Radar observations of clear-air convection over the sea.
Radar observations of clear air convection over sea, discussing information not provided by tower or aircraft instrumentation
Konrad, T. G.↗
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Thunderstorm turbulence and its relationship to weather radar echoes.
Thunderstorm turbulence relationship to weather radar echoes from storm penetrations in Oklahoma by instrumented aircraft
Burnham, J.↗
Airplane take-off performance indicator Patent
Aircraft instrument for indicating malfunctions during takeoff
Bailey, F. J., Jr.↗
Influence of vestibular stimulation and display luminance on the performance of a compensatory tracking task
Vestibular nystagmus and display luminance effects on hand-eye coordination in compensatory tracking of aircraft instrument
Benson, A. J.↗
The geometry and physical properties of exhaust clouds generated during the static firing of S-1C and S-2 rocket engines
An experimental program was conducted during the static firing of the S-1C stage 13, 14, and 15 rocket engines and the S-2 stage 13, 14, and 15 rocket engines. The data compiled during the experimental program consisted of photographic recordings of the time-dependent growth and diffusion of the exhaust clouds, the collection of meteorological data in the ambient atmosphere, and the acquisition of data on the physical structure of the exhaust clouds which were obtained by flying instrumented aircraft through the clouds. A new technique was developed to verify the previous measurements of evaporation and entrainment of blast deflector cooling water into the cloud. The results of the experimental program indicate that at the lower altitudes the rocket exhaust cloud or plume closely resembles a free-jet type of flow. At the upper altitudes, where the cloud is approaching an equilibrium condition, structure is very similar to a natural cumulus cloud.
Forbes, R. E.↗
Airborne measurements of air pollution chemistry and transport. 1: Initial survey of major air basins in California
An instrumented aircraft has been used to study photochemical air pollution in the State of California. Simultaneous measurements of the most important chemical constituents (ozone, total oxidant, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, as well as several meteorological variables) were made. State-of-the-art measurement techniques and sampling procedures are discussed. Data from flights over the South Coast Air Basin, the San Francisco Bay Area, the San Joaquin Valley, the Santa Clara and Salinas Valleys, and the Pacific Ocean within 200 miles of the California coast are presented. Pollutants were found to be concentrated in distant layers up to at least 18,000 feet. In many of these layers, the pollutant concentrations were much higher than at ground level. These findings bring into serious question the validity of the present practice of depending solely on data from ground-based monitoring stations for predictive models.
Gloria, H. R.↗
Effluent sampling of Scout D and Delta launch vehicle exhausts
Characterization of engine-exhaust effluents (hydrogen chloride, aluminum oxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide) has been attempted by conducting field experiments monitoring the exhaust cloud from a Scout-Algol III vehicle launch and a Delta-Thor vehicle launch. The exhaust cloud particulate size number distribution (total number of particles as a function of particle diameter), mass loading, morphology, and elemental composition have been determined within limitations. The gaseous species in the exhaust cloud have been identified. In addition to the ground-based measurements, instrumented aircraft flights through the low-altitude, stabilized-exhaust cloud provided measurements which identified CO and HCI gases and Al2O3 particles. Measurements of the initial exhaust cloud during formation and downwind at several distances have established sampling techniques which will be used for experimental verification of model predictions of effluent dispersion and fallout from exhaust clouds.
Hulten, W. C.↗
Jet engine soot emission measured at altitude
The state of knowledge concerning engine design to minimize air pollution is believed to be such that emission products can be reliably predicted while the engine is still on the drawing board. More effort is now being made to measure emission products from engines operating under cruise conditions. The use of an instrumented aircraft to obtain the appropriate data is perhaps a more realistic and less expensive approach. The results of this study taken at face value indicate that the emission index of typical jet engines calculated from the ground level measurements is comparable to the actual in-flight emission index for altitudes up to 30,000 ft.
Rosen, J. M.↗
Clear air convection - A close look at its evolution and structure
A unique experiment using advanced remote and direct sensing techniques was designed to investigate the detailed evolution and structure of clear-air convection. The measurements involved a high-power, narrow-beam pulse radar, a frequency modulated, continuous wave radar, an acoustic echo sounder, and instrumented aircraft. The various probing methods when used together complement each other and give a compatible and comprehensive description of the spatial and temporal evolution of clear-air convection.
Richter, J. H.↗
A complementary filtering technique for deriving aircraft velocity and position information
An onboard navigation system which employed complementary filtering was developed to provide velocity and position information. The inputs to the mix filter included both acceleration inputs, which provided high-frequency position and velocity information, and radar position inputs, which provided the low-frequency position and velocity information. Onboard aircraft instrumentation, including attitude reference gyros and body-mounted accelerometers, was used to provide the acceleration information. An in-flight comparison of signal quality and accuracy showed good agreement between the complementary filtering system and an aided inertial navigation system. Furthermore, the complementary filtering system was proven to be satisfactory in control and display system applications for both automatic and pilot-in-the-loop instrument approaches and landings.
Niessen, F. R.↗
Airborne survey of major air basins in California
An instrumented aircraft was used to study the chemical and transport properties of air pollution in two major urban centers in California and to survey certain aspects of air pollution within this state. State-of-the-art measurement techniques and sampling procedures are discussed. It is found that meteorological transport mechanisms are better portrayed by vertical pollutant profiles. Airborne measurements define the nature of the mixing layer for atmospheric pollutants. Results show that the pollutants are found to be concentrated in distinct layers up to at least 18,000 feet and the O3 buildup occurring in advected air masses is a result of a continuous photochemical aging of air mass.
Gloria, H. R.↗
Summary of flight performance of the Skylab Earth Resources Experiment Package /EREP/
A group of six remote sensor systems (sensing visible, infrared, and microwave radiation) known as the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP) was flown on the NASA Skylab spacecraft to furnish data to numerous investigators in the earth sciences and in technology assessment. Inflight sensor performance in three categories (functional, geometric, and radiometric) was evaluated using: (1) ground measurements of surface, atmospheric, and illumination parameters; (2) ground deployment and operation of microwave receivers and transponders to monitor and excite the active EREP sensors; (3) measurement of surface and atmospheric parameters by instrumented aircraft on underflights of Skylab passes; and (4) analysis of the actual flight data. This resulted in identification and correction of anomalous sensor operation, quantization of geometric distortions or aberrations, improvement or confirmation of calibrations, and determination of sensitivity, accuracy, and stability of the sensors.
Potter, A. E.↗
Solid-state turn-coordinator display
Light emitting diodes are employed in displays for aircraft instrument applications. Device offers three levels of brightness to compensate for varying degrees of ambient light present in cockpit.
Crouch, R. K.↗
Analytical evaluation of tilting proprotor wind tunnel test requirements
Specific test requirements related to the wind tunnel testing of the XV-15 advanced tilt rotor research aircraft were determined. The following analytical tools were developed: (1) digital simulation of the XV-15, incorporating a simplified tunnel support model, control system loop, measurement lags, gust disturbances, and sensor noise, (2) specialization of existing data analysis programs to the high order XV-15 dynamical model (transfer function program, a time series analysis program, an advanced maximum likelihood parameter identification program), (3) several auxiliary programs to provide estimates of damping from transfer functions as well as calculations of model decomposition of system response. The following results were discussed: (1) modelling of the aircraft, instrumentation, and controls, (2) results of the rotor/cantilever wing model and coupled wing, (3) examples of data prediction with system identification techniques, and (4) detailed conclusions and recommendations.
Hall, W. E., Jr.↗
A survey of the status of and philosophies relating to cockpit warning systems
A survey was taken to study current cockpit caution and warning (c/w) systems, and to examine industry philosophies regarding c/w system design including current efforts to improve them. Guidelines currently in use were outlined and those which appear to have general acceptance, those which are considered ineffective or erroneous, and those with which there is broad disagreement as to validity, were delineated. Major airplane manufacturerd were surveyed and a manufacturer dealing specifically with aircraft instrumentation was consulted.
Cooper, G. E.↗
Rocket effluent: Its ice nucleation activity and related properties
To investigate the possibility of inadvertent weather modification from rocket effluent, aerosol samples were collected from an instrumented aircraft subsequent to the Voyager 1 and 2 launches. The aerosol's morphology, concentration, and size distribution were examined with an electron microscope. The elemental compositions of individual particles were analyzed with an X-ray energy spectrometer. Ice nucleus concentration was measured with a thermal diffusion chamber. The particles' physical and chemical properties were related to their ice nucleation activity. A laboratory experiment on rocket propellant exhaust was conducted under controlled conditions. Both laboratory and field experimental results indicated that rocket propellant exhaust can produce active ice nuclei and modify local weather in suitable meteorological conditions.
Parungo, F. P.↗
Rocket effluent size distributions made with a cascade quartz crystal microbalance
Airborne particulate size distribution measurements were made in the stabilized ground cloud from a Titan III C rocket just after launch from the Kennedy Space Center on May 12, 1977. The measurements were made from aboard a small twin engine aircraft instrumented with particle and gas sensors. The plume was followed for about 1 hour while making multiple passes through the cloud at varying altitudes. The results obtained with a ten-stage cascade quartz crystal microbalance impactor show that the mass concentration as a function of particle diameter is bimodal with the first maximum between 0.05 micrometers and 0.1 micrometers and the second maximum between 0.8 and 1.0 micrometer. Scanning electron microscope analysis were performed on the material collected and show distinctly different kinds of particles in the two modes.
Woods, D. C.↗
Rocket effluent - Its ice nucleation activity and related properties
To investigate the possibility of inadvertent weather modification from rocket effluent, aerosol samples were collected from an instrumented aircraft subsequent to the Voyager I and II launches. The aerosol's morphology, concentration and size distribution were examined with an electron microscope. The elemental compositions of individual particles were analyzed with an X-ray energy spectrometer. Ice nucleus concentration was measured with a subfreezing thermal diffusion chamber. The particles' physical and chemical properties were related to their ice nucleation activity. A laboratory experiment on rocket propellant exhaust was conducted under controlled conditions. Both laboratory and field experimental results indicated that rocket propellant exhaust can produce active ice nuclei. Their consequences for potential inadvertant weather modification demand additional study.
Parungo, F. P.↗