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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9

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NASA NTRS1973

Space shuttle sortie payload crew safety and systems compatibility criteria. Volume 1: Executive summary

As part of the effort to reduce the costs of shuttle payloads, this study was performed to determine the minimum, mandatory design and verification criteria necessary to insure that sortie payloads are compatible with the space shuttle system; distinguishing them from those criteria related primarily to mission success, configuration choices, management prerogatives, or other cost-benefit variables which are, therefore, discretionary to payload project management. It was concluded that utilization of the mandatory design criteria, presented in this report, as the basis for sortie payload specifications will produce basic systems compatibility between the orbiter and its sortie payloads at reduced costs. Also, when additional criteria are generated due to changes in subsystems, designs, or guidelines, the categorization methodology developed can aid managerial decision-making concerning these criteria. To a limited degree, the compatibility criteria as defined in this study reflect a portion of the total system safety effort involved in a manned space program.

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NASA NTRS1974

Low-G fluid behavior technology summaries

This report presents a summarization and categorization of the pertinent literature associated with low-g fluid behavior technology. Initially a literature search was conducted to obtain pertinent documents for review. Reports determined to be of primary significance are summarized in detail. Each summary, where applicable, consists of; (1) report identification, (2) objective(s) of the work, (3) description of pertinent work performed, (4) major results, and (5) comments of the reviewer (GD/C). Pertinent figures are presented on a single facing page separate from the text. Specific areas covered are; interface configuration, interface stability, natural frequency and damping, liquid reorientation, bubbles and droplets, fluid inflow, fluid outflow, convection, boiling and condensation heat transfer, venting effects, and fluid properties. Reports which were reviewed and not summarized, along with reasons for not summarizing, are also listed. Cryogenic thermal control and fluid management systems technology are presented.

Stark, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Cryogenic thermal control technology summaries

A summarization and categorization is presented of the pertinent literature associated with cryogenic thermal control technology having potential application to in-orbit fluid transfer systems and/or associated space storage. Initially, a literature search was conducted to obtain pertinent documents for review. Reports determined to be of primary significance were summarized in detail. Each summary, where applicable, consists of; (1) report identification, (2) objective(s) of the work, (3) description of pertinent work performed, (4)major results, and (5) comments of the reviewer (GD/C). Specific areas covered are; (1) multilayer insulation of storage tanks with and without vacuum jacketing, (2) other insulation such as foams, shadow shields, microspheres, honeycomb, vent cooling and composites, (3) vacuum jacketed and composite fluid lines, and (4) low conductive tank supports and insulation penetrations. Reports which were reviewed and not summarized, along with reasons for not summarizing, are also listed.

Stark, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Fluid management systems technology summaries

A summarization and categorization of the pertinent literature associated with fluid management systems technology having potential application to in-orbit fluid transfer and/or associated storage are presented. A literature search was conducted to obtain pertinent documents for review. Reports determined to be of primary significance were summarized in the following manner: (1) report identification, (2) objective(s) of the work, (3) description of pertinent work performed, (4) major results, and (5) comments of the reviewer. Pertinent figures are presented on a single facing page separate from the text. Specific areas covered are: fluid line dynamics and thermodynamics, low-g mass gauging, other instrumentation, stratification/pressurization, low-g vent systems, fluid mixing refrigeration and reliquefaction, and low-g interface control and liquid acquisition systems. Reports which were reviewed and not summarized, along with reasons for not summarizing, are also listed.

Stark, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1974

The processing and transmission of EEG data

Interest in sleep research was stimulated by the discovery of a number of physiological changes that occur during sleep and by the observed effects of sleep on physical and mental performance and status. The use of the relatively new methods of EEG measurement, transmission, and automatic scoring makes sleep analysis and categorization feasible. Sleep research involving the use of the EEG as a fundamental input has the potential of answering many unanswered questions involving physical and mental behavior, drug effects, circadian rhythm, and anesthesia.

Schulze, A. E.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Current therapeutic techniques and rehabilitation from neurological disorders

Rancho Los Amigos Hospital is a 1100-bed teaching hospital that is primarily oriented toward rehabilitation. The individual services that deal with neuromuscular disorders are categorically disease entity oriented: They are directed toward the major problems, such as spinal cord injuries, amputations, stroke, cerebral palsy, and rheumatoid arthritis. The services at Rancho cross many traditional medical specialty barriers.

Nickel, V. L.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Undercooling of materials during solidification in space

The theoretical and actual effect of undercooling on molten materials below the equilibrium solid us temperature was studied. Materials in the categories of pure metals, alloys, and compounds were examined: their commercial and scientific value and past experience in their undercooling were considered. The material properties influencing undercooling behavior are reviewed, specified, and categorized. The effects of gravity and its absence are investigated. It is shown that presence of heterogeneous nucleating agents is the main obstacle to achieving a large degree of undercooling.

Moak, D. P.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Urban environmental health applications of remote sensing

An urban area was studied through the use of the inventory-by-surrogate method rather than by direct interpretation of photographic imagery. Prior uses of remote sensing in urban and public research are examined. The effects of crowding, poor housing conditions, air pollution, and street conditions on public health are considered. Color infrared photography was used to categorize land use features and the grid method was used in photo interpretation analysis. The incidence of shigella and salmonella, hepatitis, meningitis, tuberculosis, myocardial infarction and veneral disease were studied, together with mortality and morbidity rates. Sample census data were randomly collected and validated. The hypothesis that land use and residential quality are associated with and act as an influence upon health and physical well-being was studied and confirmed.

Rush, M.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Application of LANDSAT to the surveillance and control of lake eutrophication in the Great Lakes Basin

The author has identified the following significant results. Preliminary results in Saginaw Bay show that processed LANDSAT data provides a synoptic view of turbidity and circulation patterns that no degree of ground monitoring can provide. Processed imagery was produced to show nine discrete categories of turbidity, as indicated by nine Secchi depths between 0.3 and 3.3 meters. Analysis of lakes near Madison, Wisconsin show that inland lake water can be categorized by LANDSAT as clear, tannin, algal, and red clay. LANDSAT's capability to inventory watershed land use was throughly demonstrated in the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana regional planning area. Computer tabulations providing area covered by each of 16 land use categories were rapidly and economically produced for each of the 225 watersheds and nine counties.

Rogers, R. H.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Computer mapping of turbidity and circulation patterns in Saginaw Bay, Michigan from LANDSAT data

The author has identified the following significant results. LANDSAT was used as a basis for producing geometrically-corrected, color-coded imagery of turbidity and circulation patterns in Saginaw Bay, Michigan (Lake Huron). This imagery shows nine discrete categories of turbidity, as indicated by nine Secchi depths between 0.3 and 3.3 meters. The categorized imagery provided an economical basis for extrapolating water quality parameters from point samples to unsample areas. LANDSAT furnished a synoptic view of water mass boundaries that no amount of ground sampling or monitoring could provide.

Rogers, R. H.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Systems cost/performance analysis (study 2.3). Volume 2, appendix A: Data base

Data are presented on selected payload equipments (components) which were collected for the purpose of exercising the systems cost/performance model. Although most of the data is accurate, approximations based on engineering judgment and experience are used wherever actual data was unavailable. The equipments are organized according to the following subsystems which use the specific components: stabilization and control, auxiliary propulsion, data processing, communication, and electrical power. The data sheet for each component states which subsystem utilizes the component, which configurations require the component, which equipment type the component is categorized as, and the data base identifier or code number assigned to the component. The data describing the component consist of the following four types: performance, safety, cost, and schedule.

Campbell, B. H.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Assessment of NDE reliability data

Twenty sets of relevant nondestructive test (NDT) reliability data were identified, collected, compiled, and categorized. A criterion for the selection of data for statistical analysis considerations was formulated, and a model to grade the quality and validity of the data sets was developed. Data input formats, which record the pertinent parameters of the defect/specimen and inspection procedures, were formulated for each NDE method. A comprehensive computer program was written and debugged to calculate the probability of flaw detection at several confidence limits by the binomial distribution. This program also selects the desired data sets for pooling and tests the statistical pooling criteria before calculating the composite detection reliability. An example of the calculated reliability of crack detection in bolt holes by an automatic eddy current method is presented.

Yee, B. G. W.↗

NASA NTRS1974

A photographic study of flow condensation in 1-g and zero-gravity environments

The test articles investigated include two full-scale radiator/condenser panels and a system of three parallel-connected fused quartz tubes. Testing was performed initially on the ground, with both horizontal and inclined flow passage orientations, and additionally in an aircraft flying 0-g trajectories. The photographic observations were made with two high speed cameras and a low speed camera. The flow regimes observed are compared with those predicted by the Baker chart (1954). The Baker chart is well in accord with physical reality in the annular flow region. However, a stratified-annular flow regime observed has no counterpart in the Baker categorization.

Keshock, E. G.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Plasma instability modes related to the earth's bow shock

The present work examines the status of physical interpretations of some of the microscopic phenomena occurring in bow shock structures. A categorization of microscopic phenomena is given, and it is examined how various modes may or may not be invoked in explaining spacecraft measurements on bow structure. The macroscopic and observational context of the bow shock as presently understood is first defined, and then some of the microscopic plasma physical phenomena which might be expected to be found associated with certain macroscopic structures are outlined. Some problems in the use of the bow shock to test plasma shock theory are then discussed.

Greenstadt, W. W.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Machine processing for remotely acquired data

This paper is a general discussion of earth resources information systems which utilize airborne and spaceborne sensors. It points out that information may be derived by sensing and analyzing the spectral, spatial and temporal variations of electromagnetic fields emanating from the earth surface. After giving an overview system organization, the two broad categories of system types are discussed. These are systems in which high quality imagery is essential and those more numerically oriented. Sensors are also discussed with this categorization of systems in mind. The multispectral approach and pattern recognition are described as an example data analysis procedure for numerically-oriented systems. The steps necessary in using a pattern recognition scheme are described and illustrated with data obtained from aircraft and the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1).

Landgrebe, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Coastal Zone Classification from Satellite Imagery

The author has identified the following significant results. Studies of cover distribution along Delaware's coast, especially in tidal wetlands, were made utilizing semi-automated analysis of LANDSAT-1 MSS digital data. Cover maps with eleven vegetation and other cover categories were produced with accuracy of identification above 80% in all categories. Recent studies have tested a new technique for training automated analysis which uses ground measured reflectance and atmospheric correction techniques to derive signatures for specific categories in preference to the relative radiance signatures derived from training sets within the LANDSAT data itself. Initial tests using a four category scheme indicate that training data based on absolute measured reflectance and atmospheric correction of LANDSAT data can produce comparable accuracy of categorization to that achieved using more conventional relative radiance training.

Klemas, V.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Use of LANDSAT imagery for wildlife habitat mapping in northeast and east central Alaska

The author has identified the following significant results. Two scenes were analyzed by applying an iterative cluster analysis to a 2% random data sample and then using the resulting clusters as a training set basis for maximum likelihood classification. Twenty-six and twenty-seven categorical classes, respectively resulted from this process. The majority of classes in each case were quite specific vegetation types; each of these types has specific value as moose habitat.

Lent, P. C.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Guidelines for application of learning/cost improvement curves

The differences between the terms learning curve and improvement curve are noted, as well as the differences between the Wright system and the Crawford system. Learning curve computational techniques were reviewed along with a method to arrive at a composite learning curve for a system given detail curves either by the functional techniques classification or simply categorized by subsystem. Techniques are discussed for determination of the theoretical first unit (TFU) cost using several of the currently accepted methods. Sometimes TFU cost is referred to as simply number one cost. A tabular presentation of the various learning curve slope values is given. A discussion of the various trends in the application of learning/improvement curves and an outlook for the future are presented.

Delionback, L. M.↗