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DOE OSTI2024

Material Characterization Study of Magnetite Nanocrystals for RF Sensing

Magnetite nanocrystals show promise for electrically small gigahertz frequency applications, which could lead to miniaturizing transformer cores and new sensing technologies. This work presents a rigorous radiofrequency characterization of these nanocrystals using vector network analyzer (VNA) ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements. For the first time, two different average diameters of Fe 3 O 4 nanocrystals are investigated (7.3 and 20.2 nm). When the VNA–FMR results were compared to micromagnetic simulations, the magnetic anisotropy (K 1 ) deviated from the ideal mean orientation value of K 1 /2 to K 1 /80 for the 7.3 nm nanocrystal. In contrast, the obtained magnetic anisotropy in 20.2 nm nanocrystals slightly deviated to K 1 /11 due to less structural deformations. These findings resulted in a newly proposed methodology for an approximate simulation based on VNA–FMR measurements. In addition, this work estimates the approximate amount of nanocrystals needed to measure a useful VNA–FMR spectrum.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2026

Geostrophic to magnetically-damped turbulence in liquid metal rotating magnetoconvection

Understanding planetary core convection dynamics requires the study of convective flows in which the Coriolis and Lorentz forces attain a leading-order, so-called magnetostrophic balance. Experimental investigations of rotating magnetoconvection (RMC) in the magnetostrophic regime are therefore essential to broadly characterize the properties of local-scale planetary core flow. Toward this end, we present here the first thermovelocimetric measurements of magnetostrophic, liquid metal convection, which are made using liquid gallium as the working fluid, at moderate rotation rates (Ekman numbers 10 -4 ≤ Ek ≤ 10 -5 ) and in the presence of dynamically strong magnetic fields (Elsasser number Λ = 1). Complementary rotating convection (RC) experiments are performed at the same rotation rates to serve as reference cases. Our RMC velocity measurements adequately follow a geostrophic turbulent scaling for cases in which local-scale convective inertial forces exceed the Lorentz forces in the fluid bulk. In cases where Lorentz forces exceed local-scale inertia (local or convective interaction parameter N ℓ or N C ≳ 3), the root-mean-square RMC velocities are magnetically damped, yielding values below the geostrophic turbulent RC scaling prediction. An enhancement in heat transfer is observed, which we attribute to the increased coherence of vertically aligned magnetostrophic convective flow. Finally, our results and comparisons to dynamo simulations suggest that the system is in the strong-field regime, where convection-scale flows are magnetically damped with N C ≳ 3).

Convective turbulence↗

DOE OSTI2024

Characterization of the Triassic Newark Basin of New York and New Jersey for Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide

The project Characterization of the Triassic Newark Basin of New York and New Jersey for Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide is one of 9 site characterization projects that were implemented as part of ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act). Data from this project was used to improve resolution of data in NATCARB in the area of study. Data related to this study has already been incorporated in NATCARB Atlas. Sandia Technologies, LLC, and co-investigator Conrad Geoscience Corporation, examined the potential for large-scale, permanent CO2 storage in sedimentary strata within the Newark Rift Basin. The Newark Rift Basin underlies an industrialized, developed region comprising parts of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The project characterized and investigated the suitability of Triassic age sedimentary formations for potential geologic CO2 storage. The project team drilled and cored two test wells to define the sedimentary geologic formations underlying the basin and to document or reach basement rock. With this geologic characterization phase, an integration of seismic, geologic, borehole, and formation core results provided a higher resolution assessment of CO2 storage potential. The Stockton Formation is known to be a potentially favorable geologic storage formation in the basin. In 2011, the 1-NYSTA Tandem Lot stratigraphic test well was drilled to a depth of 6,855 feet in the northern portion of the Newark Basin in southern New York State. Approximately 9 miles south-southeast on the Lamont Doherty Campus, TW-4 was drilled and cored in 2013 to a depth of 1,802 feet and contacted apparent igneous basement at a depth of 1,712 feet. Both wells penetrated the Palisades Sill ranging from 800 feet thick in the eastern well to approximately 1,800 feet in thickness at the 1-NYSTA Tandem Lot deep drill site. A diabase sill can provide an excellent seal and dense confining layer for potential CO2 storage reservoirs and flow layers that are situated beneath it within the Stockton Sandstone. The Stockton Sandstone was encountered beneath the sill in the TW-4 well on the Lamont campus, and data integration suggests that it was likely observed near total depth in the deep 1-NYSTA Tandem Lot well. The test wells confirm and define reservoirs are present beneath the sill and offer CO2 storage potential. The integration of geologic and reservoir characterization of well logs, formation cores, and formation fluids indicated Triassic age lacustrine playa lake and mudbank shales of the Upper Passaic Group can provide an effective seal for the porous and permeable underlying sandstone reservoir layers. This project acquired seismic data, drilled borehole well logs, acquired core samples, and integrated these findings to provide a better understanding of the subsurface geologic formations in the Newark Rift Basin. These findings have contributed to a higher degree of accuracy in predicting potential geologic storage opportunities, while refining geologic storage capacity estimates for the indicated reservoirs and flow units.

.las↗

DOE OSTI2025

Stratigraphy‐Induced Localization of Microseismicity During CO 2 Injection in Illinois Basin

Abstract Subsurface fluid injection stimulates complex hydromechanical interaction, necessitating the integration of geomechanical data across spatial and temporal scales to consider the sophisticated behavior. Induced seismic response is usually associated with the complex reservoir architecture and pre‐existing features that are three‐dimensional, such as local stratigraphy, fractures, faults, and other discontinuities. This study encompasses laboratory characterization of the coupled hydromechanical response of cores extracted from rock formations in Illinois Basin: reservoir ‐ Mt. Simon sandstone, basal seal ‐ Argenta sandstone, and crystalline basement ‐ Precambrian rhyolite. High‐resolution numerical modeling allows considering the three‐dimensional complexity of the Illinois Basin Decatur Project with spatial resolution comparable to one of the active seismic surveys. A detailed reconstruction of the evolving state of stress in formations lacking direct stress measurements is achieved by numerical modeling that integrated laboratory‐derived hydromechanical properties, a porosity‐permeability relationship, active seismic data, and an inverted three‐dimensional porosity distribution. It appears that the microseismic clusters, mainly observed in the crystalline basement during the injection, are linked to zones experiencing more critically stressed conditions prior to injection. These zones have a potential for reactivation during the injection and are attributed to the specific local stratigraphy of the injection site, as well as transfer of triggering perturbations during the injection.

Bondarenko, N. [University of Illinois Urbana‐Cham↗

NASA NTRS1981

On the mixing of a rectangular jet

Hot-wire measurements in an incompressible rectangular jet, issuing into a quiet environment at ambient conditions, are presented. A blow-down-type air supply system was used to provide the airflow to a cylindrical settling chamber 1.75 m in length and 0.6 m in diameter. The measurements were made with constant-temperature anemometers in conjunction with linearizers. The two signals from the linearizers were sent through a sum and difference unit which was calibrated from dc to 100 kHz. The distributions of mean velocity and the turbulence shear stresses were measured in the two central planes of the jet stations up to 115 widths downstream of the nozzle exit. Three distinct regions characterized the jet flow field: a potential core origin, a two-dimensional-type region, and an axisymmetric type region. The onset of the second region appeared to be at a location where the shear layers separated by the short dimension of the nozzle meet; and the third region occurred at a downstream location where the two shear layers from the short edges of the nozzle meet. In the central plane, similarity was found both in the mean velocity and shear stress profiles beyond 30 widths downstream of the nozzle exit; profiles of rms velocity showed similarity in the second, but not the third region.

Krothapalli, A.↗

NASA NTRS2000

The Morphology of Two X-Ray Luminous Clusters of Galaxy Redshift 0.8

Rosat HRI observations of two distant X-ray clusters were obtained, reduced, and analyzed. The emission from the clusters were characterized by a central surface brightness, a core radius, an ellipticity (if necessary), and a slope. The mass of the intracluster medium in the clusters was inferred for one of the clusters; for the other, the signal-to-noise and the irregularity in the cluster did not allow that inference to be made. Subsequent observations by another observer added to these observations allowed this inference.

Donahue, Megan↗

NASA NTRS2001

Approaches to Design and Evaluation of Sandwich Composites

This report describes research during the period June 15, 1997 to October 31, 2000. This grant yielded a low cast manufacturing of composite sandwich structures technology and characterization interfacial and subinterfacial cracks in foam core sandwich panels. The manufacturing technology is called the vacuum assisted resin transfer (VARTM). The VARTM is suitable for processing composite materials both at ambient and elevated temperatures and of unlimited component size. This technology has been successfully transferred to a small business fiber preform manufacturing company 3TEX located in Cary, North Carolina. The grant also supported one Ph.D, one M.S and a number of under graduate students, and nine publications and Presentations.

Shivakumar, Kunigal↗

NASA NTRS2001

Liquid Crystals Derived from 2-phenyl-isoindoles: Synthesis and Characterization

2-Phenyl-isoindole was investigated as the rigid core unit in a series of asymmetric mesogenic molecules. When the 2-phenyl-isoindole core was terminated with a hexyl tail, no mesophase formation could be observed. When 4-n-(tridecafluorohexyl) was used, however, we observed both monotropic and enantiotropic phase behavior. We found that most functionalities at the anhydride 5-position results in the formation of smectic A (SmA) phases in the temperature range of 70-180 C. Functionalities at the anhydride 4-position suppress mesophase formation. Large substituents (-Br, -NO2) and symmetric substitution patterns (5,6-dichloro, 4,7-dichloro and 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro) on the anhydride moiety increase the melting point and destabilize the mesophase. Temperature dependent X-ray diffraction experiments suggest an interdigitated SmA packing for this family of compounds.

Jow, Kenny G.↗

NASA NTRS2013

Advanced Curation of Current and Future Extraterrestrial Samples

Curation of extraterrestrial samples is the critical interface between sample return missions and the international research community. Curation includes documentation, preservation, preparation, and distribution of samples. The current collections of extraterrestrial samples include: Lunar rocks / soils collected by the Apollo astronauts Meteorites, including samples of asteroids, the Moon, and Mars "Cosmic dust" (asteroid and comet particles) collected by high-altitude aircraft Solar wind atoms collected by the Genesis spacecraft Comet particles collected by the Stardust spacecraft Interstellar dust collected by the Stardust spacecraft Asteroid particles collected by the Hayabusa spacecraft These samples were formed in environments strikingly different from that on Earth. Terrestrial contamination can destroy much of the scientific significance of many extraterrestrial materials. In order to preserve the research value of these precious samples, contamination must be minimized, understood, and documented. In addition the samples must be preserved - as far as possible - from physical and chemical alteration. In 2011 NASA selected the OSIRIS-REx mission, designed to return samples from the primitive asteroid 1999 RQ36 (Bennu). JAXA will sample C-class asteroid 1999 JU3 with the Hayabusa-2 mission. ESA is considering the near-Earth asteroid sample return mission Marco Polo-R. The Decadal Survey listed the first lander in a Mars sample return campaign as its highest priority flagship-class mission, with sample return from the South Pole-Aitken basin and the surface of a comet among additional top priorities. The latest NASA budget proposal includes a mission to capture a 5-10 m asteroid and return it to the vicinity of the Moon as a target for future sampling. Samples, tools, containers, and contamination witness materials from any of these missions carry unique requirements for acquisition and curation. Some of these requirements represent significant advances over methods currently used. New analytical and screening techniques will increase the value of current sample collections. Improved web-based tools will make information on all samples more accessible to researchers and the public. Advanced curation of current and future extraterrestrial samples includes: Contamination Control - inorganic / organic Temperature of preservation - subfreezing / cryogenic Non-destructive preliminary examination - X-ray tomography / XRF mapping / Raman mapping Microscopic samples - handling / sectioning / transport Special samples - unopened lunar cores Informatics - online catalogs / community-based characterization.

Allen, Carlton C.↗

NASA NTRS2019

Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst

Long-duration γ-ray bursts (GRBs) originate from ultra-relativistic jets launched from the collapsing cores of dying massive stars. They are characterized by an initial phase of bright and highly variable radiation in the kiloelectronvolt-to-megaelectronvolt band, which is probably produced within the jet and lasts from milliseconds to minutes, known as the prompt emission. Subsequently, the interaction of the jet with the surrounding medium generates shock waves that are responsible for the afterglow emission, which lasts from days to months and occurs over a broad energy range from the radio to the gigaelectronvolt bands. The afterglow emission is generally well explained as synchrotron radiation emitted by electrons accelerated by the external shock. Recently, intense long-lasting emission between 0.2 and 1 teraelectronvolts was observed from GRB 190114C. Here we report multifrequency observations of GRB 190114C, and study the evolution in time of the GRB emission across 17 orders of magnitude in energy, from 5 × 10^(−6) to 10^(12) electronvolts. We find that the broadband spectral energy distribution is double-peaked, with the teraelectronvolt emission constituting a distinct spectral component with power comparable to the synchrotron component. This component is associated with the afterglow and is satisfactorily explained by inverse Compton up-scattering of synchrotron photons by high-energy electrons. We find that the conditions required to account for the observed teraelectronvolt component are typical for GRBs, supporting the possibility that inverse Compton emission is commonly produced in GRBs.

P. Veres↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Future Lunar Geophysical Mission Opportunities Including the Lunar Geophysical Network and CLPS

In the next few years, several opportunities are underway to take new geophysical observations of the Moon including geodetic and seismic. NASA’s novel Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program seeks to acquire delivery services from 14 US companies. Nine funded task orders have been selected with payloads from multiple disciplines. Here we review the upcoming geophysical CLPS payloads and their measurement objectives then we provide a review of the Lunar Geophysical Network mission in development for New Frontiers 5. The Lunar Geophysical Network (LGN) mission is proposed to land on the Moon in the early 2030’s and deploy packages at four locations to enable continuous geophysical measurements for a minimum of 6 and a goal of 10 years. Returning to the lunar surface with a long-lived geophysical network is a key next step to advance lunar and planetary science. LGN will greatly expand our primarily Apollo-based knowledge of the deep lunar interior by identifying and characterizing mantle melt layers, as well as core size and state. To meet the mission objectives, the instrument suite provides complementary seismic, geodetic, heat flow, and electromagnetic (EM) observations. We discuss the network landing site requirements and provide example sites that meet these requirements. Landing sites include the P-5 region within the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT; (lat:15˚; lon:-35˚), Schickard basin (lat:-44.3˚; lon:-55.1˚), Crisium basin (lat:18.5˚; lon:61.8˚), and the farside Korolev basin (lat:-2.4˚; lon:-159.3˚) (Figure 1). Network optimization considers the best locations to observe seismic core phases, e.g., ScS and PKP. Ray path density and proximity to young fault scarps are also analyzed to provide increased opportunities for seismic observations. Geodetic constraints from laser ranging require the LGN to have at least three nearside stations at maximum limb distances. Heat flow and EM measurements should be obtained away from terrane boundaries and from magnetic anomalies at locations representative of global trends. In our recent paper, an in-depth case study is provided for Mare Crisium. We also discuss the consequences for scientific return of less-than-optimal locations or number of stations.

Moons↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Future Lunar Geophysical Mission Opportunities Including the Lunar Geophysical Network, Artemis and CLPS

Moons↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Mitigating Grazing Flow Impedance Eduction Errors in Additively Manufactured Porous Liners

Additively manufactured porous metamaterials, including triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) cores, are promising candidates for aeroengine liners but often behave as extended-reacting treatments under grazing flow. Standard impedance eduction procedures assume locally-reacting behavior and can yield physically inconsistent results for such materials. This study evaluates internal partitions (thin solid walls inserted at regular intervals along the liner’s streamwise extent) as a means of suppressing internal streamwise propagation to improve eduction consistency. Six TPMS configurations were tested in the NASA Langley Grazing Flow Impedance Tube (GFIT) at partition spacings of 4′′, 2′′, and 1′′, as well as unpartitioned, and at Mach numbers up to 0.3. For most geometries, 2′′ partition spacing eliminated impedance discontinuities and substantially improved Prony correlation, though effectiveness varied with core topology. Partitions also altered the acoustic response of the liners: resistance increased, resonance frequencies shifted downward, and peak attenuation decreased while bandwidth broadened in some cases. Because partitions modify the liner itself, the educed impedance characterizes the partitioned system rather than the original unpartitioned core. These results establish partitioning as a practical pathway toward liners that are more compatible with standard eduction methods, while demonstrating that the intervention is itself an acoustic design change.

liners↗

NASA NTRS2020

1- by 1-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel Sidewall Flowfield Compression Plate Study

A method for locally increasing the dynamic pressure in the test section of a supersonic wind tunnel is investigated from a theoretical, computational and experimental perspective, culminating in a reduced-scale, proof-of-concept test at Mach 3.44. Symmetric, variable-angle compression plates along the test section sidewalls generate oblique shockwaves to elevate the test section dynamic pressure (q). The experimental effort utilizes boundary-layer pitot rakes to sample the incoming flow near the floor, pitot and static rakes to measure the high-q core flow and numerous surface taps to map out the static pressure distribution along the floor, ceiling and sidewalls. A reliable and robust starting procedure is developed to establish supersonic flow in the test section and behind the compression plates. A characterization of the incoming floor boundary layer reveals previously documented features (such as a bulge toward the centerline) and an unexpected (and as-yet-unexplained) thickening of the boundary layer with increasing Reynolds number around total pressures of 40–60 psia. The high-q core flow is characterized for eight compression plate angles (4.0–8.0°), eight tunnel total pressures (20–139 psia) and three axial stations (24.95–27.35 inches). The peak dynamic pressure rise exceeds expectations. At conditions relevant to full-scale testing (6.0° and 139 psia), the dynamic pressure increases by a factor of 1.73, the Mach number becomes 2.85 and the total pressure drops imperceptibly. Basic distortion metrics show transverse non-uniformity of less than 5 %. Limited spatial resolution in the static rake measurements warrants additional, higher fidelity testing or computational analysis. Surface-mounted, fast-response instrumentation suggests minimal unsteadiness in the flow, less than a few percent of the mean (comparable to the sensor accuracy).

Wind tunnel testing, test techniques/methods, dyna↗

NASA NTRS1997

Precision Casting via Advanced Simulation and Manufacturing

A two-year program was conducted to develop and commercially implement selected casting manufacturing technologies to enable significant reductions in the costs of castings, increase the complexity and dimensional accuracy of castings, and reduce the development times for delivery of high quality castings. The industry-led R&D project was cost shared with NASA's Aerospace Industry Technology Program (AITP). The Rocketdyne Division of Boeing North American, Inc. served as the team lead with participation from Lockheed Martin, Ford Motor Company, Howmet Corporation, PCC Airfoils, General Electric, UES, Inc., University of Alabama, Auburn University, Robinson, Inc., Aracor, and NASA-LeRC. The technical effort was organized into four distinct tasks. The accomplishments reported herein. Task 1.0 developed advanced simulation technology for core molding. Ford headed up this task. On this program, a specialized core machine was designed and built. Task 2.0 focused on intelligent process control for precision core molding. Howmet led this effort. The primary focus of these experimental efforts was to characterize the process parameters that have a strong impact on dimensional control issues of injection molded cores during their fabrication. Task 3.0 developed and applied rapid prototyping to produce near net shape castings. Rocketdyne was responsible for this task. CAD files were generated using reverse engineering, rapid prototype patterns were fabricated using SLS and SLA, and castings produced and evaluated. Task 4.0 was aimed at developing technology transfer. Rocketdyne coordinated this task. Casting related technology, explored and evaluated in the first three tasks of this program, was implemented into manufacturing processes.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS2010

Regolith Volatile Characterization (RVC) in RESOLVE

Resource investigation in the lunar poles is of importance to the potential impact of in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). The RESOLVE project developed a payload to investigate the permanently shadowed areas of the lunar poles and demonstrate ISRU technology. As a part of the RESOLVE project, the regolith volatile characterization (RVC) subsystem was designed to examine the release of volatiles from sample cores. The test sample was heated in the reactor to release the volatiles where they were analyzed with gas chromatography. Subsequently, the volatile sample was introduced into the lunar water resource demonstration (LWRD) subsystem where the released hydrogen and water were selectively captured. The objective of the Regolith Volatile Characterization (RVC) subsystem was to heat the crushed core sample and determine the desorption of volatile species of interest. The RVC subsystem encompasses the reactor and the system for volatile analysis. The system was designed to analyze H2, He, CO, CO2, N2, 02, CH4, H2S and H2O. The GC chosen for this work is a Siemens MicroSAM process GC with 3 columns and 8 TCD detectors. Neon was chosen as the carrier gas to enhance the analysis of hydrogen and helium.The limit of detection for the gases is approx.1000ppm for H2, CO. CO2 , N2, O2 and H2 S. The limit of detection for CH4 is approx.4000ppm and the water limit of detection is -10000 ppm with a sample analysis time of 2-3 minutes. These values (with the exception of water and H2S) were determined by dilution of a six gas mixture from Scott Gas (5% CO2, CO, O2, N2, 4% CH4 and H2) using mass flow controllers (MFC5). Water was calibrated at low levels using an in house relative humidity (RH) generator. H 2S and high concentrations of H2 were calibrated by diluting a pure stream of gas with MFCs. Higher concentrations of N2 and 02 were calibrated using Air again diluting with MFCs. There were three modification goals for the GC in EBU2 that would allow this process GC to be used in the field demo for RESOLVE. The first modification was to decrease the weight associated with the GC, this included eliminating the explosion proof case (Figure 1) and replacing it with a lightweight case as well as using an on board COPV tank for the neon carrier gas. The next goal was to add a second oven for the molecular sieve column to allow for dual temperature control during GC operation; the separation of hydrogen and helium is optimum at lower temperatures while the water analysis required higher temperatures creating a competing design requirement. The second oven also allows a lower limit of detection for water quantification and avoids the possibility of water condensing in the GC which could ruin the column characteristics. The final goal was to modify the column arrangement to optimize the system for our specific application. Figure 2 shows the internal details of the module optimized optimized for our field application. The modifications and performance of the gas analysis system will be discussed in detail.

Captain, Janine↗

DOE OSTI2024

Update on Activities Related to the Library of Graphite Microstructures

This report provides an overview and update of the ongoing efforts to create a comprehensive library of microstructures for nuclear graphite and carbon-based materials under consideration for nuclear applications. The library includes data on microstructural characterization of unirradiated graphite materials, a guide to the techniques used to analyze graphite (which complements the ASME guidelines and ASTM standards), a summary of characterization data for neutron-irradiated or oxidized material, and a compendium of microstructural information for carbon-based materials. These efforts are being conducted at various length scales for the filler and binder phases in graphite to better understand graphite’s local structure and property relationships. This report is a follow-up to the previous milestone report titled Report on initial development of a database of nuclear graphite characteristics based on microstructural characterization, ORNL/TM/-2023/2992, published in July 2023.The effort to develop the library of microstructures supports the US Department of Energy Office of Advanced Reactor Technologies program objectives of aiding the material selection, licensing, management, and core assessments of a graphite core by documenting the unirradiated microstructure of relevant grades or characterizing the microstructure’s evolution under the reactor environment. Additionally, this project aims to provide (1) information and guidelines for the characterizing of graphite and (2) a protocol to assess a nuclear graphite grade.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Geologic Characterization of the South Georgia Rift Basin for Source Proximal CO2 Storage

The project Geologic Characterization of the South Georgia Rift Basin for Source Proximal CO2 Storage is one of 9 site characterization projects that were implemented as part of ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act). Data from this project was used to improve resolution of data in NATCARB in the area of study. Data related to this study has already been incorporated in NATCARB Atlas. The South Carolina Research Foundation and partners evaluated the feasibility of CCS in the Jurassic/ Triassic (J / TR) saline formations of the buried Mesozoic South Georgia Rift (SGR) Basin that extends from South Carolina into Georgia. The J / TR sequence, based on preliminary assessment of limited geologic and geophysical data, appears to have both the appropriate areal extent and multiple horizons to permanently and safely store CO2 The presence of several igneous rock layers within the sequence may potentially provide adequate seals to prevent upward CO2 migration into the Coastal Plain aquifer systems. Approximately 81 kilometers of 2-D seismic reflection data were collected by Bay Geophysical, Inc. to explore a portion of the SGR located in southern Georgia. The 81 kilometers were divided into two lines approximately 40.5 kilometers each, with Line 1 intersecting Georgia well GGS 3457. Line 2 intersects Line 1 at the southern portion of Line 1 to maximize the extent of coverage away from GGS-3457 (a deep well drilled in the 1980s for oil and gas exploration). This well had a set of usable logs, including gamma and neutron logs that provided promising results related to CO2 storage. Results showed sandstone with porosity values greater than 10 percent and a thickness of 120 meters. The design of the seismic shot was to extrapolate information away from the well and to better define the extent of the SGR and the necessary reservoir and caprock for a successful CO2 injection. A numerical simulation model of CO2 Injection and migration was developed based on the geology log for the GGS-3457 well. The simulation model was used to investigate the feasibility of injecting 30 million metric tons of CO2 into SGR J / TA sediments and integrity of the diabase layers as seals to prevent CO2 migration.

2-D seismic↗