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At least 163 records · Page 9

Applying Additive Manufacturing to a New Liquid Oxygen Turbopump Design

A liquid oxygen turbopump has been designed at Marshall Space Flight Center as part of the in-house, Advanced Manufacturing Demonstrator Engine (AMDE) project. Additive manufacturing, specifically direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) of Inconel 718, is used for 77% of the parts by mass. These parts include the impeller, turbine components, and housings. The near-net shape DMLS parts have been delivered and final machining is underway. Fabrication of the traditionally manufactured hardware is also proceeding. Testing in liquid oxygen is planned for Q2 of FY2017. This topic explores the design of the turbopump along with fabrication and material testing of the DMLS hardware.

O'Neal, Derek↗

Applying Additive Manufacturing to a New Liquid Oxygen Turbopump Design

A liquid oxygen turbopump has been designed at Marshall Space Flight Center as part of the in-house, Advanced Manufacturing Demonstrator Engine (AMDE) project. Additive manufacturing, specifically direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) of Inconel 718, is used for 77% of the parts by mass. These parts include the impeller, turbine components, and housings. This paper discusses the impacts of the DMLS fabrication technique on the design of the turbopump and lessons learned during DMLS hardware fabrication and material testing.

O’Neal, T. Derek↗

(Preliminary) Effects of Ball Milling Zeolite Powders for Use in Additively Manufactured Solid Sorbents

Zeolite 13X is favorable to be used as an adsorbent in carbon dioxide (CO2) removal from the spacecraft cabin air. Reducing the size of the zeolite particles and particle size distribution is thought to increase the capacity of CO2 adsorption of the zeolite 13X powder, and potentially increase its manufacturability as a paste for additive manufacturing or slip casting. This paper will go into detail on the process of using ball milling in order to reduce particle size and particle size distribution of commercial zeolite 13X powder, as well as to characterize CO2 adsorption and manufacturability of the milled powder. Both dry and wet ball milling was analyzed during the experiment. Studies were also ran on the amount of time the powder was milled, rotational speed of the milling machine, ball to powder ratio, ball to jar ratio, and ethanol to powder ratio. The processed powder was then characterized through laser diffraction, SEM, and surface measurement techniques to show that particle size and particle size distribution could be reduced, and to show the effect of the reduced particle size and particle size distribution on CO2 adsorption and manufacturability.

zeolite↗

Development of an Additively Manufactured Subscale Secondary Sealed Container for the NASA FROSTE Project

This presentation details the development of an additively manufactured (AM) subscale test article for the secondary sealed container (SSC) as part of the NASA FROSTE project. FROSTE is focused on the collection of regolith samples from shadowed regions of the Moon and the preservation of those samples at cryogenic temperatures for return to Earth. Our team was integrated into the FROSTE program to leverage innovative design approaches and additive manufacturing capabilities in support of a scalable development strategy, where the subscale configuration serves as the development path toward a full-scale SSC. Scalmalloy was selected as the primary material for all AM components due to its favorable strength-to-weight ratio, thermal conductivity, and demonstrated performance in aerospace applications. Its aluminum-based composition supports robust mechanical behavior at cryogenic temperatures while enabling efficient heat transfer and control of thermal gradients within the containment system. The SSC architecture consists of an outer container assembly that houses a phase change material (PCM) tank, which in turn contains primary containers holding the regolith. Thermal management relies on controlled conductive and radiative heat transfer, including a thermal connection assembly that interfaces the PCM tank to an external cryocooler via a thermal strap, and IMLI surrounding the PCM tank to inhibit radiative heat transfer. The outer container assembly incorporates sealing interfaces, thermal connection ports, and I/O feedthroughs, with PTFE spring seals used at critical interfaces to maintain containment integrity. The PCM tank is manufactured as a single monolithic Scalmalloy component and incorporates an integral lattice structure to minimize thermal gradients, internal channels for thermocouple routing, and interface features for thermal connection assembly integration. The tank is centrally suspended within the outer container using support rings, with G10 insulating components employed to inhibit thermal leaks. This work describes the design methodology, AM approach, and key considerations used to inform the design.

regolith↗

NASA’s Plans for the Release of Standards for Additive Manufactured Components

NASA has a critical need for the development of Agency standards for the certification of additively manufactured (AM) components. This is necessary since the current version of NASA standards for manned and noncrewed spaceflight hardware do not contain sufficient detail and the development of documents by the international standards organizations are not mature enough for implementation. AM parts are currently flying or in development for nearly all NASA flight programs. To bridge the gap prior to the release of Agency standards MSFC released two documents, MSFC-STD-3716 and MSFC-SPEC-3717. These documents were written specifically for laser power fusion of metallic powder, but the principles defined were used for tailoring requirements for current NASA manned missions. In 2018 a team of Agency AM experts was assembled and development of standards for the certification of additively manufactured components. These standards are design for use by all NASA programs and a broader spectrum of mature materials and processes. Four documents are being planned; NASA-STD-6030 (add title), NASA-STD-6032 (add title), NASA-STD-6033 (add title) and NASA-HNBK-6034 (add title). Two of these documents, NASA-STD-6030 and NASA-STD-6033, are being finalized for release in late 2020. These standards contain requirements that address part classification, metallurgical process control, material property development, part process control, part inspection and acceptance, equipment process control and vendor process control. This paper will present a summary of the status of each document and provide an overview of the content of NASA-STD-6030.

Richard Russell↗

Enabling Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Advanced Aero Propulsion Materials & Components

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are enabling for advanced high performance, propulsion component designs in electric motors1-2 and turbine engine systems in future electrified aircraft. AM offers significant benefits over conventional manufacturing to fabricate components that are more compact, lighter weight, geometrically complex, innovatively cooled, integrated, multi-material, and multifunctional. For turbine engine applications, silicon carbide (SiC) based composites are being pursued using binder jetting and laminated object manufacturing (LOM) for components such as shrouds, vanes, and recuperators. For electric motor applications, additive processes are being applied toward optimized component designs to include the housing, rotor, and stators with 3-D printing and wire imbedded coils and with direct printed 3-phase coils. The electrical conductivity of silver conductor coils optimized by evaluating alternate sintering methods and additions of graphene and carbon nanostructures will be presented. Potential benefits of new electric motor components in improving temperature capability, efficiency, and power density for reductions in energy consumption and emissions will be discussed.

Halbig, Michael C.↗

Additive Manufacturing of Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion Devices: A Summary of Process Developments and Hot-Fire Testing Results

Additive Manufacturing (AM) of metals is a processing technology that has significantly matured over the last decade. For liquid propellant rocket engines, the advantages of AM for replacing conventional manufacturing of complicated and expensive metallic components and assemblies are very attractive. AM can significantly reduce hardware cost, shorten fabrication schedules, increase reliability by reducing the number of joints, and improve hardware performance by allowing fabrication of designs not feasible by conventional means. The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has been involved with various forms of metallic additive manufacturing for use in liquid rocket engine component design, development, and testing since 2010. The AM technique most often used at the NASA MSFC has been powder-bed fusion or selective laser melting (SLM), although other techniques including laser directed energy deposition (DED), arc-based deposition, and laser-wire cladding techniques have also been used to develop several components. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the various internal programs at the NASA MSFC using AM to develop combustion devices hardware. To date at the NASA MSFC, combustion devices component hardware ranging in size from 100 lbf to 35,000 lbf have been designed and manufactured using SLM and deposition-based AM processes, and many of these pieces have been hot-fire tested. Combustion devices component hardware have included thrust chamber injectors, injector components such as faceplates, regeneratively-cooled combustion chambers, regeneratively-cooled nozzles, gas generator and preburner hardware, and augmented spark igniters. Ongoing and future developments for combustion devices have also included design of components sized for boost-class engines. Several design and hot-fire test iterations have been completed on these subscale and larger scale components, and a summary of these results will be presented as well.

Gradl, Paul↗

Initiatives to Improve Quality of Additively Manufactured Parts

NASA is providing leadership in an international effort linking government and industry resources to speed adoption of additive manufactured (AM) parts. Participants include government agencies (NASA, USAF, NIST, FAA), industry (commercial aerospace, NDE manufacturers, AM equipment manufacturers), standards organizations and academia. NASA is also partnering with its international space exploration organizations such as ESA and JAXA. NDT is identified as a universal need for all aspects of additive manufacturing.

Waller, Jess↗

Process Development and Hot-fire Testing of Additively Manufactured NASA HR-1 for Liquid Rocket Engine Applications

Additive manufacturing (AM) has provided new design and manufacturing opportunities to reduce cost and schedules, consolidate parts, and optimize performance. One technique being evaluated is Laser Powder Directed Energy Deposition (LP-DED), which provides a significant increase in scale compared to Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF). NASA along with industry partners have been developing the LP-DED process to demonstrate internal channel geometry and development components for use in liquid rocket engine channel cooled nozzles. Optimized materials in the extreme high pressure and hydrogen environment for liquid rocket engines remains a key challenge. NASA has advanced an enabling material called NASA HR-1 (Hydrogen Resistant -1) as a solution using AM techniques. NASA HR-1 is a high-strength Fe-Ni superalloy designed to resist high pressure, hydrogen environment embrittlement, oxidation, and corrosion. NASA HR-1 meets materials requirements for liquid rocket engine components, including good hydrogen resistance, high conductivity, good low cycle fatigue performance, and high elongation and strength for components in high heat flux environments. Material properties and process characterization have been completed on the high density thin-wall material in addition to advancements of the supply chain. NASA has also completed fabrication of several subscale and full-scale channel wall nozzles in LP-DED NASA HR-1 and completed hot-fire testing. This includes refinement of the process to produce thin-walls and various channel geometries to meet the requirements for channel wall nozzle applications. This paper will provide an overview of the LP-DED process development, material characterization and properties, component manufacturing, and hot-fire testing. Hot-fire testing was completed for a lander-class 7K-lbf thrust chamber using Liquid Oxygen (LOX)/Methane. The design overview and results from hot-fire testing will be presented in addition to hardware development for future testing on 2K-lbf and 35k-lbf thrust chambers and large-scale manufacturing technology demonstrators.

Additive Manufacturing↗

Process Development and Hot-fire Testing of Additively Manufactured NASA HR-1 for Liquid Rocket Engine Applications

Additive manufacturing (AM) has provided new design and manufacturing opportunities to reduce cost and schedules, consolidate parts, and optimize performance. One technique being evaluated is Laser Powder Directed Energy Deposition (LP-DED), which provides a significant increase in scale compared to Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF). NASA along with industry partners have been developing the LP-DED process to demonstrate internal channel geometry and development components for use in liquid rocket engine channel cooled nozzles. Optimized materials in the extreme high pressure and hydrogen environment for liquid rocket engines remains a key challenge. NASA has advanced an enabling material called NASA HR-1 (Hydrogen Resistant -1) as a solution using AM techniques. NASA HR-1 is a high-strength Fe-Ni superalloy designed to resist high pressure, hydrogen environment embrittlement, oxidation, and corrosion. NASA HR-1 meets materials requirements for liquid rocket engine components, including good hydrogen resistance, high conductivity, good low cycle fatigue performance, and high elongation and strength for components in high heat flux environments. Material properties and process characterization have been completed on the high density thin-wall material in addition to advancements of the supply chain. NASA has also completed fabrication of several subscale and full-scale channel wall nozzles in LP-DED NASA HR-1 and completed hot-fire testing. This includes refinement of the process to produce thin-walls and various channel geometries to meet the requirements for channel wall nozzle applications. This paper will provide an overview of the LP-DED process development, material characterization and properties, component manufacturing, and hot-fire testing. Hot-fire testing was completed for a lander-class 7K-lbf thrust chamber using Liquid Oxygen (LOX)/Methane. The design overview and results from hot-fire testing will be presented in addition to hardware development for future testing on 2K-lbf and 35k-lbf thrust chambers and large-scale manufacturing technology demonstrators.

DED↗

Evaluation of Additively Manufactured Metals for Use in Oxygen Systems Project

Space Launch System, Commercial Resupply, and Commercial Crew programs have published intent to use additively manufactured (AM) components in propulsion systems and are likely to include various life support systems in the future. Parts produced by these types of additive manufacturing techniques have not been fully evaluated for use in oxygen systems and the inherent risks have not been fully identified. Some areas of primary concern in the SLS process with respect to oxygen compatibility may be the porosity of the printed parts, fundamental differences in microstructure of an AM part as compared to traditional materials, or increased risk of shed metal particulate into an oxygen system. If an ignition were to occur the printed material could be more flammable than components manufactured from a traditional billet of raw material and/or present a significant hazards if not identified and rigorously studied in advance of implementation into an oxygen system.

Tylka, Jonathan↗

Development of Aluminum Feedstock for Additive Manufacturing

The rapid evolution of materials science and manufacturing technologies in recent years has offered new pathways to manipulate materials for bespoke manufacturing. Here we aim to develop feedstocks for applications such as radiator panels, fuel tanks, and structural components for outfitting. As a strong, light weight and thermally conductive material aluminum is ideal for these applications. An often-overlooked source of aluminum waste is food packaging used on the International Space Station. Reusing this waste stream will reduce the cost and logistics of regular sparing. In Space Manufacturing (ISM) will utilize this technology is such areas as sparing and outfitting. However, processing aluminum can present challenges, especially in the context of additive manufacturing and sintering, due to its high reactivity and tendency to form a tenacious oxide layer. Identifying appropriate binders and sintering profiles can overcome these challenges. Herein we present our work on obtaining aluminum powder derived from food packaging, binder selection for aluminum feedstock, and a demonstration of bound metal deposition printing.

aluminum↗

Additive Manufacturing and Characterization of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites Containing Metal Reinforcements

Additive manufacturing of polymeric systems using 3D printing has become quite popular recently due to rapid growth and availability of low cost and open source 3D printers. Two widely used 3D printing filaments are based on polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) systems. PLA is much more environmentally friendly in comparison to ABS since it is made from renewable resources such as corn, sugarcane, and other starches as precursors. Recently, polylactic acid-based metal powder containing composite filaments have emerged which could be utilized for multifunctional applications. The composite filaments have higher density than pure PLA, and the majority of the materials volume is made up of polylactic acid. In order to utilize functionalities of composite filaments, printing behavior and properties of 3-D printed composites need to be characterized and compared with the pure PLA materials. In this study, pure PLA and composite specimens with different metallic reinforcements (Copper, Bronze, Tungsten, Iron, etc) were 3D printed at various layer heights and resulting microstructures and properties were characterized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) behavior of filaments with different reinforcements were studied. The microscopy results show an increase in porosity between 3-D printed regular PLA and the metal composite PLA samples, which could produce weaker mechanical properties in the metal composite materials. Tensile strength and fracture toughness behavior of specimens as a function of print layer height will be presented.

brass↗

Metal Additive Manufacturing for Rocket Engines: Successes and Failures

NASA has been developing additive manufacturing (AM) for various technical and programmatic advantages for complex rocket engine and aerospace components. This maturation has focused on various AM processes, new alloys, characterizing material properties, developing standards, producing demonstrator parts, and integrating AM hardware in liquid rocket engines through test-fail-fix cycles, as well as application and dissemination of lessons learned of the AM lifecycle. The importance of proper AM processing was made evident in the failure of a Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) copper-alloy combustion chamber during a hot-fire test due to a degraded material quality. The hot-fire test aimed to demonstrate high duty cycle under a risk-tolerant development project, where consequences of component failure would be minimal. However, the unintentional component failure emphasized the necessity of robust material characterization and rigorous process control procedures for the safe use of AM components in critical applications. This presentation provides an overview of the development failure, a discussion on the evaluation of the failed chamber and supplemental chambers produced at the same time, a representative material samples that included intentional build witness lines, and a summary of the key results and recommendations from the evaluations. NASA continues to approach AM processes and designs with a level of risk and acceptance of failures that is appropriate for the project objectives, with the overall goal of safe implementation of AM technology and transferring AM technology into commercial space applications. This presentation with provide critical awareness to the community lessons learned on proper implementation of AM.

L-PBF↗

Assured Performance of Additively Manufactured and Composite Parts through Embedded Sensing and Life Cycle Monitoring: An Enabler for in-Space Use

Lightweight composites have a range of applications in aerospace where operational costs and mission (payload) capabilities depend significantly on component weight. Additive manufacturing of the composite components expands the design and production space allowing for complex part geometries. A limiting factor to the utilization of the composites in high value applications, such as aerospace generally, and particularly for in-space applications, is the ability to determine the part quality both at the time of production as well as through the lifetime of the component. Work on monitoring the performance of additively manufactured and autoclaved composites that encompasses the design and manufacturing as well as use in operational environments will be discussed. Optimization of the component design for manufacturability, the use of process monitoring sensors during the component build as well as embedding of carbon nanotube yarn based structural sensors will be described.

Additive Manufacturing↗

CAMIEM: Compact Additively Manufactured Innovative Electric Motor

New manufacturing methods are needed to obtain innovative electric motor designs that have much higher power densities and/or efficiencies compared to the current state-of-the-art. Additive manufacturing offers the potential to radically change motor designs so that they have compact designs, multi-material components, innovative cooling, and optimally designed and manufactured components. New component designs enabled by additive manufacturing technologies have been designed and were fabricated to include the housing, rotors, stator cooling ring, a direct printed stator, and a wire embedded stator. The new components were integrated into the motor and tested evaluate the performance gains in comparison to the baseline electric motor configuration. Partners on the sub-project include NASA GRC, NASA LaRC, NASA AFRC, LaunchPoint Technologies, and the University of Texas El Paso.

Halbig, Michael C.↗

Electrical Discharge Machining of Additively Manufactured Superalloys Containing Oxide Dispersions

Superalloys can be strengthened by oxide dispersions to potentially improve their mechanical properties at high temperatures. Additive manufacturing has opened new paths for introducing oxide particles into superalloys with increased processing flexibility, to potentially provide oxide dispersion strengthening. Numerically controlled electrical discharge machining (EDM) has often been used as a machining process for initial sectioning, detailed roughing, and even finishing operations of conventional superalloys. The objective of this study was to examine how additively manufactured superalloys containing oxide dispersions respond when sectioned using EDM. Consistent sections of several superalloys, two containing an oxide dispersion, were sliced using a typical EDM machine with standard brass wire and a typical roughing condition set. Roughness, microstructure, and residual stress at the EDM surfaces were compared for the varied superalloys.

superalloys↗

Additive Manufacturing: An Enabling Technology for the MoonBEAM 6U CubeSat Missions

The Advanced Concepts Office at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center completed a mission concept study for the Moon Burst Energetics All-sky Monitor (MoonBEAM). The goal of the concept study was to show the enabling aspects that additive manufacturing can provide to CubeSats. In addition to using the additively manufactured tanks as part of the spacecraft structure, the main propulsion system uses a green propellant, which is denser than hydrazine. Momentum unloading is achieved with electric microthrusters, eliminating much of the propellant plumbing. The science mission, requirements, and spacecraft design are described.

Hopkins, R. C.↗