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Results for “Conductivity and Viscosity”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Propagation of hydromagnetic waves in the upper F2-region

The theory of hydromagnetic-wave in the upper F2-region, in which electrons are in a transitional regime from collisional to collisionless conditions and ions are in a collisionless state, is examined. Derivation of the governing equations is based on the fact that the isotropic electrons are fluid-like, and the anisotropic ions follow kinetic equations modified by ion-electron collisions. Magneto-acoustic waves of a period of from about 0.2 to 10 sec are dissipated by ion Landau damping and electron thermal conduction and viscosity. Numerical solutions under ionospheric conditions show that the dissipation of hydromagnetic waves is insufficient to modify the large scale heating of the ionosphere.

Hung, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Computer program for calculating water and steam properties

Computer subprogram calculates thermodynamic and transport properties of water and steam. Program accepts any two of pressure, temperature, and density as input conditions. Pressure and either entropy or enthalpy are also allowable input variables. Output includes any combination of temperature, density, pressure, entropy, enthalpy, specific heats, sonic velocity, viscosity, thermal conductivity, surface tension, and the Laplace constant.

Hendricks, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

GASP: A computer code for calculating the thermodynamic and transport properties for ten fluids: Parahydrogen, helium, neon, methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, oxygen, fluorine, argon, and carbon dioxide

A FORTRAN IV subprogram called GASP is discussed which calculates the thermodynamic and transport properties for 10 pure fluids: parahydrogen, helium, neon, methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, oxygen, fluorine, argon, and carbon dioxide. The pressure range is generally from 0.1 to 400 atmospheres (to 100 atm for helium and to 1000 atm for hydrogen). The temperature ranges are from the triple point to 300 K for neon; to 500 K for carbon monoxide, oxygen, and fluorine; to 600 K for methane and nitrogen; to 1000 K for argon and carbon dioxide; to 2000 K for hydrogen; and from 6 to 500 K for helium. GASP accepts any two of pressure, temperature and density as input conditions along with pressure, and either entropy or enthalpy. The properties available in any combination as output include temperature, density, pressure, entropy, enthalpy, specific heats, sonic velocity, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and surface tension. The subprogram design is modular so that the user can choose only those subroutines necessary to the calculations.

Hendricks, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Electrolyte concentration changes during operation of the nickel cadmium cell

The concentration and distribution of aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte in a sealed nickel cadmium cell is considered. The reactions at both electrodes during charge and discharge involve the production or utilization of hydroxyl ion (OH) or water (H2O) which directly affects concentration. Changes in electrolyte concentration relative to the individual electrode reactions is discussed. Quantitative values are provided for the changes in concentration for 6, 12, and 20 ah cells with accepted quantities of precharge and accepted initial quantity of 31% aqueous KOH. Consideration is given to a more correct equation which includes net changes in hydroxyl concentration in addition to water. Also, expected concentrations of electrolyte in cells in the fully charged, 75% charged, 50% charged, 25% charged and discharged condition are calculated. The expected concentration changes for cells in the accelerated tests are also tabulated and compared with measured values. All calculations are made on the assumption that there are no side reactions. Various properties which depend on KOH concentration are listed. The variables include O2, H2, and Cd(OH)2 solubilities in addition to viscosity and conductivity.

Halpert, G.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Perturbation solution of the Navier-Stokes equations and its relation to the Lighthill-Curle solution of aerodynamic sound

The aerodynamic sound described by the Lighthill-Curle solution is reexamined using a method of matched asymptotic expansions. The governing Navier-Stokes equations written in nondimensional form are expanded for a small Mach number. First- and second-order solutions for the pressure field are obtained, and the singular nature of the expansion at large distances is indicated. The nearfield pressure is governed by the Poisson equation, whereas the farfield equations describe a linear wave system in a dissipative medium. The pseudosound is related to the incompressible Reynolds stresses associated with a solenoidal velocity field, the velocity, the pressure perturbation, and their derivatives on the boundaries. A uniformly valid first-order solution for the pressure is obtained. It is shown that viscosity, thermal conductivity, and entropy in the flow do not contribute to the first-order noise generation, while the viscous stress contributes to noise only from some boundaries. The application of the proposed perturbation method to a subsonically moving surface and a hot jet is discussed.

Pan, Y. S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Solar semidiurnal tide in the thermosphere

The behavior of the solar semidiurnal tide in the thermosphere is studied on the basis of a three-dimensional model involving viscosity, thermal conductivity, Coriolis effects, sphericity of the earth, and ion drag. Sources of excitation are absorption of solar radiation by H2O and O3 below the mesopause, and by O2 in the Schumann-Runge continuum (SRC), and O, O2, N2 in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV), in the thermosphere. The relative importance of EUV, SRC, and forcing below the thermosphere are assessed. The semidiurnal tide in the lower thermosphere is re-examined, and the utility of equivalent gravity mode calculations is evaluated. The calculations presented provide detailed predictions for all meteorological fields as functions of season, solar cycle, and other parameters. In particular, the semidiurnal tide between 100 and 130 km is dominated by the 2,4 mode excited below the thermosphere. During sunspot minimum, forcing from below is dominant, but during sunspot maximum tides from below are so severely attenuated within the thermosphere that thermospheric in situ forcing becomes relatively more important. Results are compared with tidal observations at 45 deg latitude.

Hong, S.-S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Heating of the solar chromosphere and corona. I - Generalized inhomogeneous wave equation for magnetoacoustic motions

The generalized inhomogeneous wave equation that governs magnetoacoustic, vortical, and thermal motions in compressible fluids and that is applicable to the problem of heating of the solar chromosphere and corona is obtained. The effects of kinematic and bulk viscosity, heat conduction, Joule dissipation, and magnetic diffusivity are included. Under the usual assumptions, the generalized wave equation reduces to the well-known equations of Lighthill, Kulsrud, Phillips, and others. The major problems encountered in applying Lighthill's (1952) mechanism to sound generation in turbulent media are reviewed for both the subsonic and supersonic cases.

Anand, S. P. S.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Process Feasibility Study in Support of Silicon Material, Task 1

During this reporting period, major activies were devoted to process system properties, chemical engineering and economic analyses. Analyses of process system properties was continued for materials involved in the alternate processes under consideration for solar cell grade silicon. The following property data are reported for silicon tetrafluoride: critical constants, vapor pressure, heat of varporization, heat capacity, density, surface tension, viscosity, thermal conductivity, heat of formation and Gibb's free energy of formation. Chemical engineering analysis of the BCL process was continued with primary efforts being devoted to the preliminary process design. Status and progress are reported for base case conditions; process flow diagram; reaction chemistry; material and energy balances; and major process equipment design.

Li, K. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Hartmann flow with temperature-dependent physical properties

Attention is given to the steady, fully developed, one-dimensional flow of a liquid metal in which thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and viscosity are functions of temperature. It is found that the properties are decreasing functions of temperature and the first differences between temperature-dependent and constant properties are discussed.

Linn, G. T.↗
NASA NTRS1979

A prediction method for velocity and temperature profiles in a two-dimensional nominally steady turbulent boundary layer

This paper describes a recently developed boundary-layer prediction method for a variable property compressible flow, in which heat transfer takes place primarily by forced convection and for which the mainstream Mach number is small. The leading order terms, in asymptotic expansions for large Reynolds numbers, are obtained for the mean velocity and temperature distribution in both the inner and outer layer of the turbulent boundary layer. Closure in the inner layer is achieved using an analytical model for the mean profiles which is based on the observed coherent structure of the time-dependent inner layer flow. For the outer layer, simple eddy viscosity and conductivity models are developed without recourse to the Reynolds analogy. In the prediction method a numerical solution of the outer layer equations is matched to the analytical inner layer profiles as the computation procedes downstream. Calculations are presented for a range of adverse and favorable pressure gradient flows and the predicted results compare well with existing data.

Weigand, G. G.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Thermodynamic and transport combustion properties of hydrocarbons with air. Part 1: Properties in SI units

Thermodynamic and transport combustion properties were calculated for a wide range of conditions for the reaction of hydrocarbons with air. Three hydrogen-carbon atom ratios (H/C = 1.7, 2.0, 2.1) were selected to represent the range of aircraft fuels. For each of these H/C ratios, combustion properties were calculated for the following conditions: Equivalence ratio: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 Water - dry air mass ratio: 0, 0.03 Pressure, kPa: 1.01325, 10.1325, 101.325, 1013.25, 5066.25 (or in atm: 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 50) Temperature, K: every 10 degrees from 200 to 900 K; every 50 degrees from 900 to 3000 K Temperature, R: every 20 degrees from 360 to 1600 R; very 100 degrees from 1600 to 5400 R. The properties presented are composition, density, molecular weight, enthalphy, entropy, specific heat at constant pressure, volume derivatives, isentropic exponent, velocity of sound, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and Prandtl number. Property tables are based on composites that were calculated by assuming both: (1) chemical equilibrium (for both homogeneous and heterogeneous phases) and (2) constant compositions for all temperatures. Properties in SI units are presented in this report for the Kelvin temperature schedules.

Gordon, S.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Forced convection heat transfer to air/water vapor mixtures

Heat transfer coefficients were measured using both dry and humid air in the same forced convection cooling scheme and were compared using appropriate nondimensional parameters (Nusselt, Prandtl and Reynolds numbers). A forced convection scheme with a complex flow field, two dimensional arrays of circular jets with crossflow, was utilized with humidity ratios (mass ratio of water vapor to air) up to 0.23. The dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat of air, steam and air/steam mixtures are examined. Methods for determining gaseous mixture properties from the properties of their pure components are reviewed as well as methods for determining these properties with good confidence. The need for more experimentally determined property data for humid air is discussed. It is concluded that dimensionless forms of forced convection heat transfer data and empirical correlations based on measurements with dry air may be applied to conditions involving humid air with the same confidence as for the dry air case itself, provided that the thermophysical properties of the humid air mixtures are known with the same confidence as their dry air counterparts.

Richards, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Nonzonal gravity wave breaking in the winter mesosphere

The steady state gravity wave model of Schoeberl et al. (1983) is extended to compute wave breaking by disturbances originating at the earth's surface. For winter and summer mean zonal wind profiles, no waves reach the mesosphere unless the absolute value of the zonally averaged perturbed zonal velocity minus c is greater than approximately 20 m/sec. Gravity waves with c = 0 can only reach the winter mesosphere if planetary scale waves are present in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere, to provide strong zonal wind channels for upward wave propagation. This results in nonzonal wave breaking in the mesosphere which could provide in situ forcing of planetary waves. Dissipation of gravity waves by molecular viscosity and conduction can provide significant deceleration and heating/cooling in the 85-105 km region.

Schoeberl, M. R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Transport properties for some atom-ion interactions in air

The thermal conductivity and viscosity for the N-N(+) and O-O(+) interactions have been calculated, using the kinetic theory of gases, from 500 K-20,000 K. Accurate spectroscopically determined potentials have been used for the calculations. The results are compared with previous results obtained using less accurate potentials.

Biolsi, L.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Transport properties of ions

The strong long-range interactions between (among) charged species require the inclusion of higher order contributions to the transport properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity, diffusion) of ionized gases than are required for neutral gases. These higher order contributions have been rewritten so that they are given in terms of universal functions which can be tabulated. Tables which provide for the rapid calculation of some higher order contributions to the transport properties of both ions and electrons are given. Some results which are useful for calculating the higher order contributions to the transport properties of mixtures of ions are also given. These results are applied to the ionic species in air at high temperatures.

Biolsi, Louis↗
NASA NTRS1988

High temperature transport properties of air - N-O interaction energies and collision integrals

Potential curves for the higher-lying states of NO are used together with a general scattering code to compute accurate values of transport collision integrals for N(4S/0/)-O(3P) interactions. It is found that the major contribution to the collision integrals comes from these higher-lying states of NO. New values of the collision integrals for N(4S/0/)-N(4S/0/) and O(3P)-O(3P) interactions are computed as well. The tabulations of the collision integrals cover a broad range of temperatures from 250 to 100,000 K and can be used to determine transport properties such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and the diffusion coefficient to the second order.

Levin, E.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Transport properties of ground state oxygen atoms

The transport properties of dilute monatomic gases depend on the two-body interactions between like atoms. When two ground-state oxygen atoms interact, they can follow any of 18 potential energy curves corresponding to O2, all of which contribute to the transport properties of the ground-state atoms. Transport collision integrals have been calculated for those interactions with an attractive minimum in the potential, and repulsive ab initio potential-energy curves have been accurately represented. Results are given for viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion and they are compared with previous theoretical calculations.

Holland, Paul M.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Hypervelocity atmospheric flight: Real gas flow fields

Flight in the atmosphere is examined from the viewpoint of including real gas phenomena in the flow field about a vehicle flying at hypervelocity. That is to say, the flow field is subject not only to compressible phenomena, but is dominated by energetic phenomena. There are several significant features of such a flow field. Spatially, its composition can vary by both chemical and elemental species. The equations which describe the flow field include equations of state and mass, species, elemental, and electric charge continuity; momentum; and energy equations. These are nonlinear, coupled, partial differential equations that have been reduced to a relatively compact set of equations in a self-consistent manner (which allows mass addition at the surface at a rate comparable to the free-stream mass flux). The equations and their inputs allow for transport of these quantities relative to the mass-average behavior of the flow field. Thus transport of mass by chemical, thermal, pressure, and forced diffusion; transport of momentum by viscosity; and transport of energy by conduction, chemical considerations, viscosity, and radiative transfer are included. The last of these complicate the set of equations by making the energy equations a partial integrodifferential equation. Each phenomenon is considered and represented mathematically by one or more developments. The coefficients which pertain are both thermodynamically and chemically dependent. Solutions of the equations are presented and discussed in considerable detail, with emphasis on severe energetic flow fields. Hypervelocity flight in low-density environments where gaseous reactions proceed at finite rates chemical nonequilibrium is considered, and some illustrations are presented. Finally, flight where the flow field may be out of equilibrium, both chemically and thermodynamically, is presented briefly.

Howe, John T.↗