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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1974

Nuclear reactions induced by high-energy alpha particles

Experimental and theoretical studies of nuclear reactions induced by high energy protons and heavier ions are included. Fundamental data needed in the shielding, dosimetry, and radiobiology of high energy particles produced by accelerators were generated, along with data on cosmic ray interaction with matter. The mechanism of high energy nucleon-nucleus reactions is also examined, especially for light target nuclei of mass number comparable to that of biological tissue.

Shen, B. S. P.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Detection of radon emission at the edges of lunar maria with the Apollo alpha-particle spectrometer

The distribution of radioactive polonium-210, a decay product of radon-222, shows enhanced concentrations at the edges of lunar maria. Enhancements are seen at the edges of Mare Fecunditatis, Mare Crisium, Mare Smythii, Mare Tranquillitatis, Mare Nubium, Mare Cognitum, and Oceanus Procellarum. The observation is indicative of the transient emission of radon gas from the perimeters of lunar maria.

Gorenstein, P.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Rigidity-independent coronal propagation and escape of solar protons and alpha particles

In a study of rigidity-independent coronal propagation processes, data on the azimuthal variation of the solar proton/alpha-particle ratio were obtained. Sources for the data included a statistical analysis of events observed by Heos-2, a comparative study of events recorded by both Heos-2 and Pioneer-10 and -11, and a multiday survey of individual events observed by Heos-2 and Pioneer-10. The statistical investigation of Heos-2 events reveals an increase of the lower value of the proton/alpha-particle ratio away from the well-connected region. The data from one or two spacecraft connected at different heliolongitudes indicates no azimuthal dependence of the proton/alpha-particle ratio. All the data appear to suggest rigidity-independent propagation or escape processes.

Perron, C.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Protons and alpha particles in field-aligned beams upstream of the bow shock

Measurements of H(+) and He(2+) ions in field-aligned beams (about 10 keV/nuc) made with the AMPTE-CCE spacecraft are reported. The proton beam population has a density of less than about 1 percent of the solar wind density and a significant thermal anisotropy, in agreement with previous observations. The observed beam velocities are in reasonable agreement with the 'direct reflection' model, in which a portion of the solar wind is reflected and energized at the earth's bow shock, but are consistently larger than expected from magnetosheath leakage models. The He(2+) ions in the beams have approximately the same velocity as the H(+) ions, but the He(2+) to H(+) density ratio is dramatically smaller than that measured simultaneously in the solar wind. The present beam observations were obtained during several of the time intervals previously analyzed by other workers, using data from the same spacecraft, who attributed the streaming upstream ions to magnetospheric rather than bow shock origin.

Ipavich, F. M.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Investigation of Martian Aqueous Processes Using Multiple Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) Datasets

The APXS instruments flown on the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) Spirit and Opportunity and the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity were based on the same fundamental design. The calibration effort of the MSL APXS used the same reference standards analyzed in the MER calibration which ensures that data produced by all three instruments provide the same compositional results for the same sample. This cross-calibration effort is unprecedented and allows direct comparisons and contrasts of samples analyzed at Gusev Crater by Spirit, Meridiani Planum by Opportunity, and Gale Crater by Curiosity.

Yen, A. S.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Igneous and Sedimentary Compositions from Four Landing Sites on Mars from the Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)

The APXS - supported and promoted strongly by Heinrich Waenke - on all four Mars Rovers has returned compositional data from about 1000 rocks and soil targets along the combined traverses of over 60 kilometers. Providing precise and accurate bulk chemistry with typically 16 quantified elements, the APXS is a powerful and versatile tool that when combined with the ability to traverse to key rocks and soils has provided critical information needed to understand the geologic evolution of Mars. APXS data allow comparisons among landing sites, provide ground truth for orbiters and connections back to SNC meteorites. The soils and dust are basaltic in character and represent the average Mars composition similar to Adirondack basalts from Gusev crater but with unambiguous elevated and correlated S, Cl and Zn contents. At all four landing sites the APXS found several rocks with a felsic composition. The similarity is best assessed in a logarithmic ratio plot of rock normalized to the average soil composition (Fig.1). High alkaline, Al, and low Mg, Fe, low S, Cl and Ni, Zn as well as an Fe/Mn ratio of approximately 50 indicate a likely unaltered and igneous origin. Sediments, e.g. the Burns formation, with approximately 25 wt% SO3 at Meridiani Planum have been documented over 10s of kilometers (Fig. 2). This formation is compositionally homogeneous, but showing the removal of MgSO4 and a threefold increase in Cl downhill in 2 craters. The degraded rim of the Noachian crater Endeavour resembles average Mars crust, with local Ca, Mg and Fe sulfate alteration and elevated Mn, some felsic rocks, and high Al, Si and low Fe rocks, possibly indicating clays. Unusual soils at Gusev crater in the area surrounding Home Plate include some very rich in ferric sulfate salts (up to 35 wt% SO3) and some with 90% wt% SiO2, possibly indicating fumerolic activities. Rocks in the Columbia Hills show significant signs of alteration including elevated S, Cl and Br in the abraded interior. At Gale Crater, mudstones with approximately 20% clay, less than 1% SO3 and overall average Mars composition indicate a former habitable environment with low acidity. A remarkable diversity of compositions was found during Curiosity's traverses, which likely stems from material influx from the northern Gale rim. At Pahrump, the base of Mount Sharp, a homogeneous mudstone with lower Mg and Ca was encountered. The composition of this Murray unit can be traced over several kilometers with smooth trends of higher Fe/Mn and lower soluble trace elements Ni and Zn at higher elevation. The likely aeolian Stimson formation with average Mars crustal composition intersects in several places in sharp contact with the Murray formation. Both units show local alteration halos with highly elevated SiO2 of up to 75%, usually correlated with increase in Ti and often P.

Gellert, R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

In situ chemical analyses of extraterrestrial bodies

One of the most important tasks on any sample return mission will have to be a quick sample characterization in order to guarantee a variety of collected samples. An alpha particle instrument with alpha, proton and X-ray modes can provide a quick and almost complete chemical analysis of Mars samples. This instrument is based on three interactions of the alpha particles from a radioactive source with matter: elastic scattering of the alpha particles by nuclei (alpha mode), (alpha,p) nuclear reaction with some light elements (proton mode), and excitation of the atomic structure of atoms by alpha particles, leading to emission of characteristic X-rays of the lunar surface at three sites during the Surveyor mission of 1967 to 1968. Since then the instrument has been improved and miniaturized substantially. As shown in the past, the alpha particle instrument can operate under Martian conditions without any degradation in the performance. The alpha and proton modes can provide vital information about the light elements, while the X-ray mode with its ambient temperature X-ray detector will be useful for the heavier elements. The excitation of the atomic structure is provided by the same alpha radioactive source that is used by alpha and proton modes or by an auxiliary X-ray source that is selected to enhance the sensitivity to some important geochemical elements.

Economou, Thanasis E.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Quiet time mass composition at near-geosynchronous altitudes

Mass composition data acquired from the near-geosynchronous SCATHA spacecraft during magnetically quiet times are analyzed. The time intervals over which data were included in the study span some four months in the spring and summer of 1979. This allows a reasonable coverage in both L shell and magnetic local time. At the higher L shells, L greater than 6.5, the mass composition data are consistent with sunward convection of plasma sheet particles. Protons and alpha particle fluxes peak near the 90 deg pitch angle. There is evidence that the alpha particle spatial distribution has a sharp inner edge near L = 6.5. At lower L values, the proton characteristics change. The density of protons above 1 keV decreases, while the lower-energy protons show an increase in density. The oxygen ions show a similar change, in that there is a large increase in the lower-energy oxygen ions from high L to low L, especially, in the dusk and midnight local time sectors. This suggests that the ionosphere may be continuously supplying plasma to the inner magnetosphere even during magnetically quiet times.

Strangeway, R. J.↗