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DOE OSTI2024

Editorial: Innovations in climate resilience

At Battelle’s second Annual Innovations in Climate Resilience Conference, we were inspired this year by the phrase “Bold Leaps and Action.” Climate resilience is a goal and a field that requires boldness. Achieving a state in which societies, countries, continents, and even the globe is robust to changes in climate is often met with doubt, speculation, and indifference. Boldness is required to overcome the gap between an individual’s personal experience and the sheer scale of climate interactions that span from microbes to planets and from nanoseconds to millennia. Moreover, individual scientists, government leaders, and industrialists might each make a small impact and never directly see a measurable effect in Earth’s climate resilience. Is the scientific work in this area futile? Are we as a community on the right path or are we on the right track? Or are we collectively leveraging our potential and contributions toward scalable and more impactful climate resilience solutions that create compounding effects for cities, regions, countries? That leads us to the second part of the phrase that inspired us. It is not just bold leaps but it is action too. The scientific community must put into effect the discoveries that come along with our work in climate resilience. This includes the processes or activities that translate foundational science into real products that society can use. Never before in the history of this country have we had such a commitment to the Research Topic of climate resilience. The White House has made it a major part of their platform. Congress has appropriated and authorized billions of dollars in support. The part we need next is real action. Through our efforts we can discover the interconnected scientific breakthroughs at many spatial scales from city/regional/state to global that were not possible without those government programs.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Auto Stop-Start Fuel Consumption Benefits

With increasingly stringent regulations mandating the improvement of vehicle fuel economy, automotive manufacturers face growing pressure to develop and implement technologies that improve overall system efficiency. One such technology is an automatic (auto) stop-start feature. Auto stop-start reduces idle time and reduces fuel use by temporarily shutting the engine off when the vehicle comes to a stop and automatically re-starting it when the brake is released, or the accelerator is pressed. As mandated by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to keep the public informed about fuel saving practices. This is done, in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through the fueleconomy.gov website. The “Fuel-Saving Technologies” and “Gas Mileage Tips” sections of the website are focused on helping the public make informed purchasing decisions and encouraging fuel-saving driving habits. Here, in order to provide users with accurate information about the auto stop-start feature, experiments were conducted to determine its fuel economy effect. Four vehicles were tested both with and without the feature enabled under three test cycles: the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) city fuel economy test, the US06 high acceleration aggressive driving schedule that is often identified as the “Supplemental FTP” driving schedule, and the EPA New York City Cycle (NYCC). The results were compared to measure the fuel economy and consumption effects of using the auto stop-start feature. It was found that the fuel economy improvement varied significantly between drive cycles depending on the amount and percentage of idle time during the test. The largest fuel economy improvements were 7.27% and 26.4% for the FTP and NYCC, respectively.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
NASA NTRS1960

Aerospace medicine and biology. an annotated bibliography, 1954 literature, volume iii

While this third volume of the bibliography was in preparation, a number of changes and new developments took place which, it is hoped, will be instrumental in furthering the bibliography's main objective: to provide as rapidly as possible comprehensive coverage of the aerospace-medical and bio-astronautical literature. To begin with, it will be noted that the title of the compilation has been changed from Aviation Medicine to Aerospace Medicine and Biology. This will bring into relief the fact that the general subject scope of the bibliography has been expanded to include new areas of interest in space-medical and space-biological research. Thus, to the subject fields heretofore covered by the bibliography (a full listing of which may be found in the Preface to Volume 2) new ones have been added, such as Biological Rhythms, Biological Orientation, Closed Ecological Systems, Physiological and Psychological Effects of Heat, Cold, Isolation, Restraint, and many others. Another important change was administrative in nature. Sponsorship of the bibliography for the fiscal year 1959/60 was taken over by the U. S. Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), the U. S. Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Defense Research Board of Canada. Under a substantially increased budget, the Library of Congress was enabled to produce two volumes during the fiscal year. The Library also agreed to prepare selected abstracts from the current aerospace and bio-astronautic literature, which are published monthly in Aerospace Medicine, the official organ of the Aerospace Medical Association.*) If the present rate of production can be maintained, it will be possible to bring the bibliography up to date within about three years. In format, style, and arrangement, this volume follows closely the preceding ones. References are arranged alphabetically by author; abstracts are informative; and full bibliographic information is provided, including foreign and translated titles, volume and issue numbers, place of publication (if foreign), inclusive paging, full dates, and library call numbers or other location symbols. While the bulk of the publication is devoted to journal articles, reports, and monographs published during the year 1954, items published in 1952 or 1953 not included in the preceding volumes have been incorporated in this volume. For quick identification, the publication years of these off-year references have been printed next to the first author's name. As before, cumulated corporate and secondary author and subject indexes are included, the latter being revised and enlarged considerably, in keeping with the over-all expansion of subject scope.

Aerospace medicine↗
NASA NTRS1972

Technology assessment in the Executive Office of the President

The involvement of the President with technology, directly and indirectly, and the best way in which his responsibilities can be discharged are discussed. Technology assessment is considered essential at all levels of the Executive agencies, but the capacity of the agencies for assessment is limited and needs to be supplemented within the Executive Branch. Complete centralization of technological assessment is felt to be ineffective. The role of the Executive Office in initiating proposals for Presidential action and sustaining links with Congress are outlined, and the apparatus for technology assessment is described, emphasizing the Office of Science and Technology. A significant area of technology assessment for the Executive Office is the field of environmental quality, and the duties of the Environmental Quality Council are summarized. It is suggested that it may be more effective to set up a separate organization for the restoration and protection of the environment and to define the task in terms of what is to be protected rather than in terms of technology.

Kidd, C. V.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Present-value analysis: A systems approach to public decisionmaking for cost effectiveness

Decision makers within Governmental agencies and Congress must evaluate competing (and sometimes conflicting) proposals which seek funding and implementation. Present value analysis can be an effective decision making tool by enabling the formal evaluation of the effects of competing proposals on efficient national resource utilization. A project's costs are not only its direct disbursements, but its social costs as well. How much does it cost to have those funds diverted from their use and economic benefit by the private sector to the public project? Comparisons of competing projects' social costs allow decision makers to expand their decision bases by quantifying the projects' impacts upon the economy and the efficient utilization of the country's limited national resources. A conceptual model is established for the choosing of the appropriate discount rate to be used in evaluation decisions through the technique.

Herbert, T. T.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Legal restraints on dissemination of instructional materials by educational communications systems

The legal restraints on the use of electronic communications systems for dissemination of instructional materials in the United States are discussed. First the laws are examined relating to public school elementary and secondary education, with primary emphasis on selection of courses of study and instructional materials. The second part contains an examination of the copyright laws, both the copyright law now in effect and the revision thereto currently pending before the Congress of the United States.

Bernstein, N. N.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Latest results from the earth resources program: Summary of discussion session

There are no author-identified significant results in this report. Results are summarized of observations from the first Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) and interpretations of these observations in terms of surveying and mapping earth resources over large areas. The summary is based on nine reports presented to the IAF Congress on 14 October 1972.

Nordberg, W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Detection of turbidity dynamics in Tampa Bay, Florida using multispectral imagery from ERTS-1

In 1970, Congress authorized the deepening of the Tampa Bay channel (Rivers and Harbors Act of 1970) from 34 to 44 feet. In order to determine the effects of this deepening on circulation, water quality, and biota, during and after the construction, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Tampa Port Authority, has collected data and developed a digital simulation model of the bay. In addition to data collected using conventional tools, use is being made of data collected from ERTS-1. Return beam vidicon (RBV) multispectral data were collected, while a shell dredging barge was operating in the bay, and used for turbidity recognition and unique spectral signatures representative of type and amount of material in suspension. A three-dimensional concept of the dynamics of the plume was achieved by superimposing the parts of the plume recognized in each RBV band. This provides a background for automatic computer processing of ERTS data and three-dimensional modeling of turbidity plumes.

Coker, A. E.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The potential for congressional use of emergent telecommunications: An exploratory assessment

A study of the use of newly emerging communications technology for improving the understanding between members of Congress and their constituents was conducted. The study employed a number of specific methodologies such as interdisciplinary systems model building, technology analysis, a sample survey, and semi-structured interviews using sketches of the emergent channels. The following configurations were identified as representative of emergent channel characteristics: (1) the teleconference, (2) the videoconference, (3) the videophone, (4) cable television, (5) cable television polling, and (6) information retrieval. Analysis of the interview data resulted in an overview of the current congressional-constituent communication system and an assessment of the potential for emergent telecommunications, as perceived by congressmen and senior staff from 40 offices in the stratified judgement sample.

Wood, F. B.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Some legal, jurisdictional, and operational implications of a congressional technology assessment component

An analysis is presented for the Congress of the relationships between an institutionalized assessment function and legislative information gathering and decisionmaking needs. The study was directed to the following topics: (1) the positing of a hypothetical technology assessment component for legislative support; (2) the posing of a number of questions relating to the operational context of this assessment component including the organization/operational framework, general operational problems, access to relevant information, and the utilization of assessment data and analyses; and (3) some selected comments relevant to the questions posed.

Mayo, L. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Space Transportation System Payloads Data and Analysis

The background, current developments and future plans for the Space Transportation System Payloads Data and Analysis (SPDA) activities at Marshall Space Flight Center are reviewed. It is shown how the payload data bank and future planned activities will interface with the payloads community and Space Transportation System designers. The interfaces with the STS data base include NASA planning, international planning, payload design, shuttle design, user agencies planning and information, and OMB, Congress and others.

Peterson, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Office of university affairs management information system: Users guide and documentation

Data on the NASA-University relationship are reported that encompass research in over 600 schools through several thousand grants and contracts. This user-driven system is capable of producing a variety of cyclical and query-type reports describing the total NASA-University profile. The capabilities, designed as part of the system, require a minimum of user maintenance in order to ensure system efficiency and data validity to meet the recurrent Statutory and Executive Branch information requirements as well as ad hoc inquiries from NASA general management, Congress, other Federal agencies, private sector organizations, universities and individuals. The data base contains information on each university, the individual projects and the financial details, current and historic, on all contracts and grants. Complete details are given on the system from its unique design features to the actual steps required for daily operation.

Distin, J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Gathering and using information on a global scale

The importance of information gathered, integrated and analyzed over broad regions of the world is discussed. Means of acquiring information on critical areas are outlined, and the particular role that remote sensing can play is described in each case. The possible implementation of a global information system and some of the current difficulties in initiation of such a system on an operational basis are explored. In this way, issues will be surfaced for consideration. Topics include: the importance of innovative leadership, and some actions that the government might take, both in Congress and in the Executive Branch; the relationship of U.S. government activities to international interests and to industry; and the need to stimulate more private sector initiative and to transfer responsibilities from government to commercial interests.

Mathews, C. W.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Cost of photovoltaic energy systems as determined by balance-of-system costs

The effect of the balance-of-system (BOS), i.e., the total system less the modules, on photo-voltaic energy system costs is discussed for multikilowatt, flat-plate systems. Present BOS costs are in the range of 10 to 16 dollars per peak watt (1978 dollars). BOS costs represent approximately 50% of total system cost. The possibility of future BOS cost reduction is examined. It is concluded that, given the nature of BOS costs and the lack of comprehensive national effort focussed on cost reduction, it is unlikely that BOS costs will decline greatly in the next several years. This prognosis is contrasted with the expectations of the Department of Energy National Photovoltaic Program goals and pending legislation in the Congress which require a BOS cost reduction of an order of magnitude or more by the mid-1980s.

Rosenblum, L.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Navigation of the 1982 Jupiter Orbiter Probe mission

A new NASA interplanetary flight project, called Jupiter Orbiter Probe (JOP), has been recently approved by Congress. JOP involves a dual mission intended to explore the planet Jupiter and its environment with an atmospheric probe and a planetary orbiter spacecraft. The probe and orbiter vehicles are to be launched in tandem as a single spacecraft during the time from December 1981 to January 1982. The spacecraft will arrive at Jupiter at the earliest on November 14, 1984. Navigating the JOP spacecraft will be a critical task for the JOP mission. Attention is given to aspects of probe and orbiter delivery, Jupiter orbit insertion and perijove raise, the Satellite Tour, navigation development and the navigation system, the probe delivery, example orbits, velocity perturbation and correction, orbit determination characteristics, orbit determination and control profile, and the correction velocity requirements.

Rourke, K. H.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Eulusmap: An international land resources map utilizing satellite imagery

In 1972, the International Geographical Union's Commission on World Land Use Survey adopted a project for a land-use map of Europe. Such a map, under the name Eulusmap was started earlier under sponsorship of several government offices in Hungary. Although there was great response from a number of contributors in many countries, it became evident by mid-1974 that the map would contain gaps and some inaccuracies unless additional data sources were utilized. By then, the satellite Landsat-1 had obtained imagery of most of Europe. Using theme extraction techniques, the map was completed in draft form and portions of it displayed at the 23d International Geographical Congress in Moscow during July 1976. Printing of the completed map was accomplished in May 1978.

Paludan, T.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Missions to the sun and to the earth

The program outlined in the present paper represents an optimized plan of solar terrestrial physics. It is constrained only in the sense that it involves not more than one new major mission per year for the Solar Terrestrial Division during the 1980-1985 period. However, the flight activity proposed, if accepted by the Agency and by Congress, would involve a growth in the existing Solar Terrestrial budget by more than a factor of 2. Thus, the program may be considered as somewhat optimistic when viewed in the broader context of the NASA goals and budget. The Agency's integrated FY 1980 Five Year Plan will show how many missions proposed will survive this planning process.

Timothy, A. F.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Midair collisions - The accidents, the systems, and the Realpolitik

Two midair collisions occurring in 1978 are described, and the air traffic control system and procedures in use at the time, human factors implications and political consequences of the accidents are examined. The first collision occurred in Memphis and involved a Falcon jet and a Cessna 150 in a situation in which the controllers handling each aircraft were not aware of the presence of the other aircraft until it was too late. The second occurred in San Diego four months later, when a Boeing 727 on a visual approach struck a Cessna 172 from the rear. Following the San Diego collision there arose a great deal of investigative activity, resulting in suggestions for tighter control on visual flight rules aircraft and the expansion of positive control airspace. These issues then led to a political battle involving general aviation, the FAA and the Congress. It is argued, however, that the collisions were in fact system-induced errors resulting from an air traffic control system which emphasizes airspace allocation and politics rather than the various human factors problems facing pilots and controllers.

Wiener, E. L.↗