Gemini incentive program model.
Planned interdependency incentive method /PIIM/ FOR Gemini program at lowest cost and best performance
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Planned interdependency incentive method /PIIM/ FOR Gemini program at lowest cost and best performance
Gemini guidance and control, discussing design, ground monitoring, launch and flight guidance, spacecraft instrumentation, maneuvering, etc
Gemini program study to provide safe and biologically sound method of man qualifying for space exploration
Management techniques used in development, systems test, and launching of Gemini launch vehicle, Gemini Agena Target Vehicle, and Atlas SLV-3
Technical considerations in the design, development and operation of United States manned spacecraft from Project Mercury to the Space Shuttle are reviewed. The design and mission philosophies, launch vehicle and spacecraft characteristics, mode of operation, flight results and influence on later programs are discussed for Project Mercury, and Gemini Apollo and Skylab programs, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project and the Space Shuttle program. The Space Shuttle is shown to represent a major departure from the trend established in previous programs, requiring major advancements in the fields of flight control, thermal protection, and liquid-propellant rocket technology.
Attention is given to the reliability controls in manned spacecraft programs, taking into account the project Mercury, the Gemini program, the Apollo program, the Skylab program, and the Apollo-Soyuz test project. Reliability controls used in these programs are related to reliability management, parts and materials control, failure mode and effects analysis, reliability quantitative analysis, problem reporting and corrective action control, test control, limited-life control, and milestone reviews. A summary is presented of the major reliability tasks and innovations being used on the Space Shuttle program. Examples of these innovations include improved management techniques and an early identification of specific certification tests.
Supercritical cryogenic electric power system storage for gemini and apollo projects by use of a set of pressure-enthalpy and temperature-entropy diagrams
Collection of papers concerning u.s. manned space flight, including the mercury, gemini, and apollo projects
Flight control development for the mercury, gemini and apollo projects, including preflight, inflight and postflight analysis, personnel training, and mission control center facilities
Coordination of reentry plasma measurements with flight data ascertained by RAM, FIRE, Gemini, and Mercury projects
Systems design experience derived from Mercury, Gemini and Apollo projects, discussing thermal protection, launch propulsion, life support, etc
Systems design experience derived from Mercury Gemini and Apollo projects, discussing thermal protection, launch propulsion, life support, etc
Skylab, the fourth in a logical sequence of USA manned space flight projects following Mercury, Gemini and Apollo, presented life scientists with their first opportunity for an in-depth study of man's response to the space environment. Extensive medical investigations were undertaken to increase our understanding of man's adaptation to the space environment and his readaptation to gravity upon return to earth. The flight durations of the three Skylab missions were progressively increased from 28 days to 59 days and, finally, 84 days. The results of these investigations of the various body systems clearly denonstrated that man can adapt to zero gravity and perform useful work during long-duration space flight. However, definite changes (some unexpected) in the vestibular, cardiovascular, musculo-skeletal, renal and electrolyte areas were documented. The most significant were: the occurrence of space motion sickness early in the missions; diminished orthostatic tolerance, both in-flight and post-flight; moderate losses of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen; and decreased tolerance for exercise post-flight. The mechanisms responsible for these physiological responses must be understood and, if necessary, effective countermeasures developed before man can endure unlimited exposure to space flight.
Mission planning, astronaut training and hardware requirements for Gemini and Apollo manned spacecraft
The GEMINI 8-meter Telescopes Project is designing twin 8-meter telescopes to be located in Hawaii and Chile. The GEMINI telescopes will have interchangeable secondary mirrors for use in the visible and IR. The APART/PADE program is being used to evaluate the effective IR emissivity of the IR configuration plus enclosure as a function of mirror contamination at three IR wavelengths. The goal is to design a telescope whose effective IR emissivity is no more than 2 percent when the mirrors are clean.
Biomedical issues have presented a challenge to flight physicians, scientists, and engineers ever since the advent of high-speed, high-altitude airplane flight in the 1940s. In 1958, preparations began for the first manned space flights of Project Mercury. The medical data and flight experience gained through Mercury's six flights and the Gemini, Apollo, and Skylab projects, as well as subsequent space flights, comprised the knowledge base that was used to develop and implement the Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project (EDOMP). The EDOMP yielded substantial amounts of data in six areas of space biomedical research. In addition, a significant amount of hardware was developed and tested under the EDOMP. This hardware was designed to improve data gathering capabilities and maintain crew physical fitness, while minimizing the overall impact to the microgravity environment. The biomedical findings as well as the hardware development results realized from the EDOMP have been important to the continuing success of extended Space Shuttle flights and have formed the basis for medical studies of crew members living for three to five months aboard the Russian space station, Mir. EDOMP data and hardware are also being used in preparation for the construction and habitation of International Space Station. All data sets were grouped to be non-attributable to individuals, and submitted to NASA s Life Sciences Data Archive.
Engineering and physiological considerations involved in selection and validations of artificial gaseous atmosphere for gemini and apollo missions