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At least 163 records · Page 9

Self-organization of cosmic radiation pressure instability

Under some circumstances the absorption of radiation momentum by an absorbing medium opens the possibility of a dynamical instability, sometimes called 'mock gravity'. Here, a simplified abstract model is studied in which the radiation source is assumed to remain spatially uniform, there is no reabsorption or reradiated light, and no forces other than radiative pressure act on the absorbing medium. It is shown that this model displays the unique feature of being not only unstable, but also self-organizing. The structure approaches a statistical dynamical steady state which is almost independent of initial conditions. In this saturated state the absorbers are concentrated in thin walls around empty bubbles; as the instability develops the big bubbles get bigger and the small ones get crushed and disappear. A linear analysis shows that to first order the thin walls are indeed stable structures. It is speculated that this instability may play a role in forming cosmic large-scale structure.

Hogan, Craig J.↗

Exposure of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment to Simulated Solar and Galactic Cosmic Radiation Induces Biological Bystander Effects on Human Hematopoiesis

The stem cell compartment of the hematopoietic system constitutes one of the most radiosensitive tissues of the body and leukemias represent one of the most frequent radiogenic cancers with short latency periods. As such, leukemias may pose a particular threat to astronauts during prolonged space missions. Control of hematopoiesis is tightly governed by a specialized bone marrow (BM) microenvironment/niche. As such, any environmental insult that damages cells of this niche would be expected to produce pronounced effects on the types and functionality of hematopoietic/immune cells generated. We recently reported that direct exposure of human HSC to simulated SEP and GCR radiation dramatically altered the differentiative potential of these cells, and that simulated GCR exposures can directly induce DNA damage and mutations within human HSC, which led to leukemic transformation when these cells repopulated murine recipients. In the present study, we performed the first in depth examination to define changes that occur in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) present in the human BM niche following exposure to accelerated protons and iron ions, and assess the impact these changes have upon human hematopoiesis. Here, our data thus provides compelling evidence that simulated SEP/GCR exposures can also contribute to defective hematopoiesis/immunity through so-called “biological bystander effects” by damaging the stromal cells that comprise the human marrow microenvironment, thereby altering their ability to support normal hematopoiesis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Cosmic radiation exposure in subsonic air transport

Data derived from 1973 statistics on 2.99 million intercity flights carrying 468 million seats were included in the calculations, yielding a total of 581 billion seat-kilometer. The average flight was 1,084 km in length, was flown at an altitude of 9.47 km, and lasted 1.41 h. The average dose rate was 0.20 mrem/h, resulting in an average passenger dose of 2.82 mrem/year and an average crewmember dose of 160 mrem/year. The average radiation dose to the total U.S. population was 0.47 mrem/person/year. These results are in good agreement with data from several experiments performed by us and others in aircraft at various altitudes and latitudes. The significance of these doses to the population is discussed.

Wallace, R. W.↗

Relative abundance of antiprotons and antihelium in the primary cosmic radiation

The paper reports measurement of the antiproton-to-proton and antihelium-to-helium ratios in the 4-100 GeV/c range. A superconducting magnet spectrophotometer obtained the data during a balloon flight in May 1976. The upper limit value for the antiproton ratio is 0.0005 in the 4.2-12.5 GeV/c range. This value is only slightly higher than the expected value for a leaky box-model and nearly equal to the value expected in the Peter-Westergard model. It is suggested that this upper limit value rules out the closed galaxy model. Upper limit values for the antihelium ratio are 0.000058 in the 4-10 GeV/c range; less than 0.0001 in the 4-33 GeV/c range; and less than 0.01 in the 33-100 GeV/c range. The interpretation of the raw data is explained.

Badhwar, G. D.↗

Secondary positrons and electrons in the cosmic radiation

An improved calculation of the secondary production and equilibrium spectrum of positrons and electrons in the Galaxy in the energy range from 1 MeV to 100 GeV has been performed. This has been done by obtaining an analytic representation of the accelerator data which describes accurately the invariant cross-section of pions, kaons, and their antiparticles from threshold energy to about 1500 GeV. This calculation takes into account the correct angular distribution of electrons in the decay of muons and the effect of nuclei-nuclei collisions. The contributions of beta-decay positrons and knock-on electrons have been included. A comparison of the present calculations with earlier calculations and experiment is presented.

Badhwar, G. D.↗

Relative abundance of the helium isotopes He-3 and He-4 in the cosmic radiation

The geomagnetic field near the equator is used to measure the He-3/He-4 abundance ratio near 6 GeV/nucleon. This ratio is found to be 0.24 + or - 0.05, under the assumption that the helium rigidity spectrum has the form dI/dR = about R exp(-2.65). If all He-3 is of secondary origin, this implies an interstellar mean escape-path length of about 15 g/sq cm, a value considerably larger than that determined from observations of heavier elements but compatible with measurements of the helium isotopic ratio at lower energies.

Jordan, S. P.↗

Fluctuations of development maximum depth and nuclear composition of primary cosmic radiation

The extensive air showers (EAS) cascade curves from the Cerenkov light lateral distribution measurements are recovered and the maximum depth fluctuations of the shower development theta x sub m both on the Cerenkov and charged EAS components are defined. At E sub 0 approximates 10 to the 18th power eV the mean content of protons is greater than 85%, and p-air cross section theta sub 0 p-air 750mb.

Dyakonov, M. N.↗