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NASA NTRS1988

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 19

This is the 19th issue of NASA's USSR Space Life Sciences Digest. It contains abstracts of 47 papers published in Russian language periodicals or presented at conferences and of 5 new Soviet monographs. Selected abstracts are illustrated with figures and tables from the original. Reports on two conferences, one on adaptation to high altitudes, and one on space and ecology are presented. A book review of a recent work on high altitude physiology is also included. The abstracts in this issue have been identified as relevant to 33 areas of space biology and medicine. These areas are: adaptation, biological rhythms, biospherics, body fluids, botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, cytology, developmental biology, endocrinology, enzymology, biology, group dynamics, habitability and environmental effects, hematology, human performance, immunology, life support systems, man-machine systems, mathematical modeling, metabolism, microbiology, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, nutrition, operational medicine, perception, personnel selection, psychology, radiobiology, and space biology and medicine.

Hooke, Lydia Razran↗

NASA NTRS1988

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 20

Abstracts of research in the areas of biological rhythms, body fluids, botany, endrocrinology, enzymology, exobiology, genetics, human performance, immunology, life support systems, mathematical modeling, and numerous other topics related to space and life sciences are given.

Hooke, Lydia Razran↗

NASA NTRS1989

Maladjustment of kidneys to microgravity: Design of measures to reduce the loss of calcium

Losses of skeletal calcium and body fluids occur during prolonged exposure to microgravity. The kidney plays a major role in regulating the physiological functions involved. Relative to this regulatory function, the kidney performs three operations: filtration of blood plasma through the glomeruli, reabsorption, and secretion of fluid and electrolytes so that needed components are retained and only waste is eliminated in the urine. Using data published in Biomedical Results from Skylab, researchers performed new calculations that reflect more directly the operations of the kidney in the handling of calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium and phosphate during space flight. These calculations revealed that the fraction of filtered calcium that was rejected by renal tubules and excreted in the urine increased by 71 percent, from 1.77 percent (preflight) to 3.02 percent (inflight) of the filtered load. This represents a large absolute increase because the total filtered amount is huge. Because the tubular rejection fraction of other ions increased relatively less than that of calcium, researchers postulate the inflight development of a specific renal defect that causes an excessive loss of calcium in urine and thereby contributes to the weakening of bones.

Nechay, Bohdan R.↗

NASA NTRS1989

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 21

This is the twenty-first issue of NASA's USSR Space Life Sciences Digest. It contains abstracts of 37 papers published in Russian language periodicals or books or presented at conferences and of a Soviet monograph on animal ontogeny in weightlessness. Selected abstracts are illustrated with figures and tables from the original. A book review of a work on adaptation to stress is also included. The abstracts in this issue have been identified as relevant to 25 areas of space biology and medicine. These areas are: adaptation, biological rhythms, body fluids, botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, cytology, developmental biology, endocrinology, enzymology, equipment and instrumentation, exobiology, gravitational biology, habitability and environmental effects, hematology, human performance, life support systems, mathematical modeling, metabolism, microbiology, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, operational medicine, perception, psychology, and reproductive system.

Hooke, Lydia Razran↗

NASA NTRS1988

Medical considerations for extending human presence in space

The medical factors affecting the duration of manned space missions are reviewed. Topics addressed include the effects of weightlessness on body fluids, the cardiovascular system, red blood cells, the musculoskeletal system, the immune system, and the nervous system and the problems encountered in readaptation to normal gravity for each of these systems. Also discussed are the effects of radiation exposure, altered circadian rhythms, and closed environments. Plans for in-flight health care on the International Space Station are briefly outlined.

Leach, C. S.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Physiological effects of space flight

Data from Skylab and Space Shuttle missions are used as a framework for discussing the physiological effects of space flight. Consideration is given to motion sickness, and changes in body fluids, the cardiovascular system, and red blood cell counts. In addition, changes in muscle mass, bone mass, and the immune system, and neurosensory disturbances are examined.

Huntoon, Carolyn L.↗

NASA NTRS1990

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 25

This is the twenty-fifth issue of NASA's Space Life Sciences Digest. It contains abstracts of 42 journal papers or book chapters published in Russian and of 3 Soviet monographs. Selected abstracts are illustrated with figures and tables from the original. The abstracts in this issue have been identified as relevant to 26 areas of space biology and medicine. These areas include: adaptation, body fluids, botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, developmental biology, endocrinology, enzymology, equipment and instrumentation, exobiology, gravitational biology, habitability and environmental effects, human performance, immunology, life support systems, man-machine systems, mathematical modeling, metabolism, microbiology, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, nutrition, operational medicine, psychology, radiobiology, reproductive system, and space biology and medicine.

Hooke, Lydia Razran↗

NASA NTRS1989

Biochemical correlates of neurosensory changes in weightlessness

The possible existence of a relationship between space motion sickness and chemical and biochemical variables measured in body fluids is studied. Clinical chemistry and endocrine measurements from blood and urine samples taken before and after Space Shuttle flights were analyzed along with the occurrence of SMS during flight and provocative testing before flight. Significant positive correlations were observed with serum chloride and significant negative correlations with serum phosphate, serum uric acid, and plasma thyroid stimulating hormone.

Leach, Carolyn S.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Assessment of the efficacy of medical countermeasures in space flight

Changes in body fluids, electrolytes, and muscle mass are manifestations of adaptation to space flight and readaptation to the 1-g environment. The purposes of this paper are to review the current knowledge of biomedical responses to short- and long-duration space missions and to assess the efficacy of countermeasures to 1-g conditioning. Exercise protocols, fluid hydration, dietary and potential pharmacologic measures are evaluated, and directions for future research activities are recommended.

Nicogossian, A. E.↗

NASA NTRS1991

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 29

This is the twenty-ninth issue of NASA's Space Life Sciences Digest. It is a double issue covering two issues of the Soviet Space Biology and Aerospace Medicine Journal. Issue 29 contains abstracts of 60 journal papers or book chapters published in Russian and of three Soviet monographs. Selected abstracts are illustrated with figures and tables from the original. A review of a book on environmental hygiene and a list of papers presented at a Soviet conference on space biology and medicine are also included. The materials in this issue were identified as relevant to 28 areas of space biology and medicine. The areas are: adaptation, aviation medicine, biological rhythms, body fluids, botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, developmental biology, digestive system, endocrinology, equipment and instrumentation, genetics, habitability and environment effects, hematology, human performance, immunology, life support systems, mathematical modeling, metabolism, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, nutrition, personnel selection, psychology, radiobiology, reproductive system, space biology and medicine, and the economics of space flight.

Stone, Lydia Razran↗

NASA NTRS1991

Tidal disruption of inviscid protoplanets

Roche showed that equilibrium is impossible for a small fluid body synchronously orbiting a primary within a critical radius now termed the Roche limit. Tidal disruption of orbitally unbound bodies is a potentially important process for planetary formation through collisional accumulation, because the area of the Roche limit is considerably larger then the physical cross section of a protoplanet. Several previous studies were made of dynamical tidal disruption and different models of disruption were proposed. Because of the limitation of these analytical models, we have used a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code to model the tidal disruption process. The code is basically the same as the one used to model giant impacts; we simply choose impact parameters large enough to avoid collisions. The primary and secondary both have iron cores and silicate mantles, and are initially isothermal at a molten temperature. The conclusions based on the analytical and numerical models are summarized.

Boss, Alan P.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Life sciences get important new data from Spacelab mission. III

An investigation of the effects of weightlessness on the human body is reported that was conducted on a flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia. Experiments are described regarding zero-gravity effects on the human perception of balance, the growth of lymphocytes, and general life-sciences examinations of body mass, body fluid, pulmonary parameters, and echocardiograph imaging. Specific attention is given to the day-to-day operations of the mission, and particular emphasis is given to the study of rodents and jellyfish reacting to microgravity.

Schuiling, Roelof L.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Investigations of the mechanisms by which lower body negative pressure (LBNP) improves orthostatic responses

Saline ingestion during LBNP is a counter measure proposed to improve orthostatic function during space flight. To understand the mechanism(s) responsible for this effect, body fluid, endocrine, and orthostatic responses (graded LBNP tests) were measured during bed rest (BR) and after 2 hr and 4 hr LBNP/saline treatments (-30 mm Hg and 1 liter of isotonic saline). PV (from I-125 and hematocrit measurements) decreased during BR but was restored to the pre-bed rest level (3157 +/- 161 ml) 20 hrs after both 2 hr (3109 +/- 146 ml) and 4 hr (3144 +/- 173 ml) LBNP. The heart rate response to graded LBNP tests was significantly improved after the 4 hr, but not after the 2 hr treatment. These results suggest PV expansion may be responsible for some improvement in orthostatic responses, but other mechanisms also must contribute.

Fortney, S. M.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Digest of Russian Space Life Sciences, issue 33

This is the thirty-third issue of NASA's USSR Space Life Sciences Digest. It contains abstracts of 55 papers published in Russian journals. The abstracts in this issue have been identified as relevant to the following areas of space biology and medicine: biological rhythms, body fluids, botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, developmental biology, endocrinology, equipment and instrumentation, gastrointestinal system, genetics, hematology, human performance, metabolism, microbiology, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, nutrition, operational medicine, psychology, radiobiology, and reproductive system.

Stone, Lydia Razran↗

NASA NTRS1990

Melatonin concentrations in the sudden infant death syndrome

The melatonin levels in various body fluids of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants are compared with those of infants of comparable age who died of other causes to examine a possible relationship between pineal function and SIDS. After adjusting for age differences, cerebrospinal fluid melatonin levels are found to be significantly lower in the SIDS infants. It is suggested that diminished melatonin production may be characteristic of SIDS and could represent an impairment in the maturation of physiologic circadian organization.

Sturner, W. Q.↗

NASA NTRS1993

OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standards Exposure Control Plan

The Hummer Associates Exposure Control Plan is designed to reduce significant occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens and infectious materials for Hummer Associates health care personnel. Under universal precautions, all patients and all body fluids are considered potentially infectious for bloodborne pathogens. Medical personnel need not be at increased risk if universal precautions are correctly understood and followed. This program covers all employees who could reasonably anticipate contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials during the performance of their job responsibilities. Although HIV and hepatitis B are mentioned most often, this program applies to all bloodborne diseases. The two main components needed to implement this program are universal precautions and engineering/work practice controls. This program covers all employees who may have occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials. Other aspects of this program are discussed.

Luhrs, Caro Elise↗

NASA NTRS1994

Development of life sciences equipment for microgravity and hypergravity simulation

The mission of the Life Science Division at the NASA Ames Research Center is to investigate the effects of gravity on living systems in the spectrum from cells to humans. The range of these investigations is from microgravity, as experienced in space, to Earth's gravity, and hypergravity. Exposure to microgravity causes many physiological changes in humans and other mammals including a headward shift of body fluids, atrophy of muscles - especially the large muscles of the legs - and changes in bone and mineral metabolism. The high cost and limited opportunity for research experiments in space create a need to perform ground based simulation experiments on Earth. Models that simulate microgravity are used to help identify and quantify these changes, to investigate the mechanisms causing these changes and, in some cases, to develop countermeasures.

Mulenburg, G. M.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Rehydration beverage

A novel rehydration beverage containing sodium chloride, sodium citrate, and aspartame useful for rapid restoration of hydration homeostasis is disclosed. The beverage is particularly useful for restoration of normal body fluid volumes and their intracellular and extracellular distribution during a hypohydration state observed in astronauts and air passengers.

Greenleaf, John E.↗