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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Hg Accumulation by Single-Cell Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Methylating Mercury

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent neurotoxin that poses risks to ecosystems and human health. MeHg is produced by microbes following saturating-like kinetics. We hypothesize that this saturation reflects a limited intracellular mercury (Hg) accumulation. Here, in this study, we investigated Hg accumulation in Pseudodesulfovibrio hydrargyri BerOc1, a sulfate-reducing model strain able to methylate Hg. Cells were incubated with 0.5 and 2 μM of mercury (HgCl 2 ), and mercury localization was studied using synchrotron-based nano-X-ray fluorescence and high-resolution analytical electron microscopy. For both concentrations, Hg was detected in the bacterial cytosol, in addition to extracellular (Hg, S)-containing nanoparticles. Intracellular Hg levels were slightly higher at 2 μM than at 0.5 μM (1.61 vs 1.40 pg.mm –2 ), suggesting a regulated accumulation. However, the population exhibited heterogeneity in Hg accumulation, particularly at the highest Hg exposure, with some cells being Hg hyperaccumulators. Correlative imaging between Hg localization and cell viability revealed that these hyperaccumulating cells were non-active. Our results suggest that active cells regulate Hg accumulation. From an analytical perspective, a minor subpopulation of hyperaccumulating cells can bias bulk measurements and should be considered in interpreting Hg accumulation in microorganisms. Environmentally, these cells can impact Hg cycling by acting as a metal sink.

Intracellular accumulation↗
DOE OSTI2024

Uptake, Efflux, and Sequestration of Mercury in the Asian Clam, Corbicula fluminea , at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations, and the Implications for Mercury Remediation

(1) Mercury (Hg) is a persistent, ubiquitous contaminant that readily biomagnifies into higher trophic level species in aquatic environments across the globe. It is crucial to understand the movement of environmentally relevant concentrations of Hg in impacted freshwater streams to minimize risks to ecological and human health. (2) The bioconcentration kinetics of aqueous Hg exposure (20, 100, and 200 ng/L) in the invasive Asian Clam, Corbicula fluminea, were measured. A toxicokinetic model, the first parameterized for Hg accumulation in freshwater clams, was developed to estimate uptake and efflux parameters and compared to previous parameter values estimated for other mollusk species. (3) Results demonstrated that even at low Hg concentrations, Corbicula record signals of contamination through bioconcentration, and both direct measurement and toxicokinetic models demonstrate large Hg bioconcentration factors (as high as 1.34 × 10 5 mL/g dry tissue), similar to partitioning coefficients seen in engineered Hg sorbents. (4) Our study found that Corbicula accumulated Hg at aqueous concentrations relevant to impacted streams, but well below regulatory drinking water limits, demonstrating their utility as a sensitive sentinel species and potential bioremediator.

bioaccumulation↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Hg3BI2(OF2)2 by Materials Project

Hg3(OI)2BF4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of four BF4 clusters and two Hg3(OI)2 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. In each BF4 cluster, B is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four F atoms. There are a spread of B–F bond distances ranging from 1.38–1.46 Å. There are four inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B atom. In the fourth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B atom. In each Hg3(OI)2 sheet, there are three inequivalent Hg sites. In the first Hg site, Hg is bonded in a linear geometry to two O atoms. There are one shorter (2.03 Å) and one longer (2.06 Å) Hg–O bond lengths. In the second Hg site, Hg is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two O and two I atoms. There are one shorter (2.15 Å) and one longer (2.30 Å) Hg–O bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.67 Å) and one longer (3.17 Å) Hg–I bond lengths. In the third Hg site, Hg is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two O and one I atom. There are one shorter (2.18 Å) and one longer (2.37 Å) Hg–O bond lengths. The Hg–I bond length is 2.66 Å. There are two inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three Hg atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Hg atoms. There are two inequivalent I sites. In the first I site, I is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Hg atom. In the second I site, I is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to two Hg atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Hg3PClO4 by Materials Project

Hg3PO4Cl crystallizes in the cubic P2_13 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Hg+1.33+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Hg–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.88 Å. The Hg–Cl bond length is 2.78 Å. P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.53 Å) and three longer (1.58 Å) P–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Hg+1.33+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to three equivalent Hg+1.33+ and one P5+ atom. Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Hg+1.33+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CdHg4Te5 by Materials Project

Hg4CdTe5 is Caswellsilverite-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Hg2+ sites. In the first Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to six Te2- atoms to form HgTe6 octahedra that share corners with six HgTe6 octahedra, edges with four equivalent CdTe6 octahedra, and edges with eight HgTe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. There are a spread of Hg–Te bond distances ranging from 3.05–3.10 Å. In the second Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to six Te2- atoms to form HgTe6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent CdTe6 octahedra, corners with four HgTe6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one CdTe6 octahedra, and edges with eleven HgTe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. There are a spread of Hg–Te bond distances ranging from 3.05–3.14 Å. Cd2+ is bonded to six Te2- atoms to form CdTe6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent CdTe6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent HgTe6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent CdTe6 octahedra, and edges with ten HgTe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. There are two shorter (3.05 Å) and four longer (3.06 Å) Cd–Te bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Te2- sites. In the first Te2- site, Te2- is bonded to six Hg2+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TeHg6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–1°. In the second Te2- site, Te2- is bonded to four Hg2+ and two equivalent Cd2+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TeCd2Hg4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. In the third Te2- site, Te2- is bonded to four equivalent Hg2+ and two equivalent Cd2+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TeCd2Hg4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CsHgCl3 by Materials Project

CsHgCl3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Cs1+ sites. In the first Cs1+ site, Cs1+ is bonded to twelve Cl1- atoms to form CsCl12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve CsCl12 cuboctahedra, faces with six CsCl12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight HgCl6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cs–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.88–4.00 Å. In the second Cs1+ site, Cs1+ is bonded to twelve Cl1- atoms to form CsCl12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve CsCl12 cuboctahedra, faces with six CsCl12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight HgCl6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cs–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.79–4.04 Å. In the third Cs1+ site, Cs1+ is bonded to twelve Cl1- atoms to form CsCl12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve CsCl12 cuboctahedra, faces with six CsCl12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight HgCl6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cs–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.86–4.00 Å. There are three inequivalent Hg2+ sites. In the first Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to six Cl1- atoms to form HgCl6 octahedra that share corners with six HgCl6 octahedra and faces with eight CsCl12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 2–4°. There are a spread of Hg–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.47–3.10 Å. In the second Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to six Cl1- atoms to form HgCl6 octahedra that share corners with six HgCl6 octahedra and faces with eight CsCl12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 2–5°. There are a spread of Hg–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.38–3.04 Å. In the third Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to six Cl1- atoms to form HgCl6 octahedra that share corners with six HgCl6 octahedra and faces with eight CsCl12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 2–9°. There are a spread of Hg–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.55–3.19 Å. There are six inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Cs1+ and two Hg2+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Cs1+ and two equivalent Hg2+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four Cs1+ and two Hg2+ atoms. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four Cs1+ and two Hg2+ atoms. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Cs1+ and two Hg2+ atoms. In the sixth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Cs1+ and two Hg2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1995

Atomic Clocks and Variations of the FIne Structure Constant

We describe a new test for possible variations of the fine structure constant alpha by comparisons of rates between clocks based on hyperfine transitions in alkali atoms with different atomic number Z. H-maser, Cs, and Hg(+) clocks have a different dependence on alpha via relativistic contributions of order (Z-alpha)(sup 2). Recent H-maser vs Hg(+) clock comparison data improve laboratory limits on a time variation by 100-fold to give dot-alpha less than or equal to 3.7 x 10(exp -14)/yr. Future laser cooled clocks (Be(+), Rb, Cs, Hg(+), etc.), when compared, will yield the most sensitive of all tests for dot-alpha/alpha.

Prestage, John D.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Hg4SbO6 by Materials Project

Hg4SbO6 crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Hg4SbO6 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. there are two inequivalent Hg+1.75+ sites. In the first Hg+1.75+ site, Hg+1.75+ is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Hg–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.30 Å. In the second Hg+1.75+ site, Hg+1.75+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.26 Å) and one longer (2.27 Å) Hg–O bond lengths. Sb5+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are two shorter (1.96 Å) and four longer (2.11 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Hg+1.75+ and one Sb5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two Hg+1.75+ and one Sb5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two Hg+1.75+ and one Sb5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Hg+1.75+ and one Sb5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Hg2IO by Materials Project

Hg2OI crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Hg2OI sheets oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. there are two inequivalent Hg+1.50+ sites. In the first Hg+1.50+ site, Hg+1.50+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to three equivalent O2- and two equivalent I1- atoms. There are two shorter (2.20 Å) and one longer (2.62 Å) Hg–O bond lengths. There are one shorter (3.09 Å) and one longer (3.17 Å) Hg–I bond lengths. In the second Hg+1.50+ site, Hg+1.50+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The Hg–O bond length is 2.17 Å. O2- is bonded to four Hg+1.50+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OHg4 tetrahedra. I1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Hg+1.50+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Hg8Br3O4 by Materials Project

Hg8O4Br3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Hg+1.38+ sites. In the first Hg+1.38+ site, Hg+1.38+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one O2- and two equivalent Br1- atoms. The Hg–O bond length is 2.20 Å. There are one shorter (3.14 Å) and one longer (3.50 Å) Hg–Br bond lengths. In the second Hg+1.38+ site, Hg+1.38+ is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to two equivalent O2- and one Br1- atom. There are one shorter (2.21 Å) and one longer (2.65 Å) Hg–O bond lengths. The Hg–Br bond length is 3.24 Å. In the third Hg+1.38+ site, Hg+1.38+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one O2- and four Br1- atoms. The Hg–O bond length is 2.27 Å. There are a spread of Hg–Br bond distances ranging from 3.16–3.35 Å. In the fourth Hg+1.38+ site, Hg+1.38+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one O2- and two Br1- atoms. The Hg–O bond length is 2.19 Å. There are one shorter (3.10 Å) and one longer (3.16 Å) Hg–Br bond lengths. In the fifth Hg+1.38+ site, Hg+1.38+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two O2- and three Br1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.27 Å) and one longer (2.59 Å) Hg–O bond lengths. There are a spread of Hg–Br bond distances ranging from 3.44–3.54 Å. In the sixth Hg+1.38+ site, Hg+1.38+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- and two Br1- atoms. There are a spread of Hg–O bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.60 Å. There are one shorter (3.33 Å) and one longer (3.36 Å) Hg–Br bond lengths. In the seventh Hg+1.38+ site, Hg+1.38+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- and four Br1- atoms. Both Hg–O bond lengths are 2.08 Å. There are a spread of Hg–Br bond distances ranging from 3.31–3.66 Å. In the eighth Hg+1.38+ site, Hg+1.38+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three O2- and two Br1- atoms. There are a spread of Hg–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.63 Å. There are one shorter (3.20 Å) and one longer (3.21 Å) Hg–Br bond lengths. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Hg+1.38+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing OHg4 tetrahedra. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Hg+1.38+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OHg4 tetrahedra. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Hg+1.38+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OHg4 tetrahedra. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Hg+1.38+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OHg4 tetrahedra. There are three inequivalent Br1- sites. In the first Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six Hg+1.38+ atoms. In the second Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven Hg+1.38+ atoms. In the third Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven Hg+1.38+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on SiHg2(OF3)2 by Materials Project

Hg2Si(OF3)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of two Hg2Si(OF3)2 ribbons oriented in the (1, 1, 0) direction. Hg is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one O and one F atom. The Hg–O bond length is 2.05 Å. The Hg–F bond length is 2.14 Å. Si is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six F atoms. There are a spread of Si–F bond distances ranging from 1.67–1.81 Å. O is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Hg and one O atom. The O–O bond length is 1.48 Å. There are three inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Si atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Si atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Hg and one Si atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cs5Hg19 by Materials Project

Cs5Hg19 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cs sites. In the first Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to seventeen Hg atoms. There are a spread of Cs–Hg bond distances ranging from 3.88–4.39 Å. In the second Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to sixteen Hg atoms. There are eight shorter (3.98 Å) and eight longer (4.27 Å) Cs–Hg bond lengths. There are four inequivalent Hg sites. In the first Hg site, Hg is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to five Cs and five Hg atoms. There are a spread of Hg–Hg bond distances ranging from 3.16–3.29 Å. In the second Hg site, Hg is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Cs and four equivalent Hg atoms. In the third Hg site, Hg is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four Cs and six Hg atoms. There are two shorter (3.36 Å) and one longer (3.42 Å) Hg–Hg bond lengths. In the fourth Hg site, Hg is bonded in a distorted cuboctahedral geometry to four equivalent Cs and eight equivalent Hg atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Utility Sector Impacts of Reduced Electricity Demand: Updates to Methodology and Results

This report presents revisions to the methodology for estimating the utility sector impacts associated with electricity demand reductions, first published in our 2014 study. The earlier report described how to calculate utility impact factors based on data from the Energy Information Agency's Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) projections of electricity supply and demand. The 2014 methodology relied on data from the AEO Reference case, and side cases implementing demand-side policies with a substantial impact on total demand. Beginning in 2015, the AEO publication schedule was revised to limit the number of side cases published with each AEO, and no suitable demand-focused side cases have been released since 2014. Hence, this paper presents a generalization of the methodology that allows a uniform approach irrespective of the nature of the side cases published with the AEO. The impact factors we calculate represent coeffcients of variation between a unit reduction to site electricity demand and corresponding supply-side changes, including reductions to electric power generation and primary fuel consumption by fuel type, emissions of criteria pollutants (Hg, NO x and SO 2 ) and greenhouse gases (CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 ), and total installed capacity by plant type. The impact factors are time-dependent, and also depend on the demand sector and end use. In this report, we apply the methodology to all AEO publications from 2014-2019, and all scenarios. We quantify the variation in factors across different side cases within each AEO, and across different AEO publications, and compare this to the variation due to changes in methodology.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS1995

Effect of Blockade of Nitric Oxide Synthesis on the Renin Secretory Response to Frusemide in Conscious Rabbits

The enzyme nitric oxide synthase is present in the macula densa and may participate in the control of renin secretion by the adjacent juxtagiomerular cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of inhibiting nitric oxide synthase on the renin secretory response to frusemide, which stimulates renin secretion by blocking Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) co-transport in the macula densa. Injection of frusemide in 12 conscious rabbits elicited a transient increase in mean arterial pressure from 84 +/- 2 to 92 +/-3 mm Hg at 5 min (P less than 0.01) and a sustained increase in heart rate from 246 +/- 6 to 281 +/- 10 beats/min at 45 min (P less than 0.01). Plasma renin activity increased from 8.0 +/- 1.2 to 14.3 +/- 1.8, 12.4 +/- 1.6 and 11.6 +/- 1.5 pmol/2h ml at 15, 30 and 45min respectively (P less than 0.01). There were no changes in plasma sodium and potassium concentrations or osmoiality. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with N(sup G)-nitro-L- arginine methyl ester increased mean arterial pressure by 9 mm Hg, decreased heart rate and plasma renin activity, and markedly suppressed the renin response to frusemide (from 4.6 +/- 0.7 to 7.6 +/- 1.7, 4.7 +/- 1.0 and 4.6 +/- 0.7pmol/2h ml at 15, 30 and 45 min respectively). By contrast, infusion of an equipressor dose of phenylephrine did not suppress the renin response to frusemide. Histochemical studies with the NADPH diaphorase technique confirmed the presence of nitric oxide synthase in the macula densa, and suggested that enzyme activity is increased by treatment with frusemide. These results are consistent with a role for the L- arginine-nitric oxide pathway in the modulation of renin secretion by the macula densa.

Reid, Ian A.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Comparison of sympathetic nerve responses to neck and forearm isometric exercise

PURPOSE: Although the autonomic and cardiovascular responses to arm and leg exercise have been studied, the sympathetic adjustments to exercise of the neck have not. The purpose of the present study was twofold: 1) to determine sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to isometric contractions of the neck extensors and 2) to compare sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to isometric exercise of the neck and forearm. METHODS: Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate were measured in nine healthy subjects while performing isometric neck extension (INE) and isometric handgrip (IHG) in the prone position. After a 3-min baseline period, subjects performed three intensities of INE for 2.5 min each: 1) unloaded (supporting head alone), 2) 10% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and 3) 30% MVC, then subjects performed two intensities (10% and 30% MVC) of IHG for 2.5 min. RESULTS: Supporting the head by itself did not significantly change any of the variables. During [NE, MAP significantly increased by 10 +/- 2 and 31 +/- 4 mm Hg and MSNA increased by 67 +/- 46 and 168 +/- 36 units/30 s for 10% and 30% MVC, respectively. IHG and INE evoked similar responses at 10% MVC, but IHG elicited higher peak MAP and MSNA at 30% MVC (37 +/- 7 mm Hg (P < 0.05) and 300 +/- 48 units/30 s (P < 0.01) for IHG, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that INE can elicit marked increases in MSNA and cardiovascular responses but that it evokes lower peak responses as compared to IHG. We speculate that possible differences in muscle fiber type composition, muscle mass, and/or muscle architecture of the neck and forearm are responsible for these differences in peak responses.

NASA Discipline Neuroscience↗