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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1982

Conservative supra-characteristics method for splitting the hyperbolic systems of gasdynamics for real and perfect gases

A conservative flux difference splitting is presented for the hyperbolic systems of gasdynamics. The stable robust method is suitable for wide application in a variety of schemes, explicit or implicit, iterative or direct, for marching in either time or space. The splitting is modeled on the local quasi one dimensional characteristics system for multi-dimensional flow similar to Chakravarthy's nonconservative split coefficient matrix method; but, as the result of maintaining global conservation, the method is able to capture sharp shocks correctly. The embedded characteristics formulation is cast in a primitive variable the volumetric internal energy (rather than the pressure) that is effective for treating real as well as perfect gases. Finally the relationship of the splitting to characteristics boundary conditions is discussed and the associated conservative matrix formulation for a computed blown wall boundary condition is developed as an example. The theoretical development employs and extends the notion of Roe of constructing stable upwind difference formulae by sending split simple one sided flux difference pieces to appropriate mesh sites. The developments are also believed to have the potential for aiding in the analysis of both existing and new conservative difference schemes.

Lombard, C. K.↗
NASA NTRS1982

A FORTRAN program for calculating three dimensional, inviscid and rotational flows with shock waves in axial compressor blade rows: User's manual

A FORTRAN-IV computer program was developed for the calculation of the inviscid transonic/supersonic flow field in a fully three dimensional blade passage of an axial compressor rotor or stator. Rotors may have dampers (part span shrouds). MacCormack's explicit time marching method is used to solve the unsteady Euler equations on a finite difference mesh. This technique captures shocks and smears them over several grid points. Input quantities are blade row geometry, operating conditions and thermodynamic quanities. Output quantities are three velocity components, density and internal energy at each mesh point. Other flow quanities are calculated from these variables. A short graphics package is included with the code, and may be used to display the finite difference grid, blade geometry and static pressure contour plots on blade to blade calculation surfaces or blade suction and pressure surfaces. The flow in a low aspect ratio transonic compressor was analyzed and compared with high response total pressure probe measurements and gas fluorescence static density measurements made in the MIT blowdown wind tunnel. These comparisons show that the computed flow fields accurately model the measured shock wave locations and overall aerodynamic performance.

Thompkins, W. T., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Colors on Jupiter

The colors present in the clouds of Jupiter at the time of the Voyager encounters are described as they appear in high resolution images. It is shown that latitude, altitude and dwelltime are all critical factors in determining which colors appear where, although the identities of the responsible chromophores remain unestablished. Simultaneous ground-based 5 micron observations are used to determine the relative altitudes of the cloud systems which are characterized as white clouds, tawny clouds, dark brown cloud belts, and blue-grey hot spots in equatorial regions. Correlations between cloud color and certain latitudes have been maintained for decades, which suggests the importance of the internal energy source.

Owen, T.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Application of active control landing gear technology to the A-10 aircraft

Two concepts which reduce the A-10 aircraft's wing/gear interface forces as a result of applying active control technology to the main landing gear are described. In the first concept, referred to as the alternate concept a servovalve in a closed pressure control loop configuration effectively varies the size of the third stage spool valve orifice which is embedded in the strut. This action allows the internal energy in the strut to shunt hydraulic flow around the metering orifice. The command signal to the loop is reference strut pressure which is compared to the measured strut pressure, the difference being the loop error. Thus, the loop effectively varies the spool valve orifice size to maintain the strut pressure, and therefore minimizes the wing/gear interface force referenced.

Ross, I.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Structure and thermal evolution of the Galilean satellites

Models of the structure and thermal evolution of the Galilean satellites based on the simplest assumptions are described, the most important complications that are likely to exist are identified, and their consequences are explored. Io's internal energy source is modeled based on dissipation of tidal heating due to gravitational interaction with Jupiter and Europa. A proposed contribution due to electrical heating is discussed. Three arguments bearing on Io's dissipation rate are addressed and models for the satellite's interior are discussed. Callisto and Ganymede are treated together in an attempt to model the reasons for their different appearance. It is concluded that the persistence of Ganymede's surface features is due to a prolonged thermal evolution relative to Callisto, probably caused by a higher radioactive content. Theoretical arguments concerning Europa's thermal evolution are more briefly presented.

Cassen, P. M.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Statistical mechanics of dilute liquid mixtures of He3 in He4

The Woo-Tan-Massey quantum-mechanical theory of dilute mixtures of He-3 in liquid He-4 is extended to incorporate superfluid flow. Then statistical-mechanical principles are employed to find explicit formulas for thermodyanmic and hydrodynamic properties of mixtures, such as internal energy, free energy, entropy, pressure, chemical potential, and normal-fluid and superfluid densities. This paper is the first in a planned series that applies methods originally developed for pure liquid He-4 to dilute mixtures as a means of establishing a comprehensive theory that includes a theoretical bridge between a microscopic description of the mixtures and a hydrodynamic two-fluid model. Ultimately effects of applied electric and magnetic fields on dilute solutions are also planned to be treated.

Jackson, H. W.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Hypersonic flows over biconics using a variable-effective-gamma, Parabolized-Navier-Stokes code

Hypersonic flows over straight and bent biconics are calculated for a range of freestream conditions in which the gas behind the shock is treated as either perfect or real. The Parabolized-Navier-Stokes (PNS) equations form the basis of the approximation scheme. Good comparisons with experimental data for pressures, forces and moments, heat transfer, and oil-flow patterns serve to validate the perfect-gas version of the code. Circumferential velocity vector plots further aid in the interpretation of leeside oil-flow patterns. A variable-effective-gamma (VEG) option is implemented for the real-gas calculations. Gamma, now defined as the ratio of enthalpy to internal energy, is determined from a locally valid linear relation in enthalpy and pressure at every mesh point which in turn is calculated from a benchmark equilibrium code. The VEG option is easily incorporated into a host PNS code because it uses the underlying perfect-gas structure of the code. Comparisons to experimental data for heat transfer and shock shape in high enthalpy air have been obtained using the VEG option.

Gnoffo, P. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Laser diagnostics of photochemistry and reaction dynamics

Experiments will be described which illustrate how tunable dye lasers are used to determine the quantum state distributions of the free radicals that are produced in photochemical systems. Other experiments will be described to show how lasers can be used to accurately measure the effects of internal energy upon the rate of chemical reactions.

Jackson, W. M.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Shock compression of liquid helium to 56 GPa (560 kbar)

Shock-wave data are presented for liquid helium which has been compressed to densities up to five times greater than the normal liquid. The helium was heated to temperatures up to 21,000 K, while the maximum pressure attained was 56 GPa. The properties of helium and hydrogen are important for modeling the giant planets Saturn and Jupiter where these elements are the major constituents. Conditions on Saturn are of particular interest because studies have suggested that this planet has an internal energy source which is associated with unmixing and gravitational separation of the hydrogen-helium fluid at pressures below 1 TPa. The existence of this phase transition depends very sensitively on the hydrogen and helium equation of state. In the experiments, strong shock waves were generated by the impact of planar projectiles into cryogenic specimen holders.

Nellis, W. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Shock Compression of Liquid Helium to 56 GPa (560) Kbar

Shock-wave data are presented for liquid helium which has been compressed to densities up to five times greater than the normal liquid. The helium was heated to temperatures up to 21,000 K, while the maximum pressure attained was 56 GPa. The properties of helium and hydrogen are important for modeling the giant planets Saturn and Jupiter where these elements are the major constituents. Conditions on Saturn are of particular interest because studies have suggested that this planet has an internal energy source which is associated with unmixing and gravitational separation the hydrogen-helium fluid at pressures below 1 TPa. The existence of this phase transition depends very sensitively on the hydrogen and helium equation of state. In the experiments, strong shock waves were generated by the impact of planar projectiles into cryogenic specimen holders.

Nellis, W. J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The energetics of hydrogen atom recombination - Analysis, experiments, and modeling

A theoretical investigation of the effect of the microscopic energetics of the recombination reaction on the performance of a microwave-plasma electrothermal propulsion system is described, and the results of the analysis are presented. A series of experiments to test the concept is described and analyzed by comparison with a computer model of the recombination reaction. It is concluded that internal energy considerations are not likely to significantly affect the design of a microwave-plasma electrothermal rocket. The experimental results indicate that the microwave power is far higher than the capacity of the gas to absorb it; the cooling needed to control the energy dominates the experimental results.

Filpus, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Finite difference solutions of heat conduction problems in multi-layered bodies with complex geometries

A numerical procedure is presented for analyzing a wide variety of heat conduction problems in multilayered bodies having complex geometry. The method is based on a finite difference solution of the heat conduction equation using a body fitted coordinate system transformation. Solution techniques are described for steady and transient problems with and without internal energy generation. Results are found to compare favorably with several well known solutions.

Masiulaniec, K. C.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Conjecture about a hurricane system in the Jovian atmosphere

Arguments are presented in support of the hypothesis that the Great Red Spot (GRS) of Jupiter is a giant hurricane, and that the same decription might apply to the smaller vortices such as the white and brown ovals (barges) on the surface of Jupiter. Estimates of the spin-down times constants for the white and brown oval vortices, indicate that the motions must be sustained by the continued release of internal energy. In analogy with the CISK mechanism for terrestrial hurricanes, transport of water vapor is identified as a possible latent energy source. On the basis of the large size and long life time of the GRS, (indicating extreme depth), it is suggested that the hurricane GRS hurricane may have been induced by meteor impact. Voyager 1 images of the GRS are provided.

Mayr, H. G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

A lumped parameter mathematical model for simulation of subsonic wind tunnels

Equations for a lumped parameter mathematical model of a subsonic wind tunnel circuit are presented. The equation state variables are internal energy, density, and mass flow rate. The circuit model is structured to allow for integration and analysis of tunnel subsystem models which provide functions such as control of altitude pressure and temperature. Thus the model provides a useful tool for investigating the transient behavior of the tunnel and control requirements. The model was applied to the proposed NASA Lewis Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT) circuit and included transfer function representations of the tunnel supply/exhaust air and refrigeration subsystems. Both steady state and frequency response data are presented for the circuit model indicating the type of results and accuracy that can be expected from the model. Transient data for closed loop control of the tunnel and its subsystems are also presented, demonstrating the model's use as a control analysis tool.

Krosel, S. M.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Review of methodology and technology available for the detection of extrasolar planetary systems

Four approaches exist for the detection of extrasolar planets. According to the only direct method, the planet is imaged at some wavelength in a manner which makes it possible to differentiate its own feeble luminosity (internal energy source plus reflected starlight) from that of the nearby host star. The three indirect methods involve the detection of a planetary mass companion on the basis of the observable effects it has on the host star. A search is conducted regarding the occurrence of regular, periodic changes in the stellar spatial motion (astrometric method) or the velocity of stellar emission line spectra (spectroscopic method) or in the apparent total stellar luminosity (photometric method). Details regarding the approaches employed for implementing the considered methods are discussed.

Tarter, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Grain temperature fluctuations - A key to infrared spectra

Interstellar grains of radius less than 003 microns are known to have a fluctuating temperature because their internal energy is comparable to the energy of UV and visible photons. The exact resultant grain temperature distribution is given by studying the multiphoton absorption processes. This distribution satisfies an homogeneous integral equation which can be solved by an iteration technique. These small grains generally emit at shorter wavelengths than big cold grians and therefore could help in the interpretation of the infrared spectra (1-1000 microns) of various astrophysical objects.

Desert, F. X.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The origin of the moon and the single-impact hypothesis. I

One of the newer ideas regarding the origin of the moon is concerned with a single-impact hypothesis. It is pointed out that this theory has the advantage of overcoming most of the difficulties with the classical theories. The angular momentum of the earth-moon system can easily be obtained by varying the initial conditions of the impact. A series of three-dimensional numerical simulations of the collision between the earth and an object of about 1/10 its mass is presented. Different impact velocities, impact parameters, and initial internal energies are considered. Attention is given to assumptions, the equation of state, numerical techniques utilizing the momentum equation and the energy conservation equation, tests, and initial conditions and units.

Benz, W.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Simplified curve fits for the thermodynamic properties of equilibrium air

New, improved curve fits for the thermodynamic properties of equilibrium air have been developed. The curve fits are for pressure, speed of sound, temperature, entropy, enthalpy, density, and internal energy. These curve fits can be readily incorporated into new or existing computational fluid dynamics codes if real gas effects are desired. The curve fits are constructed from Grabau-type transition functions to model the thermodynamic surfaces in a piecewise manner. The accuracies and continuity of these curve fits are substantially improved over those of previous curve fits. These improvements are due to the incorporation of a small number of additional terms in the approximating polynomials and careful choices of the transition functions. The ranges of validity of the new curve fits are temperatures up to 25 000 K and densities from 10 to the -7 to 10 to the 3d power amagats.

Srinivasan, S.↗