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Results for “CHEMICAL EFFECT”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1983

Shock tube study of the fuel structure effects on the chemical kinetic mechanisms responsible for soot formation

Soot formation in toluene-, benzene-, and acetylene-oxygen-argon mixtures was investigated to study soot formation in a combustion environment. High concentrations of oxygen completely suppress soot formation. The addition of oxygen at relatively low concentrations uniformly suppresses soot formation at high pressures, while at relatively lower pressures it suppresses soot formation at higher temperatures while promoting soot production at lower temperatures. The observed behavior indicates that oxidation reactions compete with ring fragmentation. The main conclusion to be drawn from the results is that the soot formation mechanism is probably the same for the pyrolysis and oxidation of hydrocarbons. That is, the addition of oxygen does not alter the soot route but rather promotes or inhibits this route by means of competitive reactions. An approach to empirical modeling of soot formation during pyrolysis of aromatic hydrocarbons is also presented.

Frenklach, M.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Shock tube study of the fuel structure effects on the chemical kinetic mechanisms responsible for soot formation, part 2

Soot formation in oxidation of allene, 1,3-butadiene, vinylacetylene and chlorobenzene and in pyrolysis of ethylene, vinylacetylene, 1-butene, chlorobenzene, acetylen-hydrogen, benzene-acetylene, benzene-butadiene and chlorobenzene-acetylene argon-diluted mixtures was studied behind reflected shock waves. The results are rationalized within the framework of the conceptual models. It is shown that vinylacetylene is much less sooty than allene, which indicates that conjugation by itself is not a sufficient factor for determining the sooting tendency of a molecule. Structural reactivity in the context of the chemical kinetics is the dominant factor in soot formation. Detailed chemical kinetic modeling of soot formation in pyrolysis of acetylene is reported. The main mass growth was found to proceed through a single dominant route composed of conventional radical reactions. The practically irreversible formation reactions of the fused polycyclic aromatics and the overshoot by hydrogen atom over its equilibrium concentration are the g-driving kinetic forces for soot formation.

Frenklach, M.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Wolf-Rayet nebulae - Chemical enrichment and effective temperatures of the exciting stars

Extensive new spectrophotometric observations of five Wolf-Rayet nebulas are analyzed by means of models photoionized by plane-parallel and also WR atmosphere models. Abundance ratios O/H and Ne, S, Cl, and Ar relative to O are close to solar. N/H is enriched relative to solar and variable over the faces of the nebulas. He/H varies from one to three times solar. The O(+)/O - S(+)/S(2+) diagram is used in estimating T(eff) for the exciting stars. It indicates that S 308, NGC 3199, NGC 6888, and NGC 2359 are ionized by hot stars. RCW 58, RCW 104, MR 26, and MR 100 have such low-excitation spectra that their stellar T(eff) and nebular He/H cannot be reliably determined.

Rosa, Michael R.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Chemical and physical effects in the bulk of cometary analogs

KOSI comet simulation experiments were designed as a macroscopic tester for the studies of physicochemical problems inherent to comet bodies. The analog samples consist of H2O and CO2 ice, organic admixtures, mineral dust, and carbon. Two of the fundamental changes the analogs undergo when submitted to 'insolation' by artificial sunlight, i.e., the diffusion of frozen gases and subsequent crust formation and the natural isotopic fractionation, are reported.

Roessler, K.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Effects of the chemical environment on the spectroscopic properties of clays: Applications for Mars

Laboratory studies of Mars soil analogs pose unique problems, since soils interact readily with their environment and exhibit variable characteristics depending on the environment. We have performed a series of experiments focusing on the spectral properties of clays and how they vary as a function of composition and environment, including examination of fundamental as well as overtone absorptions, that occur in the mid- and near-IR, respectively. Smectite clays have been selected in our laboratory experiments as a primary surface analog for Mars because of their compatibility with results of the Viking biology experiments, their stability under current martian conditions, and their compatibility with reflectance spectra of Mars. We prepared a number of monoionic montmorillonites in order to examine the influence of cations on the water molecules in the clay interlayer region. Moessbauer spectra of several montmorillonites with variable amounts of interlayer iron confirm the presence of ferrihydrite.

Bishop, Janice L.↗
NASA NTRS2016

The Effects of Consistent Chemical Kinetics Calculations on the Pressure-Temperature Profiles and Emission Spectra of Hot Jupiters

In this work we investigate the impact of calculating non-equilibrium chemical abundances consistently with the temperature structure for the atmospheres of highly-irradiated, close-in gas giant exoplanets. Chemical kinetics models have been widely used in the literature to investigate the chemical compositions of hot Jupiter atmospheres which are expected to be driven away from chemical equilibrium via processes such as vertical mixing and photochemistry. All of these models have so far used pressure-temperature (P-T) profiles as fixed model input. This results in a decoupling of the chemistry from the radiative and thermal properties of the atmosphere, despite the fact that in nature they are intricately linked. We use a one-dimensional radiative-convective equilibrium model, ATMO, which includes a sophisticated chemistry scheme to calculate P-T profiles which are fully consistent with non-equilibrium chemical abundances, including vertical mixing and photochemistry. Our primary conclusion is that, in cases of strong chemical disequilibrium, consistent calculations can lead to differences in the P-T profile of up to 100 K compared to the P-T profile derived assuming chemical equilibrium. This temperature change can, in turn, have important consequences for the chemical abundances themselves as well as for the simulated emission spectra. In particular, we find that performing the chemical kinetics calculation consistently can reduce the overall impact of non-equilibrium chemistry on the observable emission spectrum of hot Jupiters. Simulated observations derived from non-consistent models could thus yield the wrong interpretation. We show that this behaviour is due to the non-consistent models violating the energy budget balance of the atmosphere.

planets and satellites↗
NASA NTRS2018

Abortive Apoptosis and Its Profound Effects on Radiation, Chemical, and Oncogene-Induced Carcinogenesis

Traditionally apoptosis and the apoptotic machinery have been deemed as anti‐carcinogenic because of their presumed roles in eliminating damaged or unwanted cells. However, recent work from our laboratory and others have shown that the established paradigm is deeply flawed. The fundamental flaw is the assumption that apoptosis, once initiated, is irreversible and invariably leads to cell death. However, there is increasing evidence that cells can survive activation of the apoptotic cascade. This new revelation about abortive apoptotic cells can dramatically change our assessment of the biological roles of apoptosis. In this brief review, we will cover some of the original studies that report the "undead" apoptotic cells and how they lead to unexpected new roles for apoptotic factors in space radiation and other stress induced genetic instability and carcinogenesis. We will also review exciting new discoveries on the association among abortive apoptosis, spontaneous DNA double strand breaks, DNA damage response, and stemness of cancer cells.

Liu, Xinjian↗
NASA NTRS1982

Preliminary study of the effects of a reversible chemical reaction on gas bubble dissolution

A preliminary investigation is carried out of the effects of a reversible chemical reaction on the dissolution of an isolated, stationary gas bubble in a glass melt. The exact governing equations for the model system are formulated and analyzed. The approximate quasi-steady-state version of these equations is solved analytically, and a calculation is made of bubble dissolution rates. The results are then compared with numerical solutions obtained from the finite difference form of the exact governing equations. It is pointed out that in the microgravity condition of space, the buoyant rise of a gas bubble in a glass melt will be negligible on the time scale of most experiments. For this reason, a determination of the behavior of a stationary gas bubble in a melt is relevant for an understanding of glass refining in space.

Weinberg, M. C.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Chemical release and radiation effects experiment advanced planning and coordination

The efforts conducted to provide assessments and planning support for the Chemical Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) Experiments are summarized. Included are activities regarding scientific working group and workshop development including the preparation of descriptive information on the CRRES Project.

Vaughan, William W.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Chemical release and radiation effects (CRRES) data directory

The following tasks were completed under this contract: a revision and update of the Chemical Release and Radiation Effects (CRRES) data directory was performed taking into account the corrections and suggests for improvements obtained from the participants at the final CRRES IWG meeting held at SAIC on 14-16 Dec. 1992. A draft copy of the report was then circulated to as many as possible of the relevant CRRES Principal Investigators, co-Investigators, and technicians with a request for a final check on accuracy and completion. A copy of the mailing list is given in Appendix A. All corrections and updates received were implemented. A hard copy together with a floppy disk version was forwarded to Richard Howard, NASA Headquarters, who is arranging for the archiving of the CRRES Data Summary at NSSDC. Final copies were sent where possible.

Miller, George P.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Analysis of non-premixed turbulent reacting flows

Studies of chemical reactions occurring in turbulent flows are important in the understanding of combustion and other applications. Current numerical methods are limited in their applications due to the numerical resolution required to completely capture all length scales, but, despite the fact that realistic combustion cannot be solved completely, numerical simulations can be used to give insight into the interaction between the processes of turbulence and chemical reaction. The objective was to investigate the effects of turbulent motion on the effects of chemical reaction to gain some insight on the interaction of turbulence, molecular diffusion, and chemical reaction to support modeling efforts. A direct turbulence simulation spectral code was modified to include the effects of chemical reaction and applied to an initial value problem of chemical reaction between non-premixed species. The influence of hydrodynamics on the instantaneous structure of the reaction was investigated. The local scalar dissipation rates and the local reaction rates were examined to determine the influence of vorticity or rate of strain on the reaction and the structure of the scalar field.

Leonard, Andy D.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Mass Conservation in a Chemical Transport Model and its Effect on CO2 and SF6 Simulations

Chemical transport models (CTMs) must conserve mass to be useful for applications involving assessment of the effect of various pollutants on the troposphere and stratosphere. Furthermore, calculations of the evolution of constituents such as SF6 are used to evaluate overall model transport, and interpretation of such simulations is clouded if mass conservation is not assured. For realistic simulations or predictions, it is crucial that constituents are not produced or lost by transport or other processes in the CTMs. Analysis of CO2 and SF6 experiments using a CTM shows that problems with mass conservation can seriously degrade the simulations. Failure to conserve mass results from inconsistency of the surface pressure tendency and the divergence of horizontal mass flux when the model is forced by assimilated meteorological data. We have developed an effective method to eliminate the inconsistency by modifying the divergent part of the wind field. The changes in the wind fields are quite small but the impact on mass conservation is large. Parameterizations of physical processes such as convection or turbulent transport can also affect mass conservation. The lack of conservation is small but accumulates when integrations are lengthy such as required for SF6. This lack of conservation is found using winds from either a GCM or from an assimilation system. A simple adjustment removes much of the inaccuracy in the convective parameterization. A CO2 simulation using assimilated winds from the most recent version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System will be used to illustrate the impact of these transport improvements.

Zhu, Z.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Non-equilibrium radiation from viscous chemically reacting two-phase exhaust plumes

A knowledge of the structure of the rocket exhaust plumes is necessary to solve problems involving plume signatures, base heating, plume/surface interactions, etc. An algorithm is presented which treats the viscous flow of multiphase chemically reacting fluids in a two-dimensional or axisymmetric supersonic flow field. The gas-particle flow solution is fully coupled with the chemical kinetics calculated using an implicit scheme to calculate chemical production rates. Viscous effects include chemical species diffusion with the viscosity coefficient calculated using a two-equation turbulent kinetic energy model.

Penny, M. M.↗