccation of CST during storage with the indicated salt solutions in place. Since these were small-scale tests, the processing system did not scale to full scale conditions exactly; however, the tests did provide insight into the impact on the dried and stored CST bed after stopping processing at an earlier step (upset condition) than normal. These results indicate that if an upset condition occurs at TSCR, a dilute hydroxide rinse should be considered before the CST dries from internal heating.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2017

Tuning Block Polymer Structure, Properties, and Processability for the Design of Efficient Nanostructured Materials Systems

Block polymers (BPs) are ideal building blocks for nanoporous membranes, microelectronics templates, energy storage devices, and other technologies. For these systems, precise control over morphology, properties, and processability are essential to optimize performance. The Epps group has used a multidisciplinary approach to control BP nanostructure ordering and orientations, order-disorder and glass transition temperatures, and mechanical and transport properties through the informed manipulation of BP effective segregation strengths and interfacial energetics. For example, alterations in macromolecular interactions between BP chains were achieved through the introduction of composition gradients between copolymer blocks or by adding dopants. In thin films, high-throughput approaches were designed to modify and characterize substrate-polymer interactions, and solvent annealing techniques were developed to facilitate nanoscale alignment and ordering. Finally, by manipulating BP interfacial energetics to gain exquisite tunability of nanostructures and materials' properties, the group is accelerating the development of next-generation BPs that will be harnessed to fabricate inexpensive, efficient, and high-performance devices.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Advanced Reaction System Program: Materials for ARS Reaction Chambers (FY18 Milestone, Subtask 3.3)

The objective of this effort is to identify materials and manufacturing technology that will allow the rapid construction and evaluation of computer modeled advanced reactor system designs to process specific carbon feedstock materials. Before full scale reaction systems can be built, prototypes need to be constructed and operated to validate the proposed new system performance against target criteria. The first steps, however, are to understand what type of materials are needed that can withstand the targeted process environments and determine how structures using those materials can be built. A wide range of reaction vessel conditions may exist in the processes being considered that could involve temperatures up to 1200°C, abrasive materials (high velocity coal and coal ash), different carbon feedstock materials (coal, biomass, and process wastes such as petcoke), corrosive and oxidizing/reducing gases, different material phases (solid, liquid, and gas), cyclic temperatures, microwave energy, customized vessel construction material needs (process stability, cost, weight, and compatibility with other materials), along with other known/unknown variables – all of which must be considered in selecting materials and considering manufacturing processes. The current focus of the research is to develop a reaction vessel sidewall structure consisting of a metal outer support and an inner ceramic (or cermet) protective surface. Ceramic coatings are desired because of their good corrosion and wear resistance, and because they are the material of choice to reduce metal shell temperature in high temperature processes. However significant property mismatches between metals and ceramics have been a roadblock to the joining of metals and ceramics.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Data Analytics for Residential PV from Permit to Interconnect (Final Technical Report)

The main objective of this research is to provide novel insights into the effects of permitting, inspection, and interconnection (PII) processes on PV system installations—and in particular, into the relationship between PII processes and adoption timelines. This research can then be used to clarify the potential effect of various process changes on reducing PII timelines, customer cancellation rates, and related costs nationwide. NREL completed this research by assembling a data set of distributed, largely residential rooftop solar systems less than 50 kilowatts in size from participating solar installers. NREL produced five publications describing the effects that PII processes can have on adoption timelines nationwide, in addition to publishing an interactive data viewer with five years of PII cycle time data. This tool can be used by stakeholders to identify potential adoption timelines by local government.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development of a Multi Sensor Data Science System for Monitoring a Solvent Extraction Process

Idaho National Laboratory is designing and constructing a solvent extraction test bed, Beartooth, as part of a nuclear fuel cycle stewardship initiative. The test bed will provide facilities and equipment for testing novel extraction processes and give early career scientists opportunities to gain skills in performing separations chemistry. The test bed is being uniquely designed to enable machine learning capabilities for the characterization of chemical process operations. One of the intentions of incorporating machine learning methods is to provide process operators with enhanced situational awareness for the optimization of separations techniques and possible detection of a diversion event. As a result, the objective of this Laboratory Directed Research and Development project is to develop a multi-sensor data collections system and implement machine learning techniques on signals from an existing centrifugal contactor cascade to identify equipment usage and process events. This presentation will provide an overview of sensors used and experiments conducted to date.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Methods and systems for emissions control in solvent-based CO2 capture processes using CO2

A method with corresponding systems for reducing emission of amines to the atmosphere. The method includes a a) introducing a gas containing CO 2 into an absorber; b) flowing the flue gas through an absorber having an absorbent with a water-lean solution having less than 50% water and one or more amines, with the absorbent capturing the CO 2 and forming a reduced CO 2 content gas having a baseline CO 2 content; and c) washing the reduced CO 2 content gas in a wash column with a wash solution comprising carbonic acid formed by addition of gaseous CO 2 into the wash solution. In this method, the washing removes the amines from the reduced CO 2 content gas and produces a reduced amine content gas exiting from the wash column.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Gating System Design Optimization for Investment Casting Process

This article aims to optimize specific castings, characterized as an element of the continuous track for armored vehicle. During the primary melts, defects in the form of oxide films and shrinkage porosity occurred. Steel 20ChGSNM described by the Russian GOST standard was used as a batch material, and the investment casting method was selected for production. To eliminate the above-mentioned defects, only changes in the gating system were allowed, because the interference with an ongoing production regarding technical and technological parameters was unacceptable by the manufacturer. Numerical simulation, x-ray, macro-structural and micro-structural analysis were used during the optimization process. The three variants were analyzed, and the achieved results demonstrated that it is possible to significantly affect the casting internal homogeneity by modifying the gating system individual parts. The final variant ensured a decrease in defects by up to 90% and the production of casting having the quality required by the customer.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Design and Evaluation of joint resistance in SSC Rutherford type cable splices for Torus magnet for the Jefferson Lab 12 GeV Upgrade

The Hall B 3.6-T superconducting torus magnet is being designed and built as part of the Jefferson Lab 12-GeV upgrade. The magnet consists of six trapezoidal coils connected in series, with an operating current of 3770 A. The magnet and the joints (or splices) connecting the coils are all conduction cooled by supercritical 4.6-K helium. This paper studies the design and manufacturing process of the splices made between two SSC Rutherford-type cables and discusses the tests performed to evaluate the performance of the splices under varying incident magnetic fields.

Ghoshal, Probir K.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Update on Parallel Process Execution in the Next Generation System Analysis Model

As of the end of 2021, 88,880 metric tons of heavy metal (MTHM) (44,741 MTHM in dry storage; 44,139 MTHM in wet storage) of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) were stored at various reactor sites across the United States [1]. The Office of Storage and Transportation in the Department of Energy is planning for the transportation, storage, and eventual disposal of SNF and high-level radioactive waste (HLW). To aid in this effort and inform decision-makers about the backend of the spent fuel cycle, systems analysis tools capable of analyzing the various options with respect to SNF and HLW management are being used as well as continuously improved to meet the evolving needs of the program. System analysts typically use these tools to vary underlying assumptions (shipping rates, allocation priority, available facilities, start dates, etc.) and study the implications of these changes on site clearance schedules, campaign costs, transportation infrastructure acquisition, etc.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Challenges and Opportunities of User-Level File Systemsfor HPC

The performance gap between magnetic disks and data processing on HPC systems has become that huge that an efficient data processing can only be achieved by introducing non-volatile memory (NVRAM) as a new storage tier. Although the benefits of hierarchical storage have been adequately demonstrated to the point that the newest leadership class HPC systems will employ burst buffers, critical questions remain for supporting hierarchical storage systems, including: How should we present hierarchical storage systems to user applications, such that they are easy to use and that application code is portable across systems? How should we manage data movement through a storage hierarchy for best performance and resilience of data? How do the particular I/O use cases mandate the way we manage data? There have been many efforts to explore this space in the form of file systems, with increasingly more implemented at the user level. This is because it is relatively easy to swap in new, specialized user-level file systems for use by applications on a case-by-case basis, as opposed to the current mainstream approach of using general-purpose, system-level file systems which may not be optimized for HPC workloads and must be installed by administrators. In contrast, file systems at the user level can be tailored for specific HPC workloads for high performance and can be used by applications without administrator intervention. Many user-level file system developers have found themselves “having to reinvent the wheel” to implement various optimizations in their file systems. Thus, a main goal of this meeting was to bring together experts in I/O performance, file systems, and storage, and collectively explore the space of current and future problems and solutions for I/O on hierarchical storage systems in order to begin a community effort in enabling user-level file system support for HPC systems. We had a lively week of learning about each other’s approaches as well as unique I/O use cases that can influence the design of a community-driven file and storage system standards. The agenda for this meeting contained talks from participants on the following high level topics: HPC storage and I/O support today; what do HPC users need for I/O; existing userlevel file system efforts; object stores and other alternative storage systems; and components for building user-level file systems. The talks were short and intended to be conversation starters for more in-depth discussions with the whole group. The participants engaged in lengthy discussions on various questions that arose from the talks including: Are we ready to program to a memory hierarchy versus block devices? Are the needs of HPC users reflected in our existing file systems and storage systems? Should we drop or keep POSIX moving forward? What do we mean when we say “user-level file system”? Do we all mean the same thing? How should the IO 500 benchmark be defined so it is fair and useful? and How are stage-in and stage-out actually going to work? The report for this seminar contains a record of the talks from the participants as well as the resulting discussions. Our hope is that the effort initiated during this seminar will result in long-term collaborations that will benefit the HPC community as a whole.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2012

Forestry Biofuel Statewide Collaboration Center (Michigan) (Final Technical Report)

A team composed of scientists from Michigan State University (MSU) and Michigan Technological University (MTU) assembled to better understand, document, and improve systems for using forest-based biomass feedstocks in the production of energy products within Michigan. Work was funded by a grant (DE-EE-0000280) from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and was administered by the Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC). The goal of the project was to improve the forest feedstock supply infrastructure to sustainably provide woody biomass for biofuel production in Michigan over the long-term. Work was divided into four broad areas with associated objectives: • TASK A: Develop a Forest-Based Biomass Assessment for Michigan – Define forest-based feedstock inventory, availability, and the potential of forest-based feedstock to support state and federal renewable energy goals while maintaining current uses. • TASK B: Improve Harvesting, Processing and Transportation Systems – Identify and develop cost, energy, and carbon efficient harvesting, processing and transportation systems. • TASK C: Improve Forest Feedstock Productivity and Sustainability – Identify and develop sustainable feedstock production systems through the establishment and monitoring of a statewide network of field trials in forests and energy plantations. • TASK D: Engage Stakeholders – Increase understanding of forest biomass production systems for biofuels by a broad range of stakeholders. The goal and objectives of this research and development project were fulfilled with key model deliverables including: 1) The Forest Biomass Inventory System (Sub-task A1) of feedstock inventory and availability and, 2) The Supply Chain Model (Sub-task B2). Both models are vital to Michigan’s forest biomass industry and support forecasting delivered cost, as well as carbon and energy balance. All of these elements are important to facilitate investor, operational and policy decisions. All other sub-tasks supported the development of these two tools either directly or by building out supporting information in the forest biomass supply chain. Outreach efforts have, and are continuing to get these user friendly models and information to decision makers to support biomass feedstock supply chain decisions across the areas of biomass inventory and availability, procurement, harvest, forwarding, transportation and processing. Outreach will continue on the project website at http://www.michiganforestbiofuels.org/ and http://www.michiganwoodbiofuels.org/

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Quantum speed limit for the out-of-time-ordered correlator from an open-system perspective

Scrambling, the delocalization of initially localized quantum information, is commonly characterized by the out-of-time-ordered correlator (OTOC). Employing the OTOC–Renyi-2 entropy theorem, we derive a quantum speed limit for the OTOC, which sets a lower bound for the rate with which information can be scrambled. This bound becomes particularly tractable by describing the scrambling of information in a closed quantum system as an effective decoherence process of an open system interacting with an environment. We prove that decay of the OTOC can be bounded by the strength of the system-environment coupling and two-point environmental correlation functions. We validate our analytic bound numerically using the nonintegrable transverse field Ising model. Furthermore, our results provide a universal and model-agnostic quantitative framework for understanding the dynamical limits of information spreading across quantum many-body physics, condensed matter systems, and engineered quantum platforms.

Fermions↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Digital Engineering Vision for DOME: Facilitating Design, Deployment, and Operations [Poster]

DOME is a planned microreactor test facility at INL’s Materials and Fuels Complex. It is a complex system with several interdependent sub-systems such as the reactor (up to 20 MWth), radioactive confinement, temperature and pressure regulation system, ventilation system, etc. The engineering design process for such a system traditionally involves several documents from various sources and the system information is scattered across these documents. Digital engineering represents a paradigm shift through which systems are designed using digital models and integrated data. The digital engineering vision for DOME utilizes a model-based systems engineering (MBSE) approach. The system architecture, physical components, control logic, and verification experiments are all designed using MathWorks MATLAB and Simulink. This hierarchical model can combine data from multiple sources at various levels of abstraction. It can be used to simulate the facility’s operations and to test the system using different sets of parameters. Its capabilities can be expanded by interfacing it with high-fidelity multi-physics models, risk analysis tools, etc. The same model can evolve into a digital twin that can monitor operations and conduct predictive analysis using real-time sensor data from the facility. The eventual goal of this effort is to transform the end-to-end engineering of nuclear facilities in every phase of their lifecycle, including design, deployment, and operations.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

SinhaRoy_TechPresentation_2024 [Slides]

DOME is a planned microreactor test facility at INL’s Materials and Fuels Complex. It is a complex system with several interdependent sub-systems such as the reactor (up to 20 MWth), radioactive confinement, temperature and pressure regulation system, ventilation system, etc. The engineering design process for such a system traditionally involves several documents from various sources and the system information is scattered across these documents. Digital engineering represents a paradigm shift through which systems are designed using digital models and integrated data. The digital engineering vision for DOME utilizes a model-based systems engineering (MBSE) approach. The system architecture, physical components, control logic, and verification experiments are all designed using MathWorks MATLAB and Simulink. This hierarchical model can combine data from multiple sources at various levels of abstraction. It can be used to simulate the facility’s operations and to test the system using different sets of parameters. Its capabilities can be expanded by interfacing it with high-fidelity multi-physics models, risk analysis tools, etc. The same model can evolve into a digital twin that can monitor operations and conduct predictive analysis using real-time sensor data from the facility. The eventual goal of this effort is to transform the end-to-end engineering of nuclear facilities in every phase of their lifecycle, including design, deployment, and operations.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Chemical Analysis of the Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxy Grus II. Signature of High-mass Stellar Nucleosynthesis

We present a detailed abundance analysis of the three brightest member stars at the top of the giant branch of the ultrafaint dwarf (UFD) galaxy Grus II. All stars exhibit a higher than expected [Mg/Ca] ratio compared to metal-poor stars in other UFD galaxies and in the Milky Way (MW) halo. Nucleosynthesis in high-mass ( 20 M ⊙) core-collapse supernovae has been shown to create this signature. The abundances of this small sample (three) stars suggests the chemical enrichment of Grus II could have occurred through substantial high-mass stellar evolution, and is consistent with the framework of a top-heavy initial mass function. However, with only three stars it cannot be ruled out that the abundance pattern is the result of a stochastic chemical enrichment at early times in the galaxy. The most metal-rich of the three stars also possesses a small enhancement in rapid neutron-capture (r-process) elements. The abundance pattern of the r-process elements in this star matches the scaled r-process pattern of the solar system and r-process enhanced stars in other dwarf galaxies and in the MW halo, hinting at a common origin for these elements across a range of environments. All current proposed astrophysical sites of r-process element production are associated with high-mass stars, thus the possible top-heavy initial mass function of Grus II would increase the likelihood of any of these events occurring. The time delay between the α and r-process element enrichment of the galaxy favors a neutron star merger as the origin of the r-process elements in Grus II.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗