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DOE OSTI2020

A Generic High Bandwidth Data Acquisition Card for Physics Experiments

In high energy physics and nuclear physics experiments particularly the ones based on particle accelerator, the data rate from the detector is usually in the order of Terabytes per second. This high throughput data from detector front-end electronics need to be transmitted to the back-end computing farm for high level event selection and building. A Data Acquisition (DAQ) system with features of high-density, scalable, easily upgradeable is crucial to simplify the readout architecture of whole experiment. This paper will introduce the design of a generic high bandwidth PCIe card which can be used as the important input output card in a scalable DAQ system. It can factorize front-end electronics from data handling, and reduce amount of custom hardware in favor of scalable detectorindependent commercial hardware and software. Besides the 48 channels of bidirectional high speed fiber optical links with frontends, it also supports to synchronize with the experiment timing system, and to fanout the clock and trigger information with a fixed latency to the front-end electronics.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Introduction to the special topic on inertial confinement fusion diagnostics

In the first decade of the 21st century, the United States began operating three leading Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) and High-Energy Density Physics (HEDP) facilities. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) began its quest to first surpass the Lawson Criterion and then reach thermonuclear ignition and thermonuclear gain. The Omega EP (Extended Performance) laser provides unprecedented energy, reliability, and consistency for petawatt (PW)-class laser experiments. The Omega laser continues to support over 1000 ICF and HEDP experiments each year. The Z pulsed power machine is a Z-pinch plasma confinement device that was refurbished to increase current drive and improve reliability. The extreme states of matter created in these new facilities required advancement of many technologies. The most important among these was the significant improvement in instrumentation capabilities needed to diagnose plasma conditions and resulting nuclear products. The instruments needed a better temporal, spatial, and energy resolution. They also needed to be hardened against EMP and radiation. Typical events in an ICF implosion include compressing the deuterium–tritium (DT) fuel to greater than 60 g/cm 3 and heating the DT to a temperature greater than 10 keV (110 000 000 K). The DT atoms react to produce 14 MeV neutrons from a volume with a radius of ~30 μm. When the fuel ignites, the DT burn prop agates into cold fuel and the neutron-emitting region can reach sizes of over 200 μm. Furthermore, the burn typically lasts less than 150 ps, but the burn duration will decrease as the DT yield increases. Burn durations as short as 90 ps have been recorded and are predicted to decrease still further to 20 ps. X-ray imaging diagnostics are needed to measure the acceleration and velocity of the capsule enclosing the DT, where the implosion velocities can reach over 400 km/s.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2022

Data Science and Machine Learning in Education

The growing role of data science (DS) and machine learning (ML) in high-energy physics (HEP) is well established and pertinent given the complex detectors, large data, sets and sophisticated analyses at the heart of HEP research. Moreover, exploiting symmetries inherent in physics data have inspired physics-informed ML as a vibrant sub-field of computer science research. HEP researchers benefit greatly from materials widely available materials for use in education, training and workforce development. They are also contributing to these materials and providing software to DS/ML-related fields. Increasingly, physics departments are offering courses at the intersection of DS, ML and physics, often using curricula developed by HEP researchers and involving open software and data used in HEP. In this white paper, we explore synergies between HEP research and DS/ML education, discuss opportunities and challenges at this intersection, and propose community activities that will be mutually beneficial.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

NuSD: A Geant4 based simulation framework for segmented anti-neutrino detectors

NuSD: Neutrino Segmented Detector is a Geant4-based user application that simulates inverse beta decay event in a variety of segmented scintillation detectors developed by different international collaborations. This simulation framework uses a combination of cross-programs and libraries including Geant4, ROOT and CLHEP developed and used by high energy physics community. It will enable the neutrino physics community to simulate and study neutrino interactions within different detector concepts using a single program. In addition to neutrino simulations in segmented detectors, this program can also be used for various research projects that use of scintillation detectors for different physics purposes.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2023

PIXEL2020: Tenth International Workshop on Semiconductor Pixel Detectors for Particles and Imaging

This workshop covers various topics related to pixel detector technology. Development and applications will be discussed for charged particle tracking in High Energy Physics, Nuclear Physics, Astrophysics, and X-ray imaging in Astronomy, Biology, Medicine and Material Science. The conference program will also include reports on front and back end electronics, radiation effects, low mass mechanics and construction techniques, and new technologies such as monolithic and 3D integrated detectors.

Sally, Seidel↗

DOE OSTI2025

Accelerating detector simulations with Celeritas: Profiling and performance optimizations

Celeritas is a GPU-optimized Monte Carlo (MC) particle transport code designed to meet the growing computational demands of next-generation high energy physics (HEP) experiments. It provides efficient simulation of electromagnetic (EM) physics processes in complex geometries with magnetic fields, detector hit scoring, and seamless integration into Geant4-driven applications to offload EM physics to GPUs. Recent efforts have focused on performance optimizations and expanding profiling capabilities. This paper presents some key advancements, including the integration of the Perfetto system profiling tool for detailed performance analysis and the development of track-sorting methods to improve computational efficiency.

Lund, Amanda [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)]↗

DOE OSTI2022

Snowmass Topical Group Summary Report: IF04 -- Trigger and Data Acquisition Systems

A trend for future high energy physics experiments is an increase in the data bandwidth produced from the detectors. Datasets of the Petabyte scale have already become the norm, and the requirements of future experiments -- greater in size, exposure, and complexity -- will further push the limits of data acquisition technologies to data rates of exabytes per seconds. The challenge for these future data-intensive physics facilities lies in the reduction of the flow of data through a combination of sophisticated event selection in the form of high-performance triggers and improved data representation through compression and calculation of high-level quantities. These tasks must be performed with low-latency (i.e. in real-time) and often in extreme environments including high radiation, high magnetic fields, and cryogenic temperatures.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2022

Snowmass Topical Group Summary Report: IF04 -- Trigger and Data Acquisition Systems

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2026

Investigation of low-energy particle remnants in high-energy collisions at the LHC with a skipper-CCD detector

We deployed the Mobile Skipper Testing Apparatus ∼33 m away from the Compact Muon Solenoid collision point, the first skipper-CCD detector probing low-energy particles produced in high-energy collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. In this work, we search for beam-related events using data collected in 2024 during beam-on and beam-off periods. The dataset corresponds to integrated luminosities of 113.3 fb −1 and 1.54 nb −1 for the proton-proton and Pb-Pb collision periods, respectively. We report observed event rates in a model-independent framework across two ionization regions: ≤ 20⁢𝑒 − and > 20⁢𝑒 − . For the low-energy region, we perform a likelihood analysis to test the null hypothesis of no beam-correlated signal. We found no significant correlation during proton-proton and Pb-Pb collisions. For the high-energy region, we present the energy spectra for both collision periods and compare event rates for images with and without luminosity. We observe a slight increase in the event rate following the Pb-Pb collisions, coinciding with a rise in the single-electron rate, which will be investigated in future work. Using the low-energy proton-proton results, we place 95% confidence level constraints on the mass-millicharge parameter space of millicharged particles. Overall, the results in this work demonstrate the viability of skipper-CCD technology to explore new physics at high-energy colliders and motivate future searches with more massive detectors.

Cervantes-Vergara, Brenda A. [Fermi National Accel↗

DOE OSTI2022

Heavy Flavor Physics at the EIC with the ECCE detector

The proposed Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will operate high-energy high-luminosity electron+proton and electron+nucleus collisions to solve several unresolved fundamental questions. Due to their large masses (mc,b > ΛQCD), heavy quarks and their hadron products are ideal probes to study the nucleon/nuclear parton distribution functions in the high Bjorken-x (xBJ > 0.1) region and explore the hadronization process within the unconstrained kinematic region. Recently, the Electron-Ion Collider Comprehensive Chromodynamics Experiment (ECCE) consortium detector conceptual design has been selected as the reference design for the EIC project detector. The precise momentum and spatial resolutions provided by the ECCE tracking detector enable a series of open heavy flavor and quarkonia measurements. The physics projections of these proposed heavy flavor measurements in simulation studies using the ECCE detector design will be presented.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Detector alignment for X-ray crystallography using Millepede-II

I describe a method for accurately refining the geometrical parameters of segmented X-ray area detectors on the basis of serial crystallography data, using 'Millepede' – an algorithm created for a very similar problem in high-energy physics. The Millepede method for serial crystallography builds on the approach of Brewster et al. [Acta Cryst. (2018), D74, 877–894], in which the detector parameters are refined simultaneously with the parameters for each individual crystal. This accounts for the mutual dependency between the parameters and thereby avoids the bias and slow convergence problems that have afflicted older approaches in which the deviations between observed and calculated Bragg peak positions were taken directly as the updates for the detector panel positions. The Millepede method uses the special structure of the least-squares normal equations to reduce them to a much smaller form that can be solved very quickly, even compared with the sparse matrix methods used previously. This makes it practical to refine the detector geometry frequently and thereby maintain accurate calibration without specialized alignment campaigns. Tilts of detector panels out of the plane can be reliably refined, as can the overall distance of the detector in the beam direction. With a simulated test case, the new method produced panel shifts within 7% of the correct values with only one iteration, and produced almost exactly correct shifts after a second iteration. A simulated out-of-plane panel rotation was correctly determined to within 0.001°. Applied to experimental data from an X-ray free-electron laser, the method increased the indexable fraction of frames from 30% to 91% in a single iteration, and to 96% after two further iterations. Computing the geometry updates on the basis of 2060 crystals took only 0.819 s on desktop computing hardware, including the time taken to read the required data from disk. The scaling was found to be very close to linear for up to 100 980 sets of crystal parameters, which took only 78.2 s to process under the same conditions. The method has been applied as part of a real-time feedback system at a synchrotron radiation beamline, in which an out-of-plane detector tilt of 0.04° was detected and corrected. Possible further applications are also described here.

Millepede-II↗

NASA NTRS2004

An Analysis Methodology for the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope

The Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument on the Gamma Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) has been designed to detect high-energy gamma rays and determine their direction of incidence and energy. We propose a reconstruction algorithm based on recent advances in statistical methodology. This method, alternative to the standard event analysis inherited from high energy collider physics experiments, incorporates more accurately the physical processes occurring in the detector, and makes full use of the statistical information available. It could thus provide a better estimate of the direction and energy of the primary photon.

Morris, Robin D.↗

NASA NTRS2004

GEANT4 and Secondary Particle Production

GEANT 4 is a Monte Carlo tool set developed by the High Energy Physics Community (CERN, SLAC, etc) to perform simulations of complex particle detectors. GEANT4 is the ideal tool to study radiation transport and should be applied to space environments and the complex geometries of modern day spacecraft.

radiation transport↗

DOE OSTI2025

Calorimeter Pileup Deconvolution for Online Trigger Primitives

In high energy physics experiment, as the luminosity increases, pile-up issues on detectors such as calorimeters become non-negligible. Deconvolution approaches with mathematic pre-assumptions such as Sparse Representation are developed for data analysis stage. For online computation tasks such as for trigger primitive creation, signal availability is significantly different as in offline data analysis stage, and therefore, different (yet simpler) algorithms should be explored. In this document, several approaches of deconvolution suitable for FPGA implementation are discussed.

Wu, Jin-yuan [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000344329521)↗

DOE OSTI2021

The UHECR dipole and quadrupole in the latest data from the original Auger and TA surface detectors

The sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays are still unknown, but assuming standard physics, they are expected to lie within a few hundred megaparsecs from us. Indeed, over cosmological distances cosmic rays lose energy to interactions with background photons, at a rate depending on their mass number and energy and properties of photonuclear interactions and photon backgrounds. The universe is not homogeneous at such scales, hence the distribution of the arrival directions of cosmic rays is expected to reflect the inhomogeneities in the distribution of galaxies; the shorter the energy loss lengths, the stronger the expected anisotropies. Galactic and intergalactic magnetic fields can blur and distort the picture, but the magnitudes of the largest-scale anisotropies, namely the dipole and quadrupole moments, are the most robust to their effects. Measuring them with no bias regardless of any higher-order multipoles is not possible except with full-sky coverage. In this work, we achieve this in three energy ranges (approximately $8$--$16~EeV$, $16$--$32~EeV$, and $32$--$\infty~EeV$) by combining surface-detector data collected at the Pierre Auger Observatory until 2020 and at the Telescope Array (TA) until 2019, before the completion of the upgrades of the arrays with new scintillator detectors. We find that the full-sky coverage achieved by combining Auger and TA data reduces the uncertainties on the north-south components of the dipole and quadrupole in half compared to Auger-only results.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Characterizing novel Indium Phosphide pad detectors with focused X-ray beams and laboratory tests

Future tracking systems in High Energy Physics experiments will require large instrumented areas with low radiation length. Crystalline silicon sensors have been used in tracking systems for decades, but are difficult to manufacture and costly to produce for large areas. We are exploring alternative sensor materials that are amenable to fast fabrication techniques used for thin film devices. Indium Phosphide pad sensors were fabricated at Argonne National Lab using commercially available InP:Fe 2-inch mono-crystal substrates. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characterizations were performed to study the basic operating characteristics of a group of sensors. Micro-focused X-ray beams at Canadian Light Source and Diamond Light Source were used to study the response to ionizing radiation, and characterize the uniformity of the response for several devices. Electrical test results showed a high degree of performance uniformity between the 48 tested devices. X-ray test beam results showed good performance uniformity within tested devices after accounting for spatially-local defects and edge fields. As a result, this motivates further studies into thin film devices for future tracking detectors.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2022

Peak Prediction Using Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) for Edge Computing ASICs Targeting Scientific Applications

High data rate detectors play an integral part in scientific research and their development is actively pursued at High Energy Physics (HEP) facilities around the world. Edge Machine Learning (ML) offers the ability to reduce data rates by integrating ML algorithms into Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) on the front end electronics. In this work, we explore a set of neural network architectures for predicting the peak amplitudes in the detector's sensor response. We have designed and synthesized several MLP based neural networks comparing their inference accuracy, power consumption, and area targeting for minimal latency. The neural networks are synthesized in a commercial 65nm process. The effect of quantizing the network's weights and biases on hardware performance and area is reported. We also conduct design space exploration to compare between design alternatives

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2021

Present and future of JLab CLAS12 physics program

The CLAS12 detector at Jefferson Lab produced the first results in SIDIS and DI-HADRON reactions. Making use of the CEBAF high energy (up to 11 GeV) and highly longitudinal polartized (up to 90%) electron beam will cover unexplored territories in electron-scattering physics. Exclusive reactions on nuclons and nuclei will be measured with high precision in high luminosity (up to 10e35 cm-2s-1) experiments. Mapping out a new class of structure functions, GPDs and TMDs, detecting and reconstructing exotic meson and baryon states and accessing nucleons correlations in nuclei, in the next decade, the CLAS12 rich physics program will provide insight in the complex dynamics of the QCD paving the road to the EIC physics. In this talk, the CLAS12 detector and JLab Hall-B physics program will be described reporting some preliminary results for flag-ship reactions and plans for future upgrades of the detector.

Battaglieri, Marco↗