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DOE OSTI2021

Turbulent impurity transport simulations in Wendelstein 7-X plasmas

A study of turbulent impurity transport by means of quasilinear and nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations is presented for Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X). The calculations have been carried out with the recently developed gyrokinetic code stella. Different impurity species are considered in the presence of various types of background instabilities: ion temperature gradient (ITG), trapped electron mode (TEM) and electron temperature gradient (ETG) modes for the quasilinear part of the work; ITG and TEM for the nonlinear results. While the quasilinear approach allows one to draw qualitative conclusions about the sign or relative importance of the various contributions to the flux, the nonlinear simulations quantitatively determine the size of the turbulent flux and check the extent to which the quasilinear conclusions hold. Although the bulk of the nonlinear simulations are performed at trace impurity concentration, nonlinear simulations are also carried out at realistic effective charge values, in order to know to what degree the conclusions based on the simulations performed for trace impurities can be extrapolated to realistic impurity concentrations. The presented results conclude that the turbulent radial impurity transport in W7-X is mainly dominated by ordinary diffusion, which is close to that measured during the recent W7-X experimental campaigns. Finally, it is also confirmed that thermodiffusion adds a weak inward flux contribution and that, in the absence of impurity temperature and density gradients, ITG- and TEM-driven turbulence push the impurities inwards and outwards, respectively.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Hydrogen in Nanocatalysis

Hydrogen is ubiquitous in catalysis. It is involved in many important reactions such as water splitting, N 2 reduction, CO 2 reduction, and alkane activation. In this Perspective, we focus on the hydrogen atom and follow its electron as it interacts with a catalyst or behaves as part of a catalyst from a computational point of view. In this work, we present recent examples in both nanocluster and solid catalysts to elucidate the parameters governing the strength of the hydrogen–surface interactions based on site geometry and electronic structure. We further show the interesting behavior of hydride in nanometal and oxides for catalysis. Overall, the key take-home messages are: (1) the in-the-middle electronegativity and small size of hydrogen give it great versatility in interacting with active sites on nanoparticles and solid surfaces; (2) the strength of hydrogen binding to an active site on a surface is an important descriptor of the chemical and catalytic properties of the surface; (3) the energetics of the hydrogen binding is closely related to the electronic structure of the catalyst; (4) hydrides in nanoclusters and oxides and on surfaces offer unique reactivity for reduction reactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2026

Synergistic CuWO 4 /NiS 2 Binary Nanostructures for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

A viable and ecologically safe method for producing green hydrogen is photocatalytic hydrogen (H 2 ) production. However, the development of effective semiconductor materials with improved activity and long-term stability is still a major obstacle. Here, in this work, we report the development of a broadband-gap, UV light-responsive CuWO 4 /NiS 2 nanocomposite using simple hydrothermal and wet impregnation techniques. The hybrid systems, with photocatalytic presentation, were thoroughly assessed using spectroscopic, photophysical, and microscopic characterization methods. The optimized CuWO 4 /NiS 2 nanostructure demonstrated an impressive H 2 generation rate of 28.2 mmol h –1 g –1 under light irradiation, which is roughly 2.71 and 3.28 times greater than those of pristine CuWO 4 (10.4) and NiS 2 (8.6 mmol h -1 g (cat) -1 ), respectively. The enhanced presentation is ascribed to the synergetic interface between the coupled semiconductors, which facilitates the formation of a nanostructure. This arrangement inhibits electron–hole recombination and encourages effective charge carrier parting. Additionally, compared with pristine CuWO 4 and NiS 2 , respectively, the CuWO 4 /NiS 2 composite showed a noticeably greater photocurrent density. The developed nanostructured CuWO 4 /NiS 2 displayed a 28.6% quantum efficiency at 450 nm. These outcomes validate CuWO 4 /NiS 2 ’s significant aptitude as a non-noble-metal photocatalyst for the production of sustainable hydrogen.

CuWO4/NiS2↗

DOE OSTI2021

Designing chemically selective liquid crystalline materials that respond to oxidizing gases

Chemically selective liquid crystalline materials that can distinguish O 3 and Cl 2 at parts per billion concentrations were designed by combining electronic structure calculations and experiments.

Bao, Nanqi↗

DOE OSTI2022

Emission from hadronic and leptonic processes in galactic jet-driven bubbles

ABSTRACT We investigate the multiwavelength emission from hadronic and leptonic cosmic rays (CRs) in bubbles around galaxies, analogous to the Fermi bubbles of the Milky Way. The bubbles are modelled using 3D magnetohydrodynamical simulations, and are driven by a 0.3 Myr intense explosive outburst from the nucleus of Milky Way-like galaxies. We compute their non-thermal emission properties at different stages throughout their evolution, up to 7 Myr, by post-processing the simulations. We compare the spectral and spatial signatures of bubbles with hadronic, leptonic, and hybrid hadro-leptonic CR compositions. These each show broadly similar emission spectra, comprised of radio synchrotron, inverse Compton, and non-thermal bremsstrahlung components. However, hadronic and hybrid bubbles were found to be brighter than leptonic bubbles in X-rays, and marginally less bright at radio frequencies, and in γ-rays between ∼0.1 and a few 10s of GeV, with a large part of their emission being driven by secondary electrons formed in hadronic interactions. Hadronic systems were also found to be slightly brighter in high-energy γ-rays than their leptonic counterparts, owing to the π0 decay emission that dominates their emission between energies of 100s of GeV and a few TeV.

Owen, Ellis R. (ORCID:0000000310526439)↗

DOE OSTI2021

Hydrogen/Metal Hydride Based Heat Pump System for Large HVAC Applications Utilizing an Ionic Liquid Desiccant Subsystem [Slides]

A multi-stage electrochemical hydrogen compressor incorporates membrane-electrode-assemblies (MEAs) separated by proton exchange membranes (PEMs) in series to reach higher pressures, when a current is passed through the MEA protons and electrons are generated at the anode. The protons are electrochemically driven across the membrane to the cathode, after which they combine with the rerouted electrons to form hydrogen, which is fed to the hydrogen compressor to be oxidized at the anode of each cell to form protons and electrons. This type of compressor has no moving parts and can be applied to refrigeration systems technologies. This project investigated the viability of commercialization of heat pumps based on electrochemical compressor technology.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Ensuring High-Purity Liquid Argon for the LBNF FDC: Collaborative Cryogenics Research Between UNICAMP and Fermilab

Ensuring High-Purity Liquid Argon for the LBNF FDC: Collaborative Cryogenics Research Between UNICAMP and Fermilab R. Doubnik1, M. Adamowski1, F. de M. Blaszczyk1, A. Hahn1, D. Montanari1, R. Mrowca1, Z. West1, C. Adriano2, T. P.M. Alegre2, D. Correia2, A. A. B. Machado2, E. Segreto2, R. G. Gonçalves3, E. M. Assaf6, J. M. Assaf3, D. Cardoso3, M. B. Fontes4, H. Da Motta4, D. Noriler5, P. J. G. Pagliuso2. 1 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 500, Batavia IL 60510, United States. 2 “Gleb Wataghin” Institute of Physics, UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, 13083-859, Brazil. 3 CPqMAE - Research Center on Advanced Materials and Energy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil. 4 The Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 22290-180, Brazil. 5 School of Chemical Engineering, UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, 13083-859, Brazil. 6 São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos-SP, 13566-590, Brazil. Email: rdoubnik@fnal.gov Abstract. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, hosts the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). This experiment employs cryostats containing nearly 70,000 metric tons of high-purity liquid argon (LAr). Ensuring LAr purity is critical for achieving the required electron lifetime, which directly impacts the experiment’s signal-to-noise ratio. The Horizontal Drift (HD) detector demands an electron lifetime exceeding 3 ms within its 3.5 m drift, equivalent to less than 100 parts-per-trillion (ppt) Oxygen contamination, while the Vertical Drift (VD) detector requires over 6 ms electron lifetime within its 6.0 m drift, corresponding to less than 50 ppt Oxygen contamination. To mitigate Nitrogen (N2) quenching of scintillation light, N2 contamination must remain below 1 ppm, as higher levels can result in up to a 20 % loss of light. The Brazil State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) significantly contributes to LBNF FDC through the development of argon purification and regeneration systems for HD and VD cryostats. UNICAMP designed and constructed the Purification Liquid Argon Cryostat (PuLArC), a small-scale test facility holding approximately 90 liters of LAr. Tests using PuLArC demonstrated that 1.2 kg of Li-FAU zeolite could reduce N₂ contamination from 20-50 ppm to 0.1-1.0 ppm within 1-2 hours. Tests at Fermilab’s Iceberg cryostat (2,596 liters) confirmed scalability, with 3 kg of Li-FAU reducing N₂ contamination from ~5 ppm to <1 ppm over 96 hours cycles without active circulation. This presentation will detail the research methods, test setups, and results, showcasing the potential of Li-FAU as an alternative to Molecular Sieve 4A for large-scale LAr systems. This advancement enhances DUNE's precision and demonstrates the impact of international collaboration on cryogenic research.

Doubnik, Roza [Fermilab]↗

DOE OSTI2025

Trace Element Analyses of Micron-Size Particles and Statistical Determination of Minimum Detection Limits

Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has developed expertise in producing homogeneous, ca. 1 m-diameter spherical particles of mixed-element components, wherein dopants can be varied from a trace constituent (ppm) to wt.% concentrations. The samples used for this work are nickel-doped cerium oxide microspheres produced by SRNL. They were initially selected as analogs for plutonium-doped uranium oxide particles and analyzed as part of a larger study to evaluate whether electron probe microanalyzers (EPMA) can be used to characterize nuclear materials as an alternative or complementary method to mass spectrometers. The five samples used in this study contained nominal compositions of 0, 0.004, 0.04, 0.4 and 4 wt.% Ni. They were analyzed by both an Agilent 7900 Q-ICP-MS at SRNL and the JEOL JXA8530F Plus EPMA at the University of Minnesota. In addition to EPMA results (calibrated with high-precision Q-ICP-MS analyses) suggesting that the EPMA could address outstanding nuclear material characterization needs, these samples 1) showcase the ability of the EPMA to quantify not just trace concentrations, but trace concentrations in microparticles (1 m diameter, Fig. 1), and 2) offer a unique opportunity to evaluate the methodology for assessing the minimum detection limits of EPMA analyses.

McSwiggen, Peter [JEOL USA, 11 Dearborn Road, Peab↗

DOE OSTI2025

Fundamental Research Aimed at Diverting Excess Reducing Power in Photosynthesis to Orthogonal Metabolic Pathways

Photosystems are incredible biological machines that use sunlight to drive the conversion of carbon dioxide to sugar. The amount of sunlight available for photosynthesis sometimes exceeds the amount of energy plants can use. This excess energy has to be safely dissipated through non-productive biological processes. The ultimate goal of this project is to understand whether we can utilize that otherwise unused excess energy. In our previous work, we showed that, in principle, it is possible to attach a catalyst to photosystem I and generate H2 using light. Our current strategy is to genetically fuse parts of the photosystem I complex with a recently discovered oxygen-tolerant [FeFe] hydrogenase. Our rationale is that such chimeric proteins may potentially result in the natural incorporation of the photosystem I-hydrogenase link using the inherent genetic machinery of the cell. In this project, we aim to verify that light-driven hydrogen production in this construction is possible. Throughout the project, we designed nanoconstructs that showcase the plausibility of this technology, at least in vitro. We take advantage of these constructs to investigate details of the coupling between photosystem I and a H2-producing enzyme called [FeFe] hydrogenase. This part of the project reveals details of the electron transfer between photosystem I and the attached hydrogenase, providing information that can lead to new strategies for improved biological photocatalysis. We also researched efficient and robust tethering of the [FeFe] hydrogenase to photosystem I in cyanobacteria. This work will highlight successful design strategies to guide the future development of photosynthetic biohybrids. Uncovering the principles governing the utilization of otherwise unusable energy significantly further our understanding of cyanobacterial photosynthesis. The work proposed establishes the feasibility of diverting excess energy under high light conditions to orthogonal enzymatic pathways and set design rules for efficient utilization of such a strategy for scientific and industrial applications in biosensing, renewable energy, and high-value chemicals production. The work addresses the DOE-BES Photosynthetic Systems program goal to develop a multidimensional understanding of photosystems that would provide specific metrics that instruct strategies for improving biological photosynthesis and for guiding the future development of bioreactors and biomimetic energy systems.

Photosynthetic systems, hydrogenase, cyanobacteria↗

DOE OSTI2023

Stabilization of a Heme-HNO Model Complex Using a Bulky Bis-Picket Fence Porphyrin and Reactivity Studies with NO

Nitroxyl, HNO/NO – , the one-electron reduced form of NO, is suggested to take part in distinct signaling pathways in mammals and is also a key intermediate in various heme-catalyzed NO x interconversions in the nitrogen cycle. Cytochrome P450nor (Cyt P450nor) is a heme-containing enzyme that performs NO reduction to N 2 O in fungal denitrification. The reactive intermediate in this enzyme, termed “Intermediate I”, is proposed to be an Fe-NHO/Fe-NHOH type species, but it is difficult to study its electronic structure and exact protonation state due to its instability. Here, we utilize a bulky bis-picket fence porphyrin to obtain the first stable heme-HNO model complex, [Fe(3,5-Me-BAFP)(MI)(NHO)], as a model for Intermediate I, and more generally HNO adducts of heme proteins. Due to the steric hindrance of the bis-picket fence porphyrin, [Fe(3,5-Me-BAFP)(MI)(NHO)] is stable (τ 1/2 = 56 min at -30 °C), can be isolated as a solid, and is available for thorough spectroscopic characterization. In particular, we were able to solve a conundrum in the literature and provide the first full vibrational characterization of a heme-HNO complex using IR and nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS). Reactivity studies of [Fe(3,5-Me-BAFP)(MI)(NHO)] with NO gas show a 91 ± 10% yield for N 2 O formation, demonstrating that heme-HNO complexes are catalytically competent intermediates for NO reduction to N 2 O in Cyt P450nor. In conclusion, the implications of these results for the mechanism of Cyt P450nor are further discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2021

Primary Frequency Control Using Motor Drives for Short Term Grid Disturbances

Industrial motor systems make up a quarter of all electric sales in the United States. Variable speed drives (VSDs) can provide energy efficiency savings to the customer by regulating motor speed based on specific and varying needs. In addition to the benefits provided to the customer, VSDs can provide support to the grid through ancillary services. The Center for Ultra-Wide-Area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Networks (CURENT) developed a power electronics converter-based grid emulator to allow testing of various power system architectures and demonstration of key technologies in monitoring, control, actuation, and visualization. This paper proposes using an active front-end VSD's connected motor load to provide frequency regulation to a large scale power grid. Each part of the emulator is described including motor and power electronics model and control. The proposed frequency regulation is implemented in VSDs and modeled in both a transmission system in EMTDC/PSCAD and verified on CURENT's hardware testbed.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Probing strong-field QED in beam-plasma collisions

Ongoing progress in laser and accelerator technology opens new possibilities in high-field science, notably to investigate the largely unexplored strong-field quantum electrodynamics (SFQED) regime where electron-positron pairs can be created directly from light-matter or even light-vacuum interactions. Laserless strategies such as beam-beam collisions have also been proposed to access the nonperturbative limit of SFQED. Here we report on a concept to probe SFQED by harnessing the interaction between a high-charge, ultrarelativistic electron beam and a solid conducting target. When impinging onto the target surface, the beam self fields are reflected, partly or fully, depending on the beam shape; in the rest frame of the beam electrons, these fields can exceed the Schwinger field, thus triggering SFQED effects such as quantum nonlinear inverse Compton scattering and nonlinear Breit-Wheeler electron-positron pair creation. Through reduced modeling and kinetic numerical simulations, we show that this single-beam setup can achieve interaction conditions similar to those envisioned in beam-beam collisions, but in a simpler and more controllable way owing to the automatic overlap of the beam and driving fields. This scheme thus eases the way to precision studies of SFQED and is also a promising milestone towards laserless studies of nonperturbative SFQED.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Toward Å-fs-meV Resolution in Electron Microscopy: Systematic Simulation of the Temporal Spread of Single-Electron Packets

Though efforts to improve the temporal resolution of transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) have waxed and waned for decades, with relatively recent advances routinely reaching sub-picosecond scales, fundamental and practical challenges have hindered the advance of combined Å-fs-meV resolutions, particularly for core-loss spectroscopy and real-space imaging. This is due in no small part to the complexity of the approach required to access timescales upon which electrons, atoms, molecules, and materials first begin to respond and transform – attoseconds to picoseconds. Here we present part of a larger effort devoted to systematically mapping the instrument parameter space of a TEM modified to reach ultrafast timescales. With General Particle Tracer, we studied the statistical temporal distributions of single-electron packets as a function of various fs pulsed-laser parameters and electron-gun configurations and fields for the exact architecture and dimensions of a Thermo Fisher Tecnai Femto ultrafast electron microscope. We focused on easily-adjustable parameters, such as laser pulse duration, laser spot size, photon energy, Wehnelt aperture diameter, and photocathode size. In addition to establishing trends and dispersion behaviors, we identify regimes within which packet duration can be 100s of fs and approach the 300-fs laser limit employed here. Overall, the results provide a detailed picture of the temporal behavior of single-electron packets in the Tecnai Femto gun region, forming the initial contribution of a larger effort.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

The role of ternary alloying elements in eutectoid transformation of U-10Mo alloy part II. In and Ex-situ Neutron diffraction-based assessment of eutectoid phase transformation kinetics in U-9.8Mo-0.2X alloy (X = Cr, Ni or Co)

HExploring the effects of minor ternary alloying additions, typically impurity elements, on the phase stability of U-10Mo is important for preventing undesirable phase decomposition during processing or during service. This work examines the influence small ternary additions of Cr, Ni, and Co. Both in-situ and ex-situ neutron diffraction measurements made during and after high temperature (450 – 525°C) exposures were used to better define the influence of these elements on the time-temperature-transformation (TTT) behavior of U-10Mo, providing information which is complementary to electron microscopy investigations of the same alloy systems performed in the first part of this work. Minor additions of Ni and Co decrease the ?-phase stability at all temperatures investigated. Signatures of U6X (X = Ni or Co) compounds were shown to be present in amounts of up to 6 wt% in the heat treated alloys, suggesting that the initial precipitation of this phase may catalyze further ?-phase decomposition. On the other hand, the Cr containing alloys were observed to have nearly the same, and in some cases slower, phase transformation kinetics when compared to the binary U-10Mo control samples. The results of the study have enabled preliminary estimates of the TTT curves for the ternary alloys.

phase transformation, kinetics, discontinuous prec↗

DOE OSTI2022

Detecting anomalous sequences in electronic health records using higher-order tensor networks

Detecting anomalous sequences is an integral part of building and protecting modern large-scale health information technology (HIT) systems. These HIT systems generate a large volume of records of patients’ state and significant events, which provide a valuable resource to help improve clinical decisions, patient care processes, and other issues. However, detecting anomalous sequences in electronic health records (EHR) remains a challenge in healthcare applications for several reasons, including imbalances in the data, complexity of relationships between events in the sequence, and the curse of dimensionality. Conventional anomaly detection methods use the finite sequence of events to discriminate sequences. They fail to incorporate salient event details under variable higher-order dependencies (e.g., duration between events) that can provide better discrimination of sequences in their models. To address this problem, we propose event sequence and subsequence anomaly detection algorithms that (1) use network-based representations of interactions in the data, (2) account for variable higher-order dependencies in the data, and (3) incorporate events duration for adequate discrimination of the data. The proposed approach identifies anomalies by monitoring the change in the graph after the test sequence is removed from the network. The change is quantified using graph distance metrics so that dramatic changes in the network can be attributed to the removed sequence. Furthermore, the proposed subsequence algorithm recommends plausible paths and salient information for the detected anomalous subsequences. Our results show that the proposed event sequence anomaly detection algorithm outperforms the baseline methods for both synthetic data and real-world EHR data.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Overview of Collaborative Research Between UNICAMP in Brazil and Fermilab in Cryogenics

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) situated at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, serves as the host for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), employing cryostats with nearly 70,000 metric tons of high purity liquid argon (LAr). The integrity of LAr quality is pivotal in determining the electron lifetime within DUNE, directly impacting its signal-to-noise ratio. Specifically, Far Detector 1 (FD-1) in cryostat 1 requires an electron lifetime over 3 ms within its 3.5 m drift, corresponding to less than 100 parts-per-trillion (ppt) Oxygen equivalent contamination. Far Detector 2 (FD-2) in cryostat 2 demands over 6 ms electron lifetime within its 6.0 m drift, corresponding to less than 50 ppt Oxygen equivalent contamination. Nitrogen (N2) absorption of LAr scintillation light, known as quenching, necessitates N2 contamination in LAr to remain below 1 ppm to minimize photon loss and enhance energy reconstruction. Studies indicate that at 1 ppm N2, approximately 20% of scintillation light is lost, highlighting the importance of minimizing N2 contamination. Brazil State University of Campinas's (UNICAMP) contribution to LBNF focuses on developing argon purification and regeneration for DUNE FD-1 and FD-2. To that effect, they constructed a test facility to perform studies on LAr purification at a smaller scale, the Purification Liquid Argon Cryostat (PuLArC) with approximately 90 liters of LAr. One of the filtration materials was considered and tested Li-FAU molecular sieve. Value engineering on argon purification media was conducted, leading to the identification of Li-FAU zeolite's ability to effectively capture N2 impurities during LAr circulation. Testing at UNICAMP's PuLArC facility demonstrated that 1 kg of Li-FAU is capable of reducing N2 contamination from 20-50 ppm to 0.1-1.0 ppm within 1-2 hours of circulation. In October 2023, testing at the Iceberg cryostat in Fermilab's Noble Liquid Test Facility (NLTF), with approximately 2,625 liters of LAr, confirmed the efficacy of 3 kg of Li-FAU in reducing N2 contamination from ~ 5 ppm of injected N2 down to less than 1 ppm over 96-hour cycles, showcasing its potential for larger-scale LAr cryostats. Further tests are planned to validate Li-FAU's use as a possible alternative to Molecular Sieve 4A in LBNF-DUNE and related liquid argon experiments. This contribution will describe how the research was performed and present the test setups and results in detail. This advancement not only has the potential to enhance DUNE's precision but also to elevate liquid argon experiments globally, showcasing the power of international scientific collaboration.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Overview of collaborative research between UNICAMP in Brazil and Fermilab in cryogenics

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2021

Texture evolution as a function of scan strategy and build height in electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) enables customizable, on-demand parts, allowing for new designs and improved engineering performance. Yet, the ability to control AM metal alloy microstructures (i.e., grain morphology, crystallographic texture, and phase content) is lacking. Furthermore, this work performs corroborative neutron diffraction and large-scale electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements to assess crystallographic texture in electron beam melted (EBM) Ti-6Al-4V as a function of scan strategy and build height. Texture components for one raster and two spot melt scan strategies were evaluated using a triclinic specimen symmetry to capture all possible texture components, which were found to be considerably different than previously reported values from studies employing orthotropic specimen symmetry. This finding highlights the importance of a standard method and best practice for assessing textures produced by AM.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗