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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Dielectron production in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02TeV

The first measurement of the 𝑒 + ⁢𝑒 − pair production at midrapidity and low invariant mass in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. The yield of 𝑒 + ⁢𝑒 − pairs is compared with a cocktail of expected hadronic decay contributions in the invariant mass (𝑚𝑒⁢𝑒) and pair transverse momentum (𝑝 T,𝑒⁢𝑒 ) ranges 𝑚 𝑒⁢𝑒 < 3.5 GeV/𝑐 2 and 𝑝 T,𝑒⁢𝑒 < 8 GeV/𝑐. For 0.18 < 𝑚 𝑒⁢𝑒 < 0.5 GeV/𝑐 2 the ratio of data to the cocktail of hadronic contributions amounts to 1.40 ± 0.11⁢(stat.) ± 0.23 ⁢(syst.) ± 0.16⁢ (cocktail) and 1.42 ± 0.11⁢ (stat.) ± 0.23 (syst.)$^{+0.24}_{−0.29}$ ⁢(cocktail), including or not including medium effects in the estimation of the heavy-flavor background, respectively. It is consistent with predictions from two different models for an additional contribution of thermal 𝑒+⁢𝑒− pairs from the hadronic and partonic phases. In the intermediate-mass range (1.2 < 𝑚 𝑒⁢𝑒 < 2.6 GeV/𝑐 2 ), the pair transverse impact parameter of the 𝑒 + ⁢𝑒 − pairs (DCA𝑒⁢𝑒, where “DCA” denotes “distance of closest approach”) is used for the first time in Pb-Pb collisions to separate displaced dielectrons from heavy-flavor hadron decays from a possible (thermal) contribution produced at the interaction point. The data are consistent with a suppression of 𝑒 + ⁢𝑒 − pairs from $𝑐\bar{𝑐}$ and an additional prompt component. Finally, the first direct-photon measurement in the 10% most central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV is reported via the study of virtual direct photons in the transverse momentum range 1 < 𝑝 T < 5 GeV/𝑐. A model including prompt photons, as well as photons from the preequilibrium and fluid-dynamic phases, can reproduce the result, while being at the upper edge of the data uncertainties.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Particle production as a function of charged-particle flattenicity in 𝑝⁢𝑝 collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

This paper reports the first measurement of the transverse momentum (𝑝 T ) spectra of primary charged pions, kaons, (anti)protons, and unidentified particles as a function of the charged-particle flattenicity in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ =13 TeV. Flattenicity is a novel event shape observable that is measured in the pseudorapidity intervals covered by the V0 detector, 2.8 < 𝜂 < 5.1 and −3.7 < 𝜂 < −1.7. According to QCD-inspired phenomenological models, it shows sensitivity to multiparton interactions and is less affected by biases toward larger 𝑝 T due to local multiplicity fluctuations in the V0 acceptance than multiplicity. The analysis is performed in minimum-bias (MB) as well as in high-multiplicity events up to 𝑝 T = 20 GeV/⁢𝑐. The event selection requires at least one charged particle produced in the pseudorapidity interval |𝜂| < 1. The measured 𝑝 T distributions, average 𝑝 T , kaon-to-pion and proton-to-pion particle ratios, presented in this paper, are compared to model calculations using pythia 8 based on color strings and EPOS LHC. The modification of the 𝑝 T -spectral shapes in low-flattenicity events that have large event activity with respect to those measured in MB events develops a pronounced peak at intermediate 𝑝 T (2 < 𝑝 T < 8 GeV/𝑐), and approaches the vicinity of unity at higher 𝑝 T . The results are qualitatively described by pythia, and they show different behavior than those measured as a function of charged-particle multiplicity based on the V0M estimator.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The atmospheric effect of aerosols on future tropical cyclone frequency and precipitation in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model

This study uses experiments from the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) to compare the influence on tropical cyclone (TC) activity of: (i) the atmospheric effect of aerosols under specified sea-surface temperatures (SSTs); and (ii) the net effect of greenhouse gases (GhGs) (including changes in SSTs). The experiments were performed using the CMIP6 Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP5-8.5 emissions scenario with GhG-induced SST warming specified and atmospheric aerosol effects simulated but without explicit ocean coupling. Insignificant changes in global TC frequency are found in response to the atmospheric effect of future aerosols and GhGs, as significant regional responses in TC frequency counteract each other. Future GhGs contribute to more frequent TCs in the North Atlantic, and reductions over the Northwestern Pacific and Southern Indian Ocean. The atmospheric effect of future aerosols drives more frequent TCs over the Northwestern Pacific and reductions over the Northeast Pacific and North Atlantic. Along with increases in TC intensity, global TC precipitation (TCP) is projected to increase by 52.8% (14.1%/K) due to the combined effect of future aerosols and GhGs. Although both forcings contribute to TCP increases (14.7–19.3% from reduced aerosols alone and 28.1–33.3% from increased GhGs alone), they lead to different responses in the spatial structure of TCP. TCP increases preferentially in the inner-core due to increased GhGs, whereas TCP decreases in the inner-core and increases in the outer-bands in response to the atmospheric effects of decreased aerosols. These changes are distinct from those caused by aerosol-induced SST changes, which have been considered in other studies.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Transition of Large-Scale Environmental Conditions and Characteristics of Four Rainfall Types Observed by S-PolKa During the MJO-1 Active Phase of DYNAMO/CINDY/AMIE

Analyses of National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) S-PolKa dual-polarization radar data and ERA5 reanalysis fields indicate gradual changes in convection characteristics and large-scale environmental conditions during a central Indian Ocean Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) event observed by the DYNAMO/CINDY/AMIE field campaigns in late October 2011 (MJO-1). Examination of four rainfall types (isolated convective cores, convective, mixed, and stratiform) reveals a transition of convection characteristics (i.e., areal coverage and depth) between distinct 5-day environmental periods at the beginning and end of this ~2-week MJO active phase. A shift toward less frequent rainfall covering less of the radar domain for all four rainfall types occurs when large-scale lower-tropospheric dry air advects into the region with the westerly wind burst (WWB). Drier and warmer lower-free-tropospheric conditions associated with the WWB contribute to increased large-scale surface-based convective inhibition (CIN), surface-based convective available potential energy (CAPE), and cloud base heights. A thermodynamic budget analysis indicates reduced surface heat fluxes contribute to the increased surface-based CAPE. Greater CAPE at the end of MJO-1 coincides with deeper 50-dBZ convective echoes, while decreased 10-dBZ depth for all rainfall types corresponds in time with WWB-related dry-air advection. Increased (decreased) reflectivity values in the lower-level vertical reflectivity distribution of convective (stratiform) precipitation indicate increased (decreased) convective (stratiform) intensities when the WWB is present. The opposite depth changes for convective echoes and opposite shifts in convective and stratiform precipitation intensities underscore how the WWB can have differing impacts at different reflectivity thresholds and stages of the deep convection lifecycle.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Addendum: Dielectron production in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV

This is an addendum to the article “Dielectron production in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV” published in [Phys. Rev. C 102, 055204 (2020)]. We update the extracted charm cross section at midrapidity given in Table III and Fig. 4 (left) of the original publication with the fragmentation fractions of charm quarks in 𝑝⁢𝑝 collisions published in [Phys. Rev. D 105, L011103 (2022)].

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Higher-order symmetry plane correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV

The correlations between event-by-event fluctuations of symmetry planes are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV recorded by the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. This analysis is conducted using the Gaussian estimator technique, which is insensitive to biases from correlations between different flow amplitudes. The study presents, for the first time, the centrality dependence of correlations involving up to five different symmetry planes. The correlation strength varies depending on the harmonic order of the symmetry plane and the collision centrality. Comparisons with measurements from lower energies indicate no significant differences within uncertainties. Additionally, the results are compared with hydrodynamic model calculations. Although the model predictions provide a qualitative explanation of the experimental results, they overestimate the data for some observables. This is particularly true for correlators that are sensitive to the nonlinear response of the medium to initial-state anisotropies in the collision system. As these new correlators provide unique information—independent of flow amplitudes—their usage in future model developments can further constrain the properties of the strongly interacting matter created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

The influence of surface heat fluxes on the growth of idealized monsoon depressions

This study explores the effect of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes on monsoon depressions using a series of idealized convection-permitting simulations. Each experiment is initialized with a small-amplitude wave that is allowed to grow within an environment representative of the South Asian monsoon. Comparing experiments with and without interactive surface heat fluxes, it is found that these fluxes enhance the growth of the simulated vortices. Without interactive surface fluxes, the strengthening period is short and the vortices fail to reach intensities characteristic of stronger monsoon depressions. Using a large set of experiments in which the vertical and meridional shear are systematically varied, it is found that surface heat fluxes enhance intensity the most when the upper-level shear is weak, the lower-level shear and associated moist static energy (MSE) gradient are sufficiently steep, and the lower-level meridional shear is strong. Here, these experiments reveal two different regimes of convection-coupled monsoon depression growth: one in which convection is driven by MSE advection and one in which it is driven by surface heat fluxes and quasigeostrophic forcing for ascent. Both regimes require sufficiently strong meridional shear to achieve initial growth by barotropic instability.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

IceCube's convex all-sky neutrino spectrum consistent with the magnetically powered corona scenario for active galactic nuclei

High-energy multimessenger background analyses over the past decade have provided evidence for a population of hidden neutrino sources that are opaque to GeV-TeV gamma rays, a picture bolstered by recent observations of the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068. The coronal regions in the hearts of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have been proposed as the most promising sites for such hidden nonthermal particle production, and NGC 1068 is expected to be the most neutrino-active galaxy for IceCube. We demonstrate that the latest all-sky neutrino spectrum, exhibiting a spectral bend around 3-30 TeV, is consistent with predictions of the magnetically powered corona scenario, and the models for the all-sky neutrino flux can simultaneously explain the multimessenger data from NGC 1068 within observational and modeling uncertainties. We further show, in a largely model-independent way, that the contribution from NGC 1068-like sources does not overshoot the observed medium-energy neutrino flux. Finally, we highlight the key role of the Eddington ratio, which can drive substantial variations in the predicted neutrino fluxes of nearby AGNs, and we encourage systematic multimessenger searches for the neutrino-brightest AGNs.

Murase, Kohta [Penn State U.; Penn State U., Unive↗
DOE OSTI2024

Investigating strangeness enhancement in jet and medium via 𝜙⁡(1020) production in 𝑝-Pb collisions at √ s NN = 5.02TeV

This work aims to differentiate strangeness produced from hard processes (jetlike) and softer processes (underlying event) by measuring the angular correlation between a high-momentum trigger hadron (ℎ) acting as a jet proxy and a produced strange hadron [𝜙⁡(1020) meson]. Measuring ℎ−𝜙 correlations at midrapidity in 𝑝-Pb collisions at √ s NN = 5.02TeV as a function of event multiplicity provides insight into the microscopic origin of strangeness enhancement in small collision systems. The jetlike and the underlying-event-like strangeness production are investigated as a function of event multiplicity. They are also compared between a lower and higher momentum region. The evolutions of the per-trigger yields within the near-side (aligned with the trigger hadron) and away-side (in the opposite direction of the trigger hadron) jets are studied separately, allowing for the characterization of two distinct jetlike production regimes. Furthermore, the ℎ−𝜙 correlations within the underlying event give access to a production regime dominated by soft production processes, which can be compared directly to the in-jet production. Comparisons between ℎ−𝜙 and dihadron correlations show that the observed strangeness enhancement is largely driven by the underlying event, where the 𝜙/ℎ ratio is significantly larger than within the jet regions. As multiplicity increases, the fraction of the total 𝜙⁡(1020) yield coming from jets decreases compared to the underlying event production, leading to high-multiplicity events being dominated by the increased strangeness production from the underlying event.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Investigating Λ baryon production in 𝑝-Pb collisions in jets and the underlying event using angular correlations

First measurements of hadron-Λ (ℎ−Λ) azimuthal angular correlations in 𝑝-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider are presented. These correlations are used to separate the production of associated Λ baryons into three different kinematic regions, namely those produced in the direction of the trigger particle (near side), those produced in the opposite direction (away side), and those whose production is uncorrelated with the jet axis (underlying event). The per-trigger associated Λ yields in these regions are extracted, along with the near- and away-side azimuthal peak widths, and the results are studied as a function of associated particle 𝑝 T and event multiplicity. Comparisons with the dpmjet event generator and previous measurements of the 𝜙⁡(1020) meson are also made. The final results indicate that strangeness production in the highest multiplicity 𝑝-Pb collisions is enhanced relative to low multiplicity collisions in both the jetlike regions and the underlying event. The production of Λ relative to charged hadrons is also enhanced in the underlying event when compared to the jetlike regions. Additionally, the results hint that strange quark production in the away-side of the jet is modified by soft interactions with the underlying event.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of 𝜔 meson production in 𝑝⁢𝑝 and 𝑝-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV

We present the measurement of the 𝑝 T -differential production cross section of 𝜔 mesons in pp and 𝑝-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV at midrapidity by ALICE. In addition, the first measurement of the nuclear modification factor 𝑅 𝑝⁢Pb for 𝜔 mesons at LHC energies is presented, complementing the existing measurements of lighter neutral mesons such as the 𝜋 0 and 𝜂. Within the measured 𝑝 T range, the 𝑅 𝑝⁢Pb of 𝜔 mesons is compatible with no cold nuclear matter effects within the uncertainties, consistent with previous measurements at lower energies. The 𝜔/𝜋 0 ratio is presented for both collision systems, showing no collision system dependence within the uncertainties. The comparison to previously published 𝜔/𝜋 0 ratios at lower and higher collision energies in pp collisions suggests a decreasing trend of the ratio above 𝑝T = 4 GeV/𝑐 with increasing collision energy. The data in both collision systems are compared to predictions from PYTHIA 8, EPOS LHC, and DPMJET event generators, revealing significant shortcomings in these models’ ability to describe the production of 𝜔 mesons.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Accessing the deuteron source with pion-deuteron femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV

Femtoscopy of nonidentical particle pairs has been instrumental for precision measurements of both two-particle sources and the final-state interactions in high-energy elementary and heavy-ion collisions. The majority of measurements assessing the source properties are based on identical particle pairs, providing direct access to the characteristics of the single-particle source. The work in this paper demonstrates, via femtoscopy measurements of charged pion-deuteron pairs in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV, the feasibility of accessing the characteristics of the single-particle femtoscopic source by using particle pairs with large mass differences such as pions and deuterons. The first experimental results of the measurement of deuteron source sizes in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions are presented. The results show good agreement with the trend derived from other charged hadrons such as pions, kaons, and protons as a function of transverse mass, indicating similar source properties.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Observation of Kolmogorov turbulence due to multiscale vortices in dusty plasma experiments

We report the experimental observation of fully developed Kolmogorov turbulence originating from self-excited vortex flows in a three-dimensional (3D) dust cloud. The characteristic -5/3 scaling of 3D Kolmogorov turbulence is consistent in both the spatial and temporal energy spectra within a statistical variation of experimental data. Additionally, the 2/3 scaling in the second-order structure function further supports the presence of Kolmogorov turbulence. We also identified a slight deviation in the tails of the probability distribution functions for velocity gradients, a reflection of intermittency. The experiment showed the formation of a dust cloud in the diffused plasma region away from the electrodes. The dust rotation was observed in multiple experimental campaigns under different discharge conditions at different spatial locations and background plasma environments.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

(Un)Explained EMIC Waves: Understanding Quiet Time EMIC Wave Drivers

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are known to be generated through cyclotron resonance with the local ion particle population and grow when there is a large enough temperature anisotropy. In general, these temperature anisotropies necessary for wave growth are found to be associated with either solar wind pressure pulses or particle injections during geomagnetic storms or substorms. However, some EMIC events do not show any clear association with these known drivers and appear unexplained. In our analysis of high-amplitude (>1 nT) non-storm time EMIC waves, we find that 24 out of the 223 (~11%) EMIC events with peak amplitude greater than 1 nT were not found to be associated with any clear EMIC wave driver. This raises a compelling question: What magnetospheric or solar wind driver provides the free energy to grow these quiet-time EMIC waves? Here, we examine two EMIC events on 13 April 2017 and 13 February 2014, which were excited during extremely quiet solar wind and geomagnetic conditions. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of field and particle measurements from multiple data sets, including ground and in situ data for these two events, indicates that extremely weak and otherwise insignificant pressure values and/or very weak substorm injections occurring multiple hours before the event play a significant role in quiet time wave generation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

First inclusive triple-differential measurement of the muon-antineutrino charged-current cross section using the NOvA Near Detector

We present the first measurement of the triple-differential muon antineutrino charged-current inclusive cross section, using the NOvA Near Detector and $12.5 \times 10^{20}$ protons on target in the NuMI beam. This sample of muon antineutrino interactions is the largest ever published, with approximately 1 million selected muon antineutrino events. The triple-differential cross section is measured in the final-state kinetic energy, the scattering angle, and the available energy of the interaction. The measurement enables phase-space regions populated by differing neutrino reaction processes to be isolated and the transition regions between them to be defined. The results are compared with the predictions of the main event generators used in the neutrino community and we observe energy- and angle-dependent discrepancies across a broad range of energies and interaction types

Abubakar, S. [Erciyes U.]↗
DOE OSTI2024

Planning Roadmap for DER Integration in India: Industry Best Practices and Resource Guide

Ensuring safe, reliable, cost-effective DER integration at scale requires holistic planning, broad stakeholder engagement, and should address key development areas such as standards adoption, equipment testing and certification, interoperability and cybersecurity, interconnection procedures, and advanced forecasting and DER management. Each of these areas currently represent significant challenges for utilities, regulators, OEMs, developers, and even consumers worldwide. India has already seen significant growth of DERs and has announced targets for substantial growth yet to come, with the potential for DERs to make up a non-negligible portion of the country's overall generation capacity. As such, it is of critical importance that Indian stakeholders consider the potential impacts of wide-spread adoption of DERs and take preemptive action related to the five development areas listed here, among others. India should consider strategies including the adoption of key DER standards related to interconnection, testing, and cybersecurity; enabling effective and secure communication channels for DER interoperability; testing and certifying DER equipment in accredited testing laboratories; building robust, streamlined interconnection procedures; and revamping legacy system planning structures to incorporate DERs in a holistic planning framework.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

The Linear Collider Facility (LCF) at CERN

In this paper we outline a proposal for a Linear Collider Facility as the next flagship project for CERN. It offers the opportunity for a timely, cost-effective and staged construction of a new collider that will be able to comprehensively map the Higgs boson's properties, including the Higgs field potential, thanks to a large span in centre-of-mass energies and polarised beams. A comprehensive programme to study the Higgs boson and its closest relatives with high precision requires data at centre-of-mass energies from the Z pole to at least 1 TeV. It should include measurements of the Higgs boson in both major production mechanisms, ee -> ZH and ee -> vvH, precision measurements of gauge boson interactions as well as of the W boson, Higgs boson and top-quark masses, measurement of the top-quark Yukawa coupling through ee ->ttH, measurement of the Higgs boson self-coupling through HH production, and precision measurements of the electroweak couplings of the top quark. In addition, ee collisions offer discovery potential for new particles complementary to HL-LHC.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Strengthened Teleconnection of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation and Tropical Easterly Jet in the Past Decades in E3SMv1

The Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SMv1) is a new global model that can generate a weakened tropical easterly jet (TEJ) during the easterly quasi-biennial oscillation (EQBO) and a strengthened TEJ during the westerly QBO (WQBO), which is referred to as the QBO-TEJ teleconnection. Although the longitudinal structure of the QBO-TEJ teleconnection is different between reanalysis and simulations, we hypothesize that simulations can still provide insights into the observed long-term changes in the QBO-TEJ teleconnection. The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project historical simulations (AMIP-historical) generate a strengthened trend in the correlation between the QBO and TEJ indices in the period of 1950–2014 as in reanalysis. The comparison of the AMIP-historical and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project coupled historical simulations (coupled-historical) shows that the warming of the Indian Ocean has played a vital role in the strengthened QBO-TEJ teleconnection over the past six decades.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗