Precision Cascade: A novel algorithm for multi-precision extreme compression
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73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
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SolarAPP+ Enhancements and Commercialization (Final Technical Report)
With millions of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems expected to be installed over the next five years, the permitting and inspection processes of authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs) may become overburdened, causing delays and increased costs for installed systems (Cruce et al. 2022). The central goal of this project was to automate and streamline permitting processes for distributed PV systems and complementary technologies, such as battery storage. Deploying automated permitting has been hypothesized to reduce permit review times, resulting in reduced costs and improved customer experience. This has the potential to expand the PV and PV-plus-storage market nationwide. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and its project partners, including UL Solutions, the Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC), the International Code Council (ICC), and more, developed the Solar Automated Permit Processing (SolarAPP+™) software platform to reduce permit review times. NREL and its partners also collaborated with the solar industry, the building safety community, and local governments to develop SolarAPP+.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Identifying Potential Geochemical and Microbial Impacts of Hydrogen Storage in a Deep Saline Aquifer
Hydrogen is valuable commodity and a promising energy carrier for variable energy production. Storage of hydrogen may occur through injection of hydrogen or a hydrogen/methane gas blend in subsurface reservoirs. However, the geochemical and biological reactions that may impact the stored hydrogen are not yet understood. Therefore, we collected samples from a deep storage aquifer located in the St. Peter Formation in southern Illinois. The reservoir material was primarily quartz with sulphur and iron deposits, while the major constituents of the fluid were chloride and sulphate. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed a low biomass microbial community that contained no obvious hydrogen-consuming bacteria. Next, we enriched a field sample to increase the biomass and completed a metagenomic analysis, finding a low number of genes present that are associated with hydrogen consumption. Then, we completed a series of reactor experiments under reservoir conditions with 15% H2/85% CH4 gas simulating a short-term hydrogen storage, high withdrawal scenario. We found minimal changes in the geochemistry or microbiology for the reactor experiments. This work suggests that short-term storage may be highly successful, although significant additional work needs to be completed in order to accurately evaluate the risks associated with long-term hydrogen storage scenarios. It is essential we continue to expand our understanding of the dynamics present in saline aquifers and provide new insights into how hydrogen storage may impact underground geological storage environments.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Microgrid Hardening Design Toolkit: Puerto Rico Use Case
This document provides a comprehensive example of the microgrid hardening framework and the Sandia developed Microgrid Hardening Design Toolkit v0.27 using a census tract in a coastal area of southern Puerto Rico as a case study. The census tract (72123953100) is located in the municipality of Salinas. Currently, the La Margarita neighborhood within this census tract is part of the Department of Energy’s Cohort 5 of the Energy Technology Innovation and Partnership Program (ETIPP). The neighborhood’s local energy cooperative, Abeyno Coop, has been operating several residential solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage system (BESS) installations (with around 30 rooftop solar systems as of 2026). As part of the ETIPP project, Abeyno Coop is planning to integrate a larger microgrid into the existing distribution feeder in the area, including solar PV and BESS to supply energy for homes and critical loads such as the medical facilities and the community center that provides emergency shelter and backup power during outages.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
CSP Plant Optimization Study for the California Power Market (“CalCSP”) (Final Technical Report)
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) with thermal energy storage offers a unique and strategic opportunity to support California’s clean energy transition. Unlike photovoltaic (PV) systems, CSP with thermal storage can generate electricity after sunset and during periods of high demand, making it a valuable complement to intermittent renewable resources. CSP also provides synchronous, inertia-contributing generation, long-duration storage, and flexible dispatch—capabilities increasingly important as thermal plants retire. This report summarizes the findings of the CSP Plant Optimization Study for the California Power Market or “CalCSP study,” which evaluated the technical, economic, environmental, and policy factors that influence the deployment of CSP technologies in California. The CalCSP study was conducted to assess how CSP can contribute to California’s long-term decarbonization goals while enhancing grid reliability, supporting local economic development, and making efficient use of land and transmission resources. It draws on detailed modeling of CSP performance and costs, site suitability analysis, policy reviews, and stakeholder engagement across utilities, regulators, developers, and community organizations. The analysis focuses on mature molten-salt tower technology and incorporates lessons learned from the global CSP fleet, distinguishing today’s CSP from earlier first-of-a-kind projects in the U.S. The findings support a more prominent role for CSP in California’s evolving clean energy landscape. With strategic planning, targeted policy support, and continued cost improvements, CSP can complement PV and batteries to deliver reliable, around-the-clock clean electricity—especially in areas with high solar resource and constrained grid capacity.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Enhancing Grid Resilience during Wildfires in Socioeconomic Vulnerable Regions using Powered and Non-Powered Hydro Dams
In many regions around the world, wildfires have become a growing threat, exacerbated by factors such as climate change, droughts, and urban sprawl. These wildfires often wreak havoc on power infrastructure, leading to extended power outages, which can have devastating consequences for communities, especially in socioeconomically vulnerable areas. Ensuring grid resiliency in the face of these challenges is of paramount importance. One innovative approach to mitigating the impact of wildfires on the power grid is the utilization of hydropower facilities including both powered and non-powered hydro dams. While powered hydro dams along with additional infrastructure like energy storage and solar photovoltaic can provide resilience during wildfire-related outages, non-powered dams, originally constructed for purposes other than electricity generation, also offer a unique opportunity to bolster grid resilience. In this paper, we aim to explore the efficacy of hydro-dams in general to provide resiliency during wildfire-induced outages.
Wildfires, Resilience, Grid Resiliency, Hydropower↗
Integrating AI Data Centers with the Power Grid
The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) has triggered an unprecedented surge in electricity demand, with US data center energy use projected to double or triple 2023 levels by 2028. This exponential growth places strain on grid infrastructure, which can hinder timely construction of desired computing capacity. To bridge this supply-demand gap, utilities and AI developers are increasingly turning to demand flexibility, a strategy that incentivizes shifting or reducing power use during peak periods of grid stress. Data centers are uniquely equipped for flexible operations due to their digital workloads, built-in redundancy, and onsite energy assets. This article outlines four primary mechanisms to enable data center flexibility: computational load flexibility (shifting tasks temporally or geographically), flexible use of core facility infrastructure adjustments, energy storage utilization, and onsite electricity generation. To encourage adoption, utilities are deploying new tariff designs, including voluntary interruptible service riders, mandated flexibility requirements, and streamlined interconnection processes for flexible loads. For the highly capitalized and rapidly growing AI industry, the primary motivators for embracing these strategies are expediting facility interconnection, satisfying emerging regulatory mandates, and mitigating community resistance. While demand flexibility cannot substitute the long-term need for new bulk power generation, it serves as an essential, immediate solution for enabling near-term deployment. By transforming data centers from grid stressors into stabilizing assets, flexible operations can ensure reliable grid integration, ease market pressures, and support a resilient power system.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
In situ thermal conductivity measurement revealing kinetics of thermochemical reactions
Utilizing thermochemical reactions for thermal energy storage and solar fuel production has been an emerging research topic. Thermal transport properties of the materials are an important parameter that can determine the kinetics and efficiency of thermochemical reactions. With the increasing number of new thermochemical materials (TCMs); however, there is a lack of reliable techniques to monitor the thermal transport property of the materials and their changes as a function of reactions in real time. In this work, we report the in situ monitoring of thermochemical reactions using modulated photothermal radiometry (MPR). The thermal conductivities of two TCMs, namely, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) and Ba 0.15 Sr 0.85 FeO 3–δ (BSF1585), were measured as a function of temperature and time using the MPR technique. The measured thermal conductivities were correlated to the reaction. The work has two significant contributions to the research communities. First, it provides a non-invasive diagnostic tool for monitoring the thermal transport properties of TCMs that can potentially be a high-throughput measurement technique conducive to optimizing TCMs, reactors, and related thermal systems. Second, for TCMs that show observable changes in thermal transport properties, a correlation between the measured thermal conductivity and the conversion fraction of the reaction can be established for monitoring the reaction kinetics based on thermal characterization.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Advancing Porous Carbons: Understanding the Importance of Surface Chemistry for the Energy–Environment Nexus
This review intends, in a critical way, the comprehensive view of the importance of porous carbons surface chemistry for their applications in an energy− environment nexus. Surface chemistry is presented as a combination of functional heteroatom-containing groups, dopants, and structural defects. First, we briefly address carbon surface chemical environment and the methods of its modification and characterization, indicating their practical limitations. Then, the effects of surface chemistry on separation, catalysis, energy storage, sensing and microwave absorption are introduced. Besides a critical analysis of published findings on these topics, we also include our views on the advancement in the processes which rely on porous carbons surface chemistry, and identify strategic areas and directions that should deserve further attention. We focus on new findings and important original contributions to the field. Since the community of carbon researchers grows following the strategic application of these materials, the role of functional groups, dopants and structural defects in various cutting-edge applications is emphasized, showing the progress in the field and the evolution of findings. A clear determination of the effects of carbon surface is often a challenge since carbons porosity and the locations of specific bonds/sites/ defects in the carbon texture provide nanoconfinement effects.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA POWER: Providing Present and Future Climate Services Based on NASA Data for the Energy, Agricultural, and Sustainable Buildings Communities
NASA’s Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (POWER) project facilitates the use of NASA Earth Science data holdings within the renewable energy, agricultural, and building heating/cooling design industries. POWER packages solar and meteorological data at various temporal levels from several NASA projects in a user friendly GIS-enabled web services system (https://power.larc.nasa.gov). Data users can access these data either through an intuitive data viewer, image services fully integrable with GIS analysis, connections in the cloud through an Amazon Web Services S3 Bucket, or fully customizable access through an API. Data provided by POWER has been successfully used by decision makers to support actions that address climate change. For example, POWER data has been used to remotely monitor solar array fields and integrated in a sizing tool for off-grid solar and storage systems. POWER data has also been coupled with key building decision tools to support design and retrofitting of building energy systems for energy efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gases. POWER is now developing climate services to provide time series of the projected future evolution of key quantities that interest our users, such as heating/cooling degree days, temperature, wind speed, and downwelling solar flux. We demonstrate the potential of the new climate services by presenting here a range of possible future changes in these quantities at different NASA centers across the continental United States. These data services are based on downscaled climate model data from the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP) data set. We highlight the important insights that new climate services can provide. Our climate services will help our user communities quantify the impacts of climate change to support their key decisions in planning for the future, both inside and outside the Federal Government, especially for decisions in renewable energy and in building heating and cooling.
Bradley Hegyi↗
Energy Systems Integration Facility Stewardship Summary: Fiscal Year 2024
A summary of NREL's good stewardship of the nationally unique Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) highlighting performance metrics, infrastructure upgrades, and examples of R&D impact. In fiscal year 2024, we developed advanced energy security and resilience capabilities as we built a new test bed for power electronics and completed a 1-megawatt platform for studying energy systems with grid-forming inverters. Researchers collaborated with utilities, manufacturers, and communities to solve their pressing questions, such as a control architecture that heralds a new direction for distributed energy management systems. With support from the U.S Department of Energy (DOE), the work in the ESIF laboratories continues to advance national goals for resilient and affordable energy.
annual report↗
A Play-Based Exploration of CO 2 Storage in the Illinois Basin: Community Baseline Assessment for Carbon Storage Engagement Planning in the Illinois Basin
This report presents a stakeholder mapping analysis conducted as part of the Play-Based Exploration of CO 2 Storage in the Illinois Basin project (DOE Cooperative Agreement DE-FE0032366). The analysis was undertaken to systematically identify, categorize, and characterize stakeholder groups and community conditions relevant to the planning and deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) infrastructure across the Illinois Basin. Its purpose is to establish a contextual baseline that informs targeted engagement strategies, supports equitable project planning, and strengthens the social dimensions of CCS site screening.
01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
Carbon Storage Technical Viability Approach (CS TVA) Data Availability Results Database
The Carbon Storage Technical Viability Approach (CS TVA) Data Availability Results Database v1.0 is the output of a data availability assessment workflow that was developed by NETL to create a tool for spatial data availability assessment. This results database is the output of the first version of the workflow performed on the data with the CS TVA Database v2.0.
carbon storage↗
Deploying a Publicly Available and Living National Oil and Gas Well Geodatabase: CO2-Locate: A Dynamic Database & Tool
Emission mitigation and safe geologic carbon storage require an understanding of local wellbore infrastructure, yet well data are siloed across many entities. Addressing this challenge, the National Energy Technology Laboratory published CO2-Locate, an integrated and dynamic national wellbore geodatabase. CO2-Locate offers up to date well data spanning more than 40 federal, state, and tribal entities, as well as spatially summarized insights designed to support commercial, regulatory, and research communities as they strive to curb climate change through a national energy transition.
Pfander, Isabelle↗
CityLearn v2: energy-flexible, resilient, occupant-centric, and carbon-aware management of grid-interactive communities
As more distributed energy resources become part of the demand-side infrastructure, quantifying their energy flexibility on a community scale is crucial. CityLearn v1 provided an environment for benchmarking control algorithms. However, there is no standardized environment utilizing realistic building-stock datasets for distributed energy resource control benchmarking without co-simulation or third-party frameworks. CityLearn v2 extends CityLearn v1 by providing a stand-alone simulation environment that leverages the End-Use Load Profiles for the U.S. Building Stock dataset to create grid-interactive communities for resilient, multi-agent, and objective control of distributed energy resources with dynamic occupant feedback. While the v1 environment used pre-simulated building thermal loads, the v2 environment uses data-driven thermal dynamics and eliminates the need for co-simulation with building energy performance software. This work details the v2 environment and provides application examples that use reinforcement learning control to manage battery energy storage system, vehicle-to-grid control, and thermal comfort during heat pump power modulation.
Nweye, Kingsley↗
Cybersecurity Considerations for Hydrogen Infrastructure in Airport Environments
This report explores key cybersecurity concerns and best practices within environments that serve as reference points for the development of hydrogen fueling infrastructure for aviation. This cybersecurity analysis leverages prior NREL studies: 1) hydrogen fueling station component validation to identify vulnerabilities and failure events documented in physical equipment, and 2) electric aircraft charging infrastructure analysis to explore primary cybersecurity vulnerabilities. It reviews the criticality of digitized technologies in sustaining hydrogen fuel production, storage, and fueling systems, noting cybersecurity concerns that are universal to power systems and industrial control systems in general. In considering cybersecurity vulnerabilities within a future landscape of hydrogen energy for aviation applications, a reference architecture was intended to reveal the points of connection between assets and the potential sensors that are vulnerable to manipulation in the event of compromised access or communication within a SCADA system. A generalized reference architecture can help stakeholders, engineers, or strategists understand connections, criticalities, and standard practices when it comes to designing and planning for new systems. There are several gaps to account for in assessing the future of hydrogen production, storage, and fueling for aviation. Engaging stakeholders, including aircraft manufacturers, electric utilities, site property owners, and local communities, will inform decision-making around site structure, operations, and resources for future hydrogen fueling infrastructure to understand operational needs and cybersecurity awareness. Cybersecurity mitigation strategy must consider physical attack vectors that emerge with the integration of hydrogen systems into existing airport security requirements. The cybersecurity risk assessment contained in this report is an entry point into potential future granular-level analyses to be conducted as part of hazard and risk assessments for safe aviation hydrogen infrastructure, determining how the scale of hydrogen fuel infrastructure for aviation impacts the volume of cyber attack vectors, and what, if any, are the vulnerabilities associated with different types of on-board hydrogen systems. In this nascent development phase, assessing how best to integrate cybersecurity practices into an evolving U.S. aviation landscape provides critical insights into building increased awareness and stakeholder engagement to support a cyber-resilient infrastructure.
08 HYDROGEN↗
Adaptive Solar Energy and Power Storage Platform for Multimetered Properties
Veritel Energy LLC has successfully demonstrated the feasibility of its innovative adaptive solar energy and power storage platform designed for multimetered properties in Phase I of its DOE SBIR grant. The project centered around the development and initial deployment of proprietary hardware and software system that manages and distributes site-generated renewable energy to multiple tenants efficiently. This system integrates seamlessly with existing building infrastructure and utility systems, making it a viable solution for aging multifamily properties often located in at-risk communities. The pilot system was installed in a multifamily building with a single master-meter, and functioned as a pilot to demonstrate a scalable model for renewable energy system adoption across similar properties. This installation not only showed potential for significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions but also improved the economic viability of renewable installations by allowing property owners to recoup investments through increased energy savings and tenant billing. The Phase I project set the groundwork for further enhancements and testing in Phase II which will aim to apply the technology to projects with dozens of sub-meters, further contributing to the decarbonization of the built environment.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Earth Energy Balance Assessment at the 2022 BIPM-WMO Metrology for Climate Action Workshop
The BIPM and WMO hosted a five-day workshop in Sept. 2022 to assess the state of current metrology and identify future meteorological needs regarding climate change for the upcoming decade. A resulting broad policy-oriented workshop summary report, written by the workshop’s ~70 international organizers and reviewed by meeting attendees, identifies the current issues in each of nine high-level topic areas and provides recommendations to address them, listing specific needs, pathways, timelines, and responsible agencies or organizations for each. One prominent Topic within the workshop, “Earth Energy Balance,” was organized by the authors of this presentation and resulted in a section of the workshop summary report using the contributions from the topic’s several pre-recorded oral and poster presentations and the outcomes of two interactive real-time community-wide discussion sessions. The Earth-energy-balance topic issues centered on three areas: Radiometric energy measurements, including needed accuracies and stabilities and the use of SI-Traceable Satellites (SITSats), such as CLARREO and TRUTHS, to achieve them; improved on-orbit calibration sources, including the Sun and the Moon, thermal-infrared and UV sources, and space-flight blackbodies; and the four primary Earth-heat storage reservoirs of the oceans, land, permafrost, and cryosphere, giving an inventory of where and how much of the Earth’s energy is stored and how much uptake there is of the incoming energy. This presentation will summarize the results of the Earth Energy Balance topic from the 2022 BIPM-WMO Metrology for Climate Action Workshop.
earth↗