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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Utilization of ERTS-1 data in the Houston area

The author has identified the following significant results. Using clustering techniques, several large lakes in Texas have been accurately delineated in computer printout graymaps. It was also found that small bodies of water (one to two acres in size) could be detected by searching for small reflectance values in the infrared data. A graymap printout of a lake described a shore outline that was not consistent with available maps. Field examination revealed that the actual level of the lake was below that for which the map was drawn. The current lake configuration agrees in shape and relative size with the ERTS-1 data printout. Water turbidity causes reflectance changes which are detectable in ERTS-1 band 7 data. A comparison has been made of the Monterey Bay, California area using 1971 aerial color infrared photography and a 1972 ERTS-1 band 7 infrared image. This comparison revealed that some event has occurred to impound a significant amount of water in the area since the infrared photography was taken. Data values in the ERTS-1 infrared image exhibit detectable changes in brightness at inflow points, where high turbidity would be present. Researchers had not expected to detect water turbidity patterns in band 7 (800 to 1100 nanometers).

Erb, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Evaluation of ERTS-1 imagery in mapping and managing soil and range resources in the Sand Hills Region of Nebraska

The author has identified the following significant results. Collection of ground truth data provided ground cover percent and the components of ground cover makeup. Percent bare soil appears to have greatest influence on imagery density of sites studied. Forage density estimates can be made on band 5 of MSS, provided site category identification is known. Additional data are provided concerning forage density and vegetation-soil relationship by color composites of MSS imagery. Reflectance differences shown on MSS bands 6 and 7 by Sand Hills lakes are related to water quality and possibly more specifically to total dissolved ions present in the water. Winter imagery with snow cover and low sun angle shows a marked enhancement of topography are associated with differences in forage density. High altitude color infrared photography appears to be a usable tool for recognition, measurement, and evaluation of go-back land.

Seevers, P. M.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Application of EREP imagery to fracture-related mine safety hazards and environmental problems in mining

The author has identified the following significant results. All Skylab 2 imagery received to date has been analyzed manually and data related to fracture analysis and mined land inventories has been summarized on map-overlays. A comparison of the relative utility of the Skylab image products for fracture detection, soil tone/vegetation contrast mapping, and mined land mapping has been completed. Numerous fracture traces were detected on both color and black and white transparencies. Unique fracture trace data which will contribute to the investigator's mining hazards analysis were noted on the EREP imagery; these data could not be detected on ERTS-1 imagery or high altitude aircraft color infrared photography. Stream segments controlled by fractures or joint systems could be identified in more detail than with ERTS-1 imagery of comparable scale. ERTS-1 mine hazards products will be modified to demonstrate the value of this additional data. Skylab images were used successfully to update a mined land map of Indiana made in 1972. Changes in mined area as small as two acres can be identified. As the Energy Crisis increases the demand for coal, such demonstrations of the application of Skylab data to coal resources will take on new importance.

Wier, C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Remote sensing as an aid for marsh management

NASA aerial photography, primarily color infrared and color positive transparencies, is used in a study of marsh management practices and in comparing managed and unmanaged marsh areas. Weir locations for tidal control are recommended.

Ragan, J. G.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Thermal contouring of forestry data: Wallops Island

The contouring of 8-13.5 micrometer thermal data collected over a forestry site in Virginia is described. The data were collected at an altitude of 1000 ft above terrain on November 4, 1970. The site was covered on three approximately parallel lines. The purpose of the contouring was to attempt to delineate pine trees attacked by southern pine bark beetle, and to map other important terrain categories. Special processing steps were required to achieve the correct aspect ratio of the thermal data. The reference for the correction procedure was color infrared photography. Data form and quality are given, processing steps are outlined, a brief interpretation of results is given, and conclusion are presented.

Thomson, F.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Photographic quantification of water quality in mixing zones

The waste effluent mixing zone is defined as the extent of a receiving water body utilized to dilute a waste charge to a concentration characteristic of a totally mixed condition. Color IR photography was used in conjunction with suspended solids water samples to quantitatively delineate the mixing zone resulting from the discharge of a paper mill effluent. Digital scanning microdensitometer data were used to estimate and delineate suspended solids concentrations on the basis of a semiempirical model. Model background, development, and implementation are described. Results indicate that the method is as reliable as conventional surface measuring techniques and is, in fact, more detailed. The method has direct application to the establishment of water quality guidelines, the development of both governmental and private sampling and surveillance programs, and the development of design and location criteria for industrial and municipal waste effluent outfalls.

Lillesand, T. M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Investigations of the lunar surface

Scientific programs concerned with investigations of the lunar surface are described along with some results. These include lunar photographs and map collection program, crater measuring and depth calculation (earthside and farside), Schroeter's valley model, and the 61-inch color filter photography. Several graphs and maps of the lunar surface are present along with a method used for depth calculation.

Strom, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Urban environmental health applications of remote sensing

An urban area was studied through the use of the inventory-by-surrogate method rather than by direct interpretation of photographic imagery. Prior uses of remote sensing in urban and public research are examined. The effects of crowding, poor housing conditions, air pollution, and street conditions on public health are considered. Color infrared photography was used to categorize land use features and the grid method was used in photo interpretation analysis. The incidence of shigella and salmonella, hepatitis, meningitis, tuberculosis, myocardial infarction and veneral disease were studied, together with mortality and morbidity rates. Sample census data were randomly collected and validated. The hypothesis that land use and residential quality are associated with and act as an influence upon health and physical well-being was studied and confirmed.

Rush, M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Study of the utilization of EREP data from the Wabash River Basin

The author has identified the following significant results. Analysis of the digitized SL/4 S190A color IR photography proved very difficult. An area within Allen County, including Ft. Wayne, was studied. Eight segments of the study area were clustered separately and the cluster maps were then compared with the photography and maps available. The training areas for the land use classes were selected from the cluster maps. The separability measures (transformed divergence) of the classes indicated that many of the land use classes were not spectrally separable. The classification results bore this out. Visually the resulting classification map was poor, with 67 percent correct data. These results were of significantly lower quality than those obtained for the summertime SL/2 data near Lake Monroe, Indiana. Low contrast between land use classes during the wintertime and the limited spectral range and resolution are the major causes for the poor performance.

Silva, L. F.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Vegetational analysis with Skylab-3 imagery

The author has identified the following significant results. Color infrared photography from Skylab 3 appeared to be superior to ERTS imagery in a vegetational study of northeastern North Carolina. An accuracy of 87% was achieved in delimiting species composition and zonation patterns of three coastal, vegetation classes. A vegetation map of Perquimans County, North Carolina, seemed to have a high degree of correlation with information provided by high altitude U-2 photography. Random verification sites revealed an overall interpretation accuracy above 84%. Comparison of maps drawn utilizing Skylab photography with North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture estimates of crop acreage revealed some marked discrepancies. The chief difference lies in the nonagricultural category in which there is a 30% discrepancy. This fact raised some questions as to the definition of nonagricultural land uses and methods used by the State Dept. of Agriculture to determine actual percentages of crops grown.

Welby, C. W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Remote sensing over North Merritt Island

The author has identified the following significant results. For monitoring the surface environment of North Merritt Island, two methods are studied, namely, color infrared photography and machine processing of LANDSAT multispectral scanner data. C.I.R. photos made at a height of about 12,000 ft were found to define the borders of ground features around the space shuttle runway with a nonsignificant mean error of 0.138 meters but a wide range, which can be reduced with photos taken at about 6,000 ft. LANDSAT multispectral scanner data, transformed by use of the function f(g) = g1 + g2 -g3 -g4 where g1, g2, g3, and g4 represent reflectance or grey levels of multispectral channels 1,2,3, and 4, gave values which are classifiable into a relatively small number of categories.

Poonai, P.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Application of remote sensing to the location of hydrologically active /source/ areas

Recent hydrologic research has provided theoretical support for a hypothesis generally known as the variable source area concept. However, experimental study of variable source areas has been hampered by lack of suitable methods for identifying and mapping them on a large scale basis. Field studies combined with color infrared photography and direct measurement of soil moisture and other hydrologic variables have shown that it is definitely possible to differentiate high and low soil moisture zones in a watershed. Furthermore, mapping of high moisture zones for the 1839 hectare Lowery Creek, Wisconsin drainage basin has revealed a pattern that is fully consistent with hypotheses concerning source areas. Examination of transmittance curves for high moisture zones indicates that source areas may be delineated on the basis of the ratio of their transmittance at 550 nm to that at 675 nm.

Ishaq, A. M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Planning applications in east central Florida

The author has identified the following significant results. St. Johns National Wildlife Refuge, a 4000 acre marsh, was established primarily to protect the Dusky Seaside Sparrow. A vegetation map of the refuge based on ground observations and color infrared photography was made. The preferred habitat of this sparrow is high-to-medium density spartina (a marsh grass) with no trees nearby. An increase in spartina density corresponds to an increase in marsh wetness. A thematic map shows the birds habitat preferences.

Hannah, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

An assessment of the impact of water impoundment and diversion structures on vegetation in Southern Arizona

High-altitude color infrared photography was used to survey existing conditions, both upstream and downstream, from nineteen diversion structures in Southern Arizona to determine their effect upon vegetation health, vigor, and cover. A diversion structure is defined as a man/made feature constructed to control storm runoff. The results are used to determine the policy for future structure design.

Conn, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Toward the modeling of land use change: A spatial analysis using remote sensing and historical data

It was hypothesized that the chronological observation of land use change could be shown to follow a predictable pattern and these patterns could be correlated with other statistical data to develop transition probabilities suitable for modeling purposes. A literature review and preliminary research, however, indicated a totally stochastic approach was not practical for simulating land use change and thus a more deterministic approach was adopted. The approach used assumes the determinants of the land use conversion process are found in the market place, where land transactions among buyers and sellers occur. Only one side of the market transaction process is studied, however, namely, the purchaser's desires in securing an ideal or suitable site. The problem was to identify the ideal qualities, quantities or attributes desired in an industrial site (or housing development), and to formulate a general algorithmic statement capable of identifying potential development sites. Research procedures involved developing a list of variables previously noted in the literature to be related to site selection and streamlining the list to a set suitable for statistical testing. A sample of 157 industries which have located (or relocated) in the 16-county Knoxville metropolitan region since 1950 was selected for industrial location analysis. Using NASA color infrared photography and Tennessee Valley Authority historical aerial photography, data were collected on the spatial characteristics of each industrial location event. These data were then subjected to factor analysis to determine the interrelations of variables.

Honea, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Experiment to Evaluate the Feasibility of Utilizing Skylab-EREP Remote Sensing Data for Tectonic Analysis Through a Study of the Big Horn Mountain Region, Wyoming, South Dakota and Wyoming

The author has identified the following significant results. S190B imagery was the best single product from which fairly detailed structural and some lithologic mapping could be accomplished in the Big Horn basin, the Owl Creek Mountains, and the northern Big Horn Mountains. The Nye-Bowler lineament could not be extended east of its presently mapped location although a linear (fault or monocline) was noted that may be part of the lineament, but north of postulated extensions. Much more structure was discernible in the Big Horn basin than could be seen on LANDSAT-1 imagery; RB-57 color IR photography, in turn, revealed additional folds and faults. A number of linears, several of which could be identified as faults and one a monocline, cut obliquely the east-west trending Owl Creek uplift. The heavy forest cover of the Black Hills makes direct lithologic delineation impossible. However, drainage and linear overlays revealed differences in pattern between the areas of exposed Precambrian crystalline core and the flanking Paleozoic rocks. S192 data, even precision corrected segments, were not of much use.

Hoppin, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

A statistical analysis of data extraction for land cover information from high-altitude and satellite images

Land cover information from a 10 by 30 km test site in eastern Wisconsin extracted using 70 mm positive LANDSAT transparencies in an additive color viewer at a scale of 1:500,000 was compared with land cover information extracted using LANDSAT 9 x 9 inch positive transparencies at a scale of 1:1,000,000. Color infrared photography (NASA RB-57) at a scale of 1:60,000 provided ground truth for each land cover type. Interpretations were made for four land cover classes: 1) forest-brushland; (2) structures-barren land; (3) surface water; and (4) agricultural-open land. Statistical comparisons showed that neither method for the extraction of this data was clearly superior.

Kiefer, R. W.↗