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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
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NASA NTRS1978

Transmission of Alfven waves through the earth's bow shock - Theory and observation

From both theoretical and experimental bases, the transmission of Alfven waves through the bow shock is investigated. The theory of Alfven wave transmission through fast MHD shocks is extended to all cases of incident wave vectors. Particular consideration is given to Alfven waves propagating parallel to the ambient magnetic field with field perturbations polarized in the plane formed by the ambient magnetic field and the shock normal. An analysis is also made of magnetic field and plasma data from Explorer-35 in the vicinity of the bow shock. It is suggested that hydromagnetic waves are present in all of the 14 shock crossings studied, and that in upstream regions of at least 6 crossings, predominantly Alfvenic fluctuations exist. Average amplitudes of these fluctuations are measured on either side of the shock and the enhancement is measured by comparing their levels. Theoretical and experimental findings are compared and the apparent discrepancy in amplification factors may be explained by the strong damping of any transmitted magnetoacoustic modes downstream with relatively little damping of any transmitted Alfven waves.

Hassam, A. B.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Solar wind flow about the terrestrial planets. I - Modeling bow shock position and shape

A three-parameter method for modeling the position and shape of planetary bow waves was chosen to model the near portion of the Venus, earth and Mars bow shocks, and its results were compared with those of models using one to six free variables. It was found that the relative effective shapes of the near Martian, Cytherean, and terrestrial bow shocks are ellipsoidal, paraboloidal, and hyperboloidal, respectively, in response to the increasing bluntness of the obstacles that the planets present to the solar wind. No significant deviations from axial symmetry were found when the near bow waves of the earth and Venus were mapped into the aberrated terminator plane, in agreement with gas dynamic theory predictions neglecting the effects of the IMF because of their minuteness.

Slavin, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

On the role of the quasi-parallel bow shock in ion pickup - A lesson from Venus?

Previous observations at Venus show convincing evidence of planetary O(+) ion pickup by the largescale motional -V x B electric field in the magnetosheath when the interplanetary magnetic field is perpendicular to the solar wind flow. However, the presence of magnetic field fluctuations in the magnetosheath downstream from the quasi-parallel bow shock should allow pickup to occur even when the upstream magnetic field B and plasma velocity V are practically coaligned. Single-particle calculations are used to demonstrate the convecting magnetic field fluctuations similar to those observed in the Venus magnetosheath when the subsolar bow shock is quasi-parallel can efficiently accelerate cold planetary ions by means of the electric field associated with their transverse components. This ion pickup process, which is characterized by a spatial dependence determined by the bow shock shape and the orientation of the upstream magnetic field, is likely also to occur at Mars and may be effective at comets.

Luhmann, J. G.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Jupiter's magnetopause, bow shock, and 10-hour modulated magnetosheath Voyagers 1 and 2

This summary report discusses Jupiter's magnetopause, bow shock and magnetosheath, based on fine scale magnetic field data from the Voyager 1 and 2 encounters. Explicit models of the dawnside magnetopause and bow shock in Jupiter's orbital plane employ an axisymmetric parabola and hyperbola, respectively, and satisfy average boundary crossing positions, inbound and outbound; these models are determined separately for the two encounters. A new phenomenon has been discovered in Jupiter's magnetosheath. It is manifested as (5 or) 10 hour quasi-periodic modulation of the direction of the magnetic field in the outbound magnetosheath, predominantly in the northward (N) and southward (S) directions. It was seen to occur during both encounters and appears most evident in Voyager 2 outbound observations.

Lepping, R. P.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Binary index for assessing local bow shock obliquity.

The earth's collisionless plasma bow shock has, overall, a nonuniform structure whose magnetic profile is simultaneously that of a monotonic or laminar perpendicular shock and of a multigradient oblique shock, depending on the local orientation of the interplanetary field to the nominal shock surface. A 'pulsation index' Ip has been devised from empirical results to provide a simple convenient means of assessing the probable local character of the shock's structure; Ip = 0 or 1, according to whether local field geometry favors perpendicular or oblique structure, respectively, at a chosen point of observation on the nominal shock surface.

Greenstadt, E. W.↗
NASA NTRS1977

On the relative locations of the bow shocks of the terrestrial planets

The observed bow shock encounters at Mercury, Venus and Mars are least square fit using the same technique so that their sizes and shapes can be intercompared. The shock front of Mercury most resembles the terrestrial shock in shape, and the shock stand off distance is consistent with the observed moment. The shapes of the Venus and Mars shock fronts more resemble each other than the earth's and the stand off distances are consistent with direct interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere on the dayside. The Venus shock is closer to the planet than the Mars shock suggesting more absorption of the solar wind at Venus.

Russell, C. T.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Electron Bulk Acceleration and Thermalization at Earth's Quasiperpendicular Bow Shock

Electron heating at Earth's quasiperpendicular bow shock has been surmised to be due to the combined effects of a quasistatic electric potential and scattering through wave-particle interaction. Here we report the observation of electron distribution functions indicating a new electron heating process occurring at the leading edge of the shock front. Incident solar wind electrons are accelerated parallel to the magnetic field toward downstream, reaching an electron-ion relative drift speed exceeding the electron thermal speed. The bulk acceleration is associated with an electric field pulse embedded in a whistler-mode wave. The high electron-ion relative drift is relaxed primarily through a nonlinear current-driven instability. The relaxed distributions contain a beam traveling toward the shock as a remnant of the accelerated electrons. Similar distribution functions prevail throughout the shock transition layer, suggesting that the observedacceleration and thermalization is essential to the cross-shock electron heating.

Chen, L.-J.↗
NASA NTRS2023

Electron Acceleration and Heating during Magnetic Reconnection in the Earth's Quasi-parallel Bow Shock

We perform a 2.5-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of a quasi-parallel shock, using parameters for the Earth's bow shock, to examine electron acceleration and heating due to magnetic reconnection. The shock transition region evolves from the ion-coupled reconnection dominant stage to the electron-only reconnection dominant stage, as time elapses. The electron temperature enhances locally in each reconnection site, and ion-scale magnetic islands generated by ion-coupled reconnection show the most significant enhancement of the electron temperature. The electron energy spectrum shows a power law, with a power-law index around 6. We perform electron trajectory tracing to understand how they are energized. Some electrons interact with multiple electron-only reconnection sties, and Fermi acceleration occurs during multiple reflections. Electrons trapped in ion-scale magnetic islands can be accelerated in another mechanism. Islands move in the shock transition region, and electrons can obtain larger energy from the in-plane electric field than the electric potential in those islands. These newly found energization mechanisms in magnetic islands in the shock can accelerate electrons to energies larger than the achievable energies by the conventional energization due to the parallel electric field and shock drift acceleration. This study based on the selected particle analysis indicates that the maximum energy in the nonthermal electrons is achieved through acceleration in ion-scale islands, and electron-only reconnection accounts for no more than half of the maximum energy, as the lifetime of sub-ion-scale islands produced by electron-only reconnection is several times shorter than that of ion-scale islands.

Solar magnetic reconnection↗
NASA NTRS1975

Electrostatic and electromagnetic turbulence associated with the earth's bow shock

Simultaneous measurements were made of the electric and magnetic field spectral densities in the earth's bow shock by a plasma wave experiment on the Imp 6 spacecraft. The frequency range of the plasma wave detector was 20 Hz to 200 kHz. Electric fields were measured with high-sensitivity 100-m long dipole antennas and magnetic fields were measured with single-turn loop antennas. Two components are distinguished in the electric field spectrum in the bow shock: one component has a broad peak centered in the region 200-800 Hz, while the other component increases monotonically with decreasing frequency. The magnetic field spectrum has only one component that increases monotonically with decreasing frequency and has an upper cutoff frequency near the local electron gyrofrequency. This magnetic field turbulence is judged to be caused by whistler mode waves. The monotonic component of the electric field spectrum is thought to be the electric field spectrum of these whistler mode waves.

Rodriguez, P.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Ion-acoustic-like waves excited by the reflected ions at the earth's bow shock

Some model distributions based on recent observations and simulations of the plasma at the earth's bow shock are found to be unstable to obliquely propagating electrostatic instabilities. The model distributions consist of either an ion beam or an ion velocity ring accompanied by a bi-Maxwellian background ion distribution and a flattop electron distribution. Ion anisotropies and nonthermal electrons are capable of significantly lowering the threshold of the ion beam instability. The generated waves share many properties in common with the ion acoustic waves that have been observed at the earth's bow shock. The results also indicate the importance of an anisotropy in the background ion velocity distribution in identifying sources of the ion-acoustic-like waves observed in the ion foreshock and the solar wind.

Akimoto, K.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Solar wind flow about the outer planets - Gas dynamic modeling of the Jupiter and Saturn bow shocks

It has been found that the solar wind is diverted about planets through the formation of bow shocks which heat and deflect the flow. These observations are based on missions concerned with Mercury, Venus, earth, and Mars during the 1960s and 1970s. The present study has the objective to extend to Jupiter and Saturn certain aspects of the analyses which have been carried out on the terrestrial planets. In particular, the Pioneer 10 and 11 and Voyager 1 and 2 observations near Jupiter and Saturn are used to characterize the relevant upstream flow parameters at 5 and 9 AU. Attention is given to solar wind parameters, bow shock and magnetopause models, and the solar wind standoff distance, and aspects of gas-dynamic modeling.

Slavin, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Dust in stellar wind bow shocks

A number of high velocity O stars have associated parsec-sized structure visible in the IRAS infrared. They can most readily be explained as the dense shells of stellar wind bow shocks. The IR emission arises from starlight-heated post-shock dust, and possibly also from ionic lines. Emission from pre-shock dust is often seen as well, and allows in principle the empirical determination of the effects of shocks on dust. Since the observed bow shocks span a range of velocities a comparison with theories for shock destruction of dust is possible.

Vanburen, Dave↗
NASA NTRS1988

A precursor to the Venus bow shock

This paper describes the observations by the Pioneer-Venus-Orbiter Langmuir probe of the low-density Venus bow shock precursor, i.e., a region of electron and ion-current enhancements just upstream from the Venus bow shock. It is suggested that the precursor signatures represent the effects of a small population of energetic ions in this region. Several possible planetary sources of these ions are considered. The paper also discusses the Langmuir probe measurement technique itself as it applies to the very low densities of the precursor.

Brace, L. H.↗