Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “CONDUCTOR”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Machinable, high‐conductivity NaSICON through mitigation of humidity effects during solid‐state synthesis

The Na + super ion conductor (NaSICON, Na 1+x Zr 2 Si x P 3-x O 12 ) is a solid electrolyte well-known for fast, selective Na + transport at low temperatures, uniquely enabling sodium-based batteries. Producing high-quality NaSICON from solid-state methods, especially when cost-effective, potentially hygroscopic precursors are used, is not trivial. To understand and eliminate the influence of humidity during processing, a scheme was developed to reproducibly yield a high Na + conductivity (3.75 mS/cm at 25°C, 81.7 mS/cm at 150°C), high density (97%), and machinable NaSICON without the use of binders, sintering aids, or dopants. Controlled humidity studies over 20%–50% RH coupled with thermal, structural, and electrical analysis reveal that calcination temperatures < 1000°C leave NaSICON processing susceptible to water absorption at > 20% RH due to the presence of hygroscopic Na 3 PO 4 and Na 2 CO 3 during shaping, pressing, and sintering. Water absorption results in NaSICON with lower densities, machinability, and Na+ conductivity, due to impaired intergranular Na+ transport. At the other extreme, fully converting precursor to the NaSICON phase at 1230°C before pressing and sintering leads to poor conductivity and density. By calcining at 1000°C, excellent quality NaSICON may be produced under a range of laboratory environments, enabling low-cost production of high-conductivity, machinable NaSICON necessary the ever-growing energy storage market.

NaSICON↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cyclic Olefin Copolymer based Alkaline Exchange Polymers and Reinforced Membranes

In this project, a team of researchers from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute developed high performance, low-cost alkaline conductors which can improve efficiency and lower cost of energy storage and conversion technology. The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute team has developed a highly ion conductive, chemically stable, and mechanically durable alkaline membrane materials. Such membranes will serve as a critical component in electrochemical devices when energy is generated from renewable sources (e.g., sun and wind) or hydrogen fuel. The use of alkaline membrane in electrochemical reactions allows us to replace expensive platinum catalysts with less expensive, earth abundant metals as catalysts, offering huge economic advantages in renewable energy technology.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Transmission Technologies (ATTs) Supplier Cohort Workshops Cohort Summary [Slides]

This Summary slide deck summarizes the key outcomes of the Advanced Transmission Technologies (ATTs) supplier cohort, part of Idaho National Laboratory’s (INL) Technical Assistance for Digital Assurance (TADA) program. The program aimed to strengthen grid resilience through cybersecurity controls, supply-chain security, and Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) for advanced transmission technologies. The cohort brought together vendors representing the full range of Grid-Enhancing Technologies (GETs), including providers of Dynamic Line Ratings (DLR), Advanced Power Flow Control (APFC), Transmission Topology Optimization (TTO), and High-Performance Conductors (HPCs). Discussions focused on institutional, integration, and operational barriers limiting GET adoption; cybersecurity risks at EMS/SCADA, cloud, and network integration points; and supply-chain transparency issues such as semiconductor dependence and SBOM/HBOM expectations. Participants also addressed operator trust, human-in-the-loop requirements, and challenges with utility adoption, while exploring how CIE can support secure deployment of GETs. This deck represents a consolidated summary of challenges and risks identified by vendors, cross-cutting themes and technology-specific insights from three cohort workshops, and actionable mitigations to guide utilities, vendors, and the Department of Energy in advancing secure, trusted deployment of GETs.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Transmission Technologies – GETs and HPCs Session 1: ATT Foundations and Dynamic Line Ratings (DLRs)

The INL TADA GETs Cohort Session 1, held on November 4, 2025, convened experts to address the integration of advanced transmission technologies, including Grid-Enhancing Technologies (GETs) and High Performance Conductors (HPCs), with a focus on digital assurance challenges. The session highlighted the growing importance of cybersecurity, supply chain transparency, reliability, and business risk management in deploying GETs, especially Dynamic Line Ratings (DLRs). Participants examined how expanded attack surfaces, limited vendor pools, and new regulatory requirements—such as FERC Orders 881, 2023, and 1920—are influencing utilities and technology providers. The workshop underscored the need for cyber-informed engineering, secure-by-design principles, and practical risk management strategies, while fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing among industry peers. Technical discussions covered the evolution from static to dynamic line ratings, complexities of cloud-based architectures, and NERC CIP compliance challenges. The session concluded with a collaborative risk exercise and a preview of future workshops on advanced power flow control and transmission topology optimization, reinforcing the cohort’s commitment to advancing digital assurance in the energy sector.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Transmission Technologies – GETs and HPCs Session 2: Advanced Power Flow Control and Transmission Topology Optimization

The INL TADA GETs Cohort Session 2, held on November 7, 2025, conducted in collaboration with ScottMadden, focused on two core Advanced Transmission Technologies (ATTs): Advanced Power Flow Control (APFC) and Transmission Topology Optimization (TTO). These technologies are pivotal in enhancing grid flexibility, reliability, and cybersecurity resilience. APFC, particularly through modular FACTS devices like Modular Static Synchronous Series Compensators (M-SSSCs), enables dynamic voltage injection to reroute power flows. The session highlighted the deployment benefits of APFC, such as rapid installation, minimal civil works, and re-deployability. Regulatory drivers like FERC Order 2023 mandate the inclusion of Grid-Enhancing Technologies (GETs) in interconnection studies. Case studies from Central Hudson, CAISO, and National Grid (UK) demonstrated APFC’s effectiveness in congestion relief and cost savings. The session also addressed cybersecurity concerns, including firmware vulnerabilities, SCADA integration risks, and supply chain dependencies. Participants engaged in interactive exercises to rank cybersecurity and supply chain risks, emphasizing the need for robust digital assurance strategies. TTO involves software-based reconfiguration of transmission networks to optimize power flow without new infrastructure. The session showcased its operational value, with examples from SPP, PJM, and MISO showing significant congestion cost reductions. Cybersecurity vulnerabilities were discussed, particularly in API security and software supply chains, referencing incidents like SolarWinds and attacks on Danish utilities. Digital assurance exercises explored worst-case scenarios, attack paths, and mitigation responsibilities between vendors and utilities. Reliability challenges such as algorithm stability, vendor dependency, and operator trust were also examined. Cross-cutting themes emphasized the importance of digital assurance tools, including Software Bills of Materials (SBOMs) and hardware-in-loop testing. Human performance, training, and operational confidence were identified as critical enablers of technology adoption. The session concluded with a preview of Session 3, which will focus on High Performance Conductors (HPCs) and risk-based cybersecurity tools. Session 2 of 3.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Transmission Technologies –GETs and HPCs Session 3: HPCs and Building Actions Plans to Digital Assurance Risks

The third session of the Idaho National Laboratory’s (INL) Technical Assistance for Digital Assurance (TADA) program, held on November 11, 2025, centered on High Performance Conductors (HPCs) and the formulation of action plans to address digital assurance risks associated with Grid-Enhancing Technologies (GETs). This session convened experts from utilities, vendors, and government agencies to examine the technical, operational, and cybersecurity aspects of HPC deployment. Discussions highlighted the benefits of HPCs, such as their ability to rapidly increase transmission capacity using existing corridors, improve grid resilience, reduce system losses, and align with FERC Orders 2023 and 1920. Participants evaluated supply chain and digital assurance risks, including reliance on imported materials, limited domestic manufacturing capacity, workforce shortages, and traceability issues. The session also emphasized the importance of digital trust, integration-layer cybersecurity, and unified risk frameworks, introducing tools like intrusion detection systems, encryption, zero trust networking, and firmware integrity. Recaps of earlier workshops on Dynamic Line Ratings (DLRs), Advanced Power Flow Control (APFC), and Transmission Topology Optimization (TTO) underscored institutional barriers and integration challenges. Action plans were proposed to mitigate issues such as inconsistent cybersecurity practices, SBOM usage, supply chain visibility, operator trust, and misaligned incentives. Additionally, INL presented its supply chain risk management tools and Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) principles to support secure procurement and system design. The session concluded with a commitment to share key takeaways, incorporate cohort feedback into future policy development, and continue collaborative engagement through upcoming pilot activities. Session 3 of 3.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tailoring Ion Transport in Li 3‐3y Ho 1+y Cl 6‐x Br x via Transition‐Metal Free Structural Planes and Charge Carrier Distribution

Abstract Localized atomistic disorder in halide‐based solid electrolytes (SEs) can be leveraged to boost Li + mobility. In this study, Li + transport in structurally modified Li 3 HoCl 6 , via Br − introduction and Li + deficiency, is explored. The optimized Li 3‐3 y Ho 1+ y Cl 6‐ x Br x achieves an ionic conductivity of 3.8 mS cm −1 at 25 °C, the highest reported for holmium halide materials. 6,7 Li nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxometry investigations unveil enhanced ion dynamics with bromination, attaining a Li + motional rate neighboring 116 MHz. X‐ray diffraction analyses reveal mixed‐anion‐induced phase transitions with disproportionate octahedral expansions and distortions, creating Ho‐free planes with favorable energetics for Li + migration. Bond valence site energy analysis highlights preferred Li + transport pathways, particularly in structural planes devoid of Ho 3+ blocking effects. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborate enhanced Li + diffusion with Br − introduction into Li 3 HoCl 6 . Li‐Ho electrostatic repulsions in the (001) plane presumably drive Li + diffusion into the Ho‐free (002) layer, enabling rapid intraplanar Li + motion and exchange between the 2d and 4h sites. Li 3‐3 y Ho 1+ y Cl 6‐ x Br x also demonstrates good battery cycling stability. These findings offer valuable insights into the intricate correlations between structure and ion transport and will help guide the design of high‐performance fast ion conductors for all‐solid‐state batteries.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Sulfide‐Based Solid Electrolyte With High Humid Air Tolerance for Long Lifespan All‐Solid‐State Sodium Batteries

Abstract Sulfide‐based superionic conductors present great promise to achieve high energy density and safety for all‐solid‐state sodium batteries (ASSSBs). However, the poor electrolyte/electrode interface compatibility and humid air stability seriously hinder their deployment in ASSSBs. Herein, a series of high‐performance Na 3‐□ Sb 1‐4x (SnWCaTi) x S 4 sulfide‐based solid electrolytes (SSEs) are reported by coupling the vacancy effect with configurational entropy, which displays an excellent interface stability against sodium metal and an extraordinary tolerance toward the moist atmosphere, even for water. The optimized electrolyte effectively inhibits the detrimental mixed ion‐electron conducting interphase formation, achieving the ultra‐stable operation of Na–Na symmetric cell up to 1000 h. Furthermore, the Na + diffusion kinetics is obviously enhanced by increasing the Na sites local anisotropy and Na vacancies. Eventually, the assembled TiS 2 //Na 5 Sn ASSSBs deliver a remarkable reversible capacity of 211.6 mAh g −1 at 0.5C with a long‐term cycling performance of 450 cycles at room temperature. More importantly, it achieves a steady running up to 100 cycles at 1C even if this electrolyte is placed in the air with a dew temperature of 13.8 °C for 30 min, the highest values in the state‐of‐the‐art sulfide‐based ASSSBs. The well‐designed SSEs open a new avenue for realizing the advanced and powerful ASSSBs.

Guo, Yayu↗
DOE OSTI2025

Solvent‐Phobic and Ionophilic Carboxylated Polythiophene Layer for Fluoride‐Rich Cathode Electrolyte Interphase

Abstract One focal area of contemporary organic mixed ionic‐electronic conductor (OMIEC) research relates to utilization of dual‐conductive properties to enhance the ion/electron transfer kinetics for energy storage applications. Insight regarding OMIEC response toward the electrolyte anion and solvent used in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), however, is limited. Here, for the first time, the solvent‐phobic and ionophilic (SP‐IP) properties of the OMIEC, poly[3‐(potassium‐4‐butanoate)thiophene‐2,5‐diyl] (P3KBT), are revealed through comprehensive evaluation and characterization. The solvent‐phobic characteristics arise from the cooperation of dispersive interaction, polar interaction, and hydrogen‐bonding between P3KBT and electrolyte solvent. The ionophilic nature is driven by electrostatic interactions between P3KBT side chain carboxylate groups and LiPF 6 , and the reversible electrochemical doping/de‐doping of the polythiophene backbone with PF 6 ⁻ . The SP‐IP properties induce formation of a LiF‐ rich , Li 2 CO 3 ‐ limited cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer when a P3KBT coating layer is applied to the active material surface, significantly improving half‐cell life to over 1500 cycles at 2C.

Ren, Haoze [Department of Chemical and Bimolecular↗
DOE OSTI2025

Understanding the Cathode Electrochemistry of Humidified Solid‐State Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries

Lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) possess a high theoretical energy density, making them potential candidates for next-generation energy storage. However, challenges such as reactive oxygen species-induced component degradation hinder their practical use. Inorganic solid-state electrolytes offer an alternative to degradation-prone aprotic electrolytes, while also protecting lithium anodes from potential atmospheric reactants. Here, this study explores the cathode electrochemistry of solid-state LOBs using humidified oxygen, which forms an aqueous catholyte during initial cycling, thereby improving cathode-electrolyte contact. To quantitatively analyze the cathode electrochemistry, a ‘Humidity-Incorporated’ Differential Electrochemical Gas Monitoring System (HiDEMS) is developed to control humidity and monitor gas consumption and evolution in real time. When studying a Li-O 2 cell that employs a NASICON-type Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3 (LATP) solid electrolyte and a porous carbon cathode, a shift in discharge products from Li 2 O 2 to LiOH is observed over repeated cycles. While Li 2 O 2 evolves O 2 during charging, LiOH oxidation leads to minimal O 2 release and increased CO 2 production, originating from oxidation of carbon electrodes. Further, dissolution of Al and P from LATP is observed, likely driven by the formation of the alkaline catholyte. The findings highlight the need for carbon-free cathode materials and more stable solid-state conductors to minimize side reactions and improve rechargeability in humidified solid-state Li-O 2 batteries.

LATP degradation↗
DOE OSTI2023

High‐Entropy Lithium Argyrodite Solid Electrolytes Enabling Stable All‐Solid‐State Batteries

Abstract Superionic solid electrolytes (SEs) are essential for bulk‐type solid‐state battery (SSB) applications. Multicomponent SEs are recently attracting attention for their favorable charge‐transport properties, however a thorough understanding of how configurational entropy (ΔS conf ) affects ionic conductivity is lacking. Here, we successfully synthesized a series of halogen‐rich lithium argyrodites with the general formula Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl x Br 1.5‐x (0≤x≤1.5). Using neutron powder diffraction and 31 P magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the S 2− /Cl − /Br − occupancy on the anion sublattice was quantitatively analyzed. We show that disorder positively affects Li‐ion dynamics, leading to a room‐temperature ionic conductivity of 22.7 mS cm −1 (9.6 mS cm −1 in cold‐pressed state) for Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 0.8 Br 0.7 (ΔS conf =1.98R). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence that configurational entropy of the anion sublattice correlates with ion mobility. Our results indicate the possibility of improving ionic conductivity in ceramic ion conductors by tailoring the degree of compositional complexity. Moreover, the Li 5.5 PS 4.5 Cl 0.8 Br 0.7 SE allowed for stable cycling of single‐crystal LiNi 0.9 Co 0.06 Mn 0.04 O 2 (s‐NCM90) composite cathodes in SSB cells, emphasizing that dual‐substituted lithium argyrodites hold great promise in enabling high‐performance electrochemical energy storage.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2025

Chemical Bond Covalency in Superionic Halide Solid‐State Electrolytes

Abstract Halide solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) are promising superionic conductors with high oxidative stability and ionic conductivity, making them attractive for all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries. However, most studies have focused on ion‐stacking structures, overlooking the role of bond characteristics in ionic transport. Here, we investigate bond dynamics and the superionic transition (SIT) in bromide electrolyte, Li 3 InBr 6 , using synchrotron X‐ray techniques and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. We demonstrate that the SIT in halide SSEs is driven by a thermally induced transition in bonding character (ionic to covalent) rather than a change in crystal phase. AIMD simulations further reveal enhanced Li⁺ diffusion and collective anion motion at elevated temperatures. Expanding our study to Li 3 LnBr 6 (Ln = Gd, Tb, Ho, Tm, and Lu), we confirm the widespread occurrence of SIT in this material class, with Li 3 GdBr 6 exhibiting the highest ionic conductivity (5.2 mS cm −1 at 298 K). More importantly, the ionic‐covalent transition is highly tunable through electrolyte modifications, such as cation/anion substitution and synthesis methods. Our findings provide a new perspective on ionic transport, highlighting the critical role of chemical bond characteristics in halide SSEs.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2024

Pore-Filling Induced Solid Electrolyte Failure of Ti-Doped Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 Characterized by Operando Synchrotron X-Ray Tomography

Solid-state batteries (SSBs), particularly those utilizing sodium metal, are emerging as a promising technology due to their potential for enhanced safety, higher energy density, and longer cycle life. NASICON (Na superionic conductor) materials, known for their robust crystalline structure and high ionic conductivity, are pivotal in the development of efficient sodium all-solid-state batteries. These materials exhibit high room-temperature ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability, making them ideal for various applications. Research has focused on improving NASICON's ionic conductivity and stability through doping, interface regulation, and composite anode design. Recent advancements include Ti-doped Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 (Ti-NZSP), which demonstrates improved surface stability, higher ionic conductivity, and increased critical current density. However, challenges such as Na dendrite formation and mechanical integrity under operational conditions persist. Advanced imaging techniques like operando synchrotron X-ray tomography have provided insights into failure mechanisms, revealing that pore-filling and dendrite growth are significant issues. Understanding these processes is essential for enhancing the performance and safety of Na-based SSBs. Here, this study underscores the need for continued research to address these challenges and develop reliable, high-performance solid-state electrolytes for future energy storage solutions.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Distinct Melt Infusion Architectures of Antiperovskite Solid Electrolytes

Antiperovskite solid electrolytes are an emerging class of lithium‐ion conductors distinguished by their unusually low melting points, enabling scalable, low‐temperature processing routes not accessible to most solid electrolytes. In this work, we synthesize phase‐pure chloride (Cl), bromide (Br), and mixed halide (ClBr) variants of antiperovskites and investigate their ionic conductivities in both powder and hot‐pressed forms. Hot pressing significantly enhances conductivity across all compositions, while energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) of the mixed halide system reveals halide surface migration during densification. We further investigate the melt‐infiltration behavior of these electrolytes into substrates relevant to solid‐state battery architectures, including Al and Cu current collectors, conventional NMC and LFP cathodes, and a foamed NMC cathode with a highly porous architecture. The foamed cathode enables deep and uniform electrolyte penetration, highlighting the role of electrode architecture in facilitating melt infiltration. Across all substrates, electrolyte halide chemistry strongly influences wetting behavior, penetration depth, and resulting microstructural morphology. Together, these results establish clear processing–structure relationships for melt‐infiltrated antiperovskite solid electrolytes and demonstrate how electrolyte chemistry and electrode architecture govern interfacial morphology during integration, providing practical guidelines for processing and structural design in solid‐state battery systems.

antiperovskite↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mechanistic Insights into the Demethylation of Lignin‐Derived Structures Using Protic Ionic Liquids: A Density Functional Theory Study

Lignin valorization is restricted by the stability of its methoxy groups, creating a critical need for efficient demethylation strategies. Here, in this study, density functional theory (DFT) is employed to dissect the mechanistic pathways of demethylation in lignin model compounds, guaiacol and syringol, using protic ionic liquids (PILs) that act as both solvent and catalyst. Conductor‐like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO‐RS) analysis identifies monoethanolammonium acetate ([MEOA][Ace]) as the most promising medium, attributed to its strong hydrogen bonding network and solvation ability. By integrating implicit and explicit solvation models, it is revealed that an acid‐catalyzed hydrolytic mechanism governs demethylation, with PILs stabilizing crucial transition states and intermediates. Complementary electronic structure evaluations, including highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO‐LUMO) gap analysis, charge distribution, and electrostatic potential mapping, demonstrate how PILs lower energetic barriers and enhance reactivity. To simulate realistic environments, this study is extended to lignin dimer complexes with varying water content, uncovering how water‐bridged solvation reverses demethylation preference from guaiacyl to syringyl units. This mechanistic shift aligns with experimental observations showing faster S‐unit reactivity in hydrated systems. Together, these findings provide atomic‐level insight into lignin demethylation dynamics and highlight how tuning acid concentration in PILs can accelerate kinetics, enabling a rational pathway toward next‐generation biomass conversion technologies.

COSMO-RS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multi‐Objective Optimization for Rapid Identification of Novel Compound Metals for Interconnect Applications

Abstract Interconnect materials play the critical role of routing energy and information in integrated circuits. However, established bulk conductors, such as copper, perform poorly when scaled down beyond 10 nm, limiting the scalability of logic devices. Here, a multi‐objective search is developed, combined with first‐principles calculations, to rapidly screen over 15,000 materials and discover new interconnect candidates. This approach simultaneously optimizes the bulk electronic conductivity, surface scattering time, and chemical stability using physically motivated surrogate properties accessible from materials databases. Promising local interconnects are identified that have the potential to outperform ruthenium, the current state‐of‐the‐art post‐Cu material, and also semi‐global interconnects with potentially large skin depths at the GHz operation frequency. The approach is validated on one of the identified candidates, CoPt, using both ab initio and experimental transport studies, showcasing its potential to supplant Ru and Cu for future local interconnects.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2024

Self‐Templated 3D Sulfide‐Based Solid Composite Electrolyte for Solid‐State Sodium Metal Batteries

Abstract Rechargeable solid‐state sodium metal batteries (SSMBs) experience growing attention owing to the increased energy density (vs Na‐ion batteries) and cost‐effective materials. Inorganic sulfide‐based Na‐ion conductors also possess significant potential as promising solid electrolytes (SEs) in SSMBs. Nevertheless, due to the highly reactive Na metal, poor interface compatibility is the biggest obstacle for inorganic sulfide solid electrolytes such as Na 3 SbS 4 to achieve high performance in SSMBs. To address such electrochemical instability at the interface, new design of sulfide SE nanostructures and interface engineering are highly essential. In this work, a facile and straightforward approach is reported to prepare 3D sulfide‐based solid composite electrolytes (SCEs), which utilize porous Na 3 SbS 4 (NSS) as a self‐templated framework and fill with a phase transition polymer. The 3D structured SCEs display obviously improved interface stability toward Na metal than pristine sulfide. The assembled SSMBs (with TiS 2 or FeS 2 as cathodes) deliver outstanding electrochemical cycling performance. Moreover, the cycling of high‐voltage oxide cathode Na 0.67 Ni 0.33 Mn 0.67 O 2 (NNMO) is also demonstrated in SSMBs using 3D sulfide‐based SCEs. This study presents a novel design on the self‐templated nanostructure of SCEs, paving the way for the advancement of high‐energy sodium metal batteries.

Guo, Xiaolin↗