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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS2008

GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper Performance Specifications and Algorithms

The Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is a single channel, near-IR imager/optical transient event detector, used to detect, locate and measure total lightning activity over the full-disk. The next generation NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series will carry a GLM that will provide continuous day and night observations of lightning. The mission objectives for the GLM are to: (1) Provide continuous, full-disk lightning measurements for storm warning and nowcasting, (2) Provide early warning of tornadic activity, and (2) Accumulate a long-term database to track decadal changes of lightning. The GLM owes its heritage to the NASA Lightning Imaging Sensor (1997- present) and the Optical Transient Detector (1995-2000), which were developed for the Earth Observing System and have produced a combined 13 year data record of global lightning activity. GOES-R Risk Reduction Team and Algorithm Working Group Lightning Applications Team have begun to develop the Level 2 algorithms and applications. The science data will consist of lightning "events", "groups", and "flashes". The algorithm is being designed to be an efficient user of the computational resources. This may include parallelization of the code and the concept of sub-dividing the GLM FOV into regions to be processed in parallel. Proxy total lightning data from the NASA Lightning Imaging Sensor on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and regional test beds (e.g., Lightning Mapping Arrays in North Alabama, Oklahoma, Central Florida, and the Washington DC Metropolitan area) are being used to develop the prelaunch algorithms and applications, and also improve our knowledge of thunderstorm initiation and evolution.

Mach, Douglas M.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Initial Processing of Infrared Spectral Data

The Atmospheric Infrared Spectrometer (AIRS) Science Processing System is a collection of computer programs, denoted product generation executives (PGEs), for processing the readings of the AIRS suite of infrared and microwave instruments orbiting the Earth aboard NASA's Aqua spacecraft. Following from level 0 (representing raw AIRS data), the PGEs and their data products are denoted by alphanumeric labels (1A, 1B, and 2) that signify the successive stages of processing. Once level-0 data have been received, the level-1A PGEs begin processing, performing such basic housekeeping tasks as ensuring that all the Level-0 data are present and ordering the data according to observation times. The level-1A PGEs then perform geolocation-refinement calculations and conversions of raw data numbers to engineering units. Finally, the level-1A data are grouped into packages, denoted granules, each of which contain the data from a six-minute observation period. The granules are forwarded, along with calibration data, to the Level-1B PGEs for processing into calibrated, geolocated radiance products. The Level-2 PGEs, which are not yet operational, are intended to process the level-1B data into temperature and humidity profiles, and other geophysical properties.

De Picciotto, Solomon↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

MISR Level 2 Surface parameters (MIL2ASLS_V1)

The Land Surface data include bihemispherical and directional-hemispherical reflectances (albedo), hemispherical directional and bidirectional reflectance factors (BRF), BRF model parameters, leaf-area index (LAI), fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) on a 1.1 km grid. The land surface data include hemispherical directional reflectance factor, bihemispherical reflectance (i.e., albedo), bidirectional reflectance factor, directional hemispherical reflectance, BRF model parameters, FPAR, and terrain-referenced view and illumination angles. [Location=GLOBAL LAND] [Temporal_Coverage: Start_Date=2000-02-24; Stop_Date=] [Spatial_Coverage: Southernmost_Latitude=-90; Northernmost_Latitude=90; Westernmost_Longitude=-180; Easternmost_Longitude=180] [Data_Resolution: Latitude_Resolution=1.1 km - 17.6 km; Longitude_Resolution=1.1 km - 17.6 km; Horizontal_Resolution_Range=1 km - < 10 km or approximately .01 degree - < .09 degree; Temporal_Resolution=about 15 orbits/day].

DIRECTIONAL HEMISPHERICAL REFLECTANCE↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

MISR Level 2 Surface parameters (MIL2ASLS_V2)

The Land Surface data include bihemispherical and directional-hemispherical reflectances (albedo), hemispherical directional and bidirectional reflectance factors (BRF), BRF model parameters, leaf-area index (LAI), fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) on a 1.1 km grid. The land surface data include hemispherical directional reflectance factor, bihemispherical reflectance (i.e., albedo), bidirectional reflectance factor, directional hemispherical reflectance, BRF model parameters, FPAR, and terrain-referenced view and illumination angles. [Location=GLOBAL LAND] [Temporal_Coverage: Start_Date=2000-02-24; Stop_Date=] [Spatial_Coverage: Southernmost_Latitude=-90; Northernmost_Latitude=90; Westernmost_Longitude=-180; Easternmost_Longitude=180] [Data_Resolution: Latitude_Resolution=1.1 km - 17.6 km; Longitude_Resolution=1.1 km - 17.6 km; Horizontal_Resolution_Range=1 km - < 10 km or approximately .01 degree - < .09 degree; Temporal_Resolution=about 15 orbits/day; Temporal_Resolution_Range=Daily - < Weekly, Daily - < Weekly].

BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE FACTOR↗
NASA NTRS1977

Application of remotely sensed land-use information to improve estimates of streamflow characteristics, volume 8

The author has identified the following significant results. Land use data derived from high altitude photography and satellite imagery were studied for 49 basins in Delaware, and eastern Maryland and Virginia. Applying multiple regression techniques to a network of gaging stations monitoring runoff from 39 of the basins, demonstrated that land use data from high altitude photography provided an effective means of significantly improving estimates of stream flow. Forty stream flow characteristic equations for incorporating remotely sensed land use information, were compared with a control set of equations using map derived land cover. Significant improvement was detected in six equations where level 1 data was added and in five equations where level 2 information was utilized. Only four equations were improved significantly using land use data derived from LANDSAT imagery. Significant losses in accuracy due to the use of remotely sensed land use information were detected only in estimates of flood peaks. Losses in accuracy for flood peaks were probably due to land cover changes associated with temporal differences among the primary land use data sources.

Pluhowski, E. J.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Excitation of the low lying vibrational levels of H2O by O(3P) as measured on Spacelab 2

The data from the infrared telescope (IRT), which was flown on space shuttle Challenger Spacelab 2 mission (July 1985), were originally reported by Koch et al. (1987) as originating from near orbital emissions, primarily H2O. In this study, analysis of this data was extended to determine the collisional cross sections for the excitation of the low lying vibrational levels of H2O, present in the orbiter cloud, by atmospheric O(3P). The evaluation of the contribution to the measured signal from solar excitation and ram O excitation of outgassing H2O permits the determination of the H2O column density and the excitation cross section of the (101) level at an O(3P) velocity of approximately 7.75 km/s. Contributions to the radiation in the 1.7-3.0 micron band by transitions from the (100), (001), and multiquantum excited levels are discussed. The findings of the study are (1) the IRT data for the 4.5-9.5 micron and the nighttime data for the 1.7-3.0 micron sensors are consistent with being explained by collision excitation of H2O by O(3P), (2) diurnal variations of 4.5-9.5 micron intensities follow the model predicted O density for a full orbit, (3) daytime increases in the H2O cloud density were not evident, (4) the cross sections for the collisional excitation process are derived and compared to values computated by Johnson (1986) and Redmon et al. (1986), (5) theoretical investigation suggests greater than 60% of the radiation from H2O is a result of multiphoton emission resulting from collisional multiquanta excitation, and (6) the large daytime increase in the 1.7-3.0 micron intensity data suggests that O(+) may likely be instrumental in producing excited H2O(+) through charge exchange.

Meyerott, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Surface Reflectance Product from Geostationary Satellite

We have generated provisional Himawari-8 AHI surface reflectance (SR) product for land and vegetation monitoring. The Himawari-8 AHI surface reflectance product is part of our GeoNEX land products, which integrate level 2 and higher remote sensing data from a set of geostationary satellite sensors (i.e. GOES-16, -17 ABI, Himawari-8 AHI, FY4-A AGRI, and MTG-I). Adapted Multiangle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm is used to process time series Himawari-8 AHI observations. Himawari-8 AHI SR provides gridded and tiled land SR in 1-km resolution with high frequency (every 10 minutes during daylight time). There are three subdatasets: 1) retrieved atmospheric properties (e.g. column water vapor at 0.86 m, aerosol optical depth at 0.47m and 0.51m); 2) spectral (AHI bands 1-6) surface reflectance, kernels of RTLS BRDF model; 3)spectral BRDF kernel weights, and extensive quality assurance flags. The evaluation results show that Himawari-8 AHI data yield much more valid pixels in a single day in the characterization of land surface, when compare to NASA flagship satellite MODIS Terra/Aqua. This observation frequency and resolution of geostationary data should allow for using continuous ecosystem monitoring in diurnal studies at continental scale. Initial evaluations indicate a stable Himawari-8 AHI land SR product.

Li, Shuang↗
NASA NTRS2021

Analysis of Exercise Loads to Inform Vibration Isolation System Design

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted with the primary interest of providing data that would inform Vibration Isolation and Stabilization (VIS) system design and performance for the European Enhanced Exploration Exercise Device (E4D). In preparation for the International Space Station (ISS) in-flight demonstration, a list of critical Human Health Countermeasures (HHC) exercises was compiled [1]. The goal of this study was to assess the ground reaction forces and moments imposed by an exercising subject in each of the six VIS Degrees of Freedom (DOFs) during a comprehensive set of these critical exercises performed on the E4D. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ISS in-flight demonstration list of critical exercises included seated aerobic rowing, bent-over rowing, cycling, front squats, back squats, conventional deadlifts, Romanian deadlifts, heel raises, overhead presses, reverse chops, and power clean presses. At the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) Prototype Immersive Technology (PIT) laboratory, motion capture data were collected on critical E4D exercises for six subjects. At the NASA JSC Active Response Gravity Offload System (ARGOS) facility, additional motion capture and load cell data were collected on offloaded trials for four subjects. Select data were extrapolated to represent a 5th percentile female subject and a 95th percentile male subject. A previous investigation comparing the forces obtained from the load cell and from motion capture based data found a satisfactory level of agreement between the two measurements [2]. The motion capture based data were analyzed for this study since it is driven by the subject’s trajectory alone, automatically excluding any forces exerted on the subject by the ARGOS offloading harness. The OpenSim [3, 4] biomechanical simulation inverse kinematics tool was used to calculate the joint angles based on the locations of motion capture markers placed at key positions on the subject’s body. An OpenSim plugin was then used to obtain the forces and moments generated by the subject during each trial, with the moments computed relative to the equilibrium location of the subject’s feet [5]. The force of gravity was also removed to simulate the loads generated by the exercise when performed in microgravity. The load plots for each trial were generated and visually analyzed to obtain the magnitudes of the peak loads for each exercise in each DOF. The typical period of exercise for each trial was also estimated and used to calculate the frequency for each trial. The exercise loads data was then organized in multiple ways to capture different aspects of the data. As a result of this study, we present a summary of the load magnitudes observed during these critical exercises utilizing the E4D.

C A Bell↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

MISR Level 2 TOA/Cloud Albedo parameters (MIL2TCAL_V2)

The TOA/Cloud Albedo data contain albedo values, including finely-sampled or local (2.2 km) TOA albedos registered to the RLRA, and two coarsely-sampled (35.2 km resolution) TOA albedos projected to 30-km altitude. The local (2.2 km) albedos do not take the obscuration of cloud features into account, so they should only be treated as traditional albedos when the number of obscured pixels is low. The restrictive and expansive albedos are both available at 35.2 km resolution: the restrictive albedos are only calculated using the radiation upwelling from the pixel under consideration, whereas the expansive albedos use all the radiation emanating from the surrounding area. Therefore, the expansive albedo is closer to the traditional definition of top-of-atmosphere albedos. [Temporal_Coverage: Start_Date=2000-02-24; Stop_Date=] [Spatial_Coverage: Southernmost_Latitude=-90; Northernmost_Latitude=90; Westernmost_Longitude=-180; Easternmost_Longitude=180] [Data_Resolution: Latitude_Resolution=1.1 km; Longitude_Resolution=1.1 km; Temporal_Resolution=about 15 orbits/day].

AM-1↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

MISR Level 2 TOA/Cloud Albedo parameters (MIL2TCAL_V1)

The TOA/Cloud Albedo data contain albedo values, including finely-sampled or local (2.2 km) TOA albedos registered to the RLRA, and two coarsely-sampled (35.2 km resolution) TOA albedos projected to 30-km altitude. The local (2.2 km) albedos do not take the obscuration of cloud features into account, so they should only be treated as traditional albedos when the number of obscured pixels is low. The restrictive and expansive albedos are both available at 35.2 km resolution: the restrictive albedos are only calculated using the radiation upwelling from the pixel under consideration, whereas the expansive albedos use all the radiation emanating from the surrounding area. Therefore, the expansive albedo is closer to the traditional definition of top-of-atmosphere albedos. [Location=GLOBAL] [Temporal_Coverage: Start_Date=2000-02-24; Stop_Date=] [Spatial_Coverage: Southernmost_Latitude=-90; Northernmost_Latitude=90; Westernmost_Longitude=-180; Easternmost_Longitude=180] [Data_Resolution: Latitude_Resolution=35.2 km; Longitude_Resolution=35.2 km; Horizontal_Resolution_Range=10 km - < 50 km or approximately .09 degree - < .5 degree; Temporal_Resolution=about 15 orbits/day].

CLOUD TEXTURE↗
NASA NTRS1981

Large-scale variations in observed Antarctic Sea ice extent and associated atmospheric circulation

The 1974 Antarctic large scale sea ice extent is studied from data from Nimbus 2 and 5 and temperature and sea level pressure fields from the Australian Meteorological Data Set. Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer data were three-day averaged and compared with 1000 mbar atmospheric pressure and sea level pressure data, also in three-day averages. Each three-day period was subjected to a Fourier analysis and included the mean latitude of the ice extent and the phases and percent variances in terms of the first six Fourier harmonics. Centers of low pressure were found to be generally east of regions which displayed rapid ice growth, and winds acted to extend the ice equatorward. An atmospheric response was also noted as caused by the changing ice cover.

Cavalieri, D. J.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Land Surface Temperature Measurements from EOD MODIS Data

We made more tests of the version 2.0 daily Level 2 and Level 3 Land-Surface Temperature (LST) code (PGE 16) jointly with the MODIS Science Data Support Team (SDST). After making minor changes a few times, the PGE16 code has been successfully integrated and tested by MODIS SDST, and recently has passed the inspection at the Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). We conducted a field campaign in the area of Mono Lake, California on March 10, 1998, in order to validate the MODIS LST algorithm in cold and dry conditions. Two MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS) flights were completed during the field campaign, one before noon, and another around 10 pm PST. The weather condition for the daytime flight was perfect: clear sky, the column water vapor measured by radiosonde around 0.3 cm, and wind speed less than a half meter per second. The quality of MAS data is good for both day and night flights. We analyzed the noise equivalent temperature difference (NE(delta)T) and the calibration accuracy of the seven MAS thermal infrared (TIR) bands, that are used in the MODIS day/night LST algorithm, with daytime MAS data over four flat homogeneous study areas: two on Grant Lake (covered with ice and snow, respectively), one on Mono Lake, and another on the snow field site where we made field measurements. NE(delta)T ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 k for bands 42, 45, 46, and 48. It ranges from 0.8 to 1.1 K for bands 30-32. The day and night MAS data have been used to retrieve surface temperature and emissivities in these bands. A simple method to correct the effect of night thin cirrus has been incorporated into the day/night LST algorithm in dry atmospheric conditions. We compared the retrieved surface temperatures with those measured with TIR spectrometer, radiometers and thermistors in the snow test site, and the retrieved emissivity images with topographic map. The daytime LST values match well within 1 K. The night LST retrieved from MAS data is 3.3 K colder than those from field measurements most likely because of the effect of haze at night. The good agreement among the regional averaged surface temperatures obtained from LST values retrieved at different resolutions increased our confidence in the MODIS day/night LST algorithm.

Wan, Zheng-Ming↗
NASA NTRS1991

Marine research using data from TOPEX/Poseidon

The Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL), the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon Laboratory (IOSDL), and the British National Space Centre (BNSC) plan to use radar altimeter data from the TOPEX/POSEIDON mission in five main areas of research. These are: (1) investigation of variations in Southern Ocean sea levels and circulation; (2) related numerical modeling and data assimilation; (3) global and regional ocean tides; (4) North Sea and northeast Atlantic studies; and (5) winds and waves. Each one of these topics is described briefly below while more information can be extracted from the United Kingdom response to the TOPEX/POSEIDON Announcement of Opportunity.

Woodworth, Philip L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Average high latitude magnetic field: Variations with interplanetary sector and with season. 2: Comparison of disturbance levels and discussion of ionospheric currents

Average high latitude magnetic field data from northern observatories are examined for three ranges of magnetic disturbance level, Kp = 1 minus to 1+,2 minus to 3+, and or = 4 minus. Except for 0-8h MLT, 55-78 deg invariant latitude, during away interplanetary magnetic field sectors, the variations between season and sector have the the same characteristics at all Kp ranges. Because the amplitude of sector differences is much larger at sunlit local times than in the midnight sector, it is concluded that the current system of Svalgaard (1973) is not adequate to describe the sector variations in magnetic disturbance, other current systems are discussed briefly. The disturbance morphology and seasonal variation at all Kp levels confirms the results of previous studies which indicate that latitudinally broad current systems and non-ionospheric sources are present in addition to latitudinally narrow electrojet currents. Comparison of data between Kp levels indicates that the Harang discontinuity shifts toward earlier MLT with increasing Kp level.

Langel, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Early Radiometric Validation Results of the Ceres Flight Model 1 and 2 Instruments Onboard NASA's Terra Spacecraft

The CERES Flight Model 1 and 2 instruments were launched aboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra Spacecraft on December 18, 1999 into a 705 Km sun-synchronous orbit with a 10:30 a.m. equatorial crossing time. These instruments supplement measurements made by the CERES Proto Flight Model (PFM) instrument launched aboard NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spacecraft on November 27, 1997 into a 350 Km, 38-degree mid-inclined orbit. An important aspect of the EOS program is the rapid archival and dissemination of datasets measured by EOS instruments to the scientific community. On September 22, 2000 the CERES Science Team voted to archive the Edition 1 CERES/Terra Level 1b and Level 2 and 3 ERBE-Like data products. These products consist of instantaneous filtered and unfiltered radiances through temporally and spatially averaged TOA fluxes. CERES filtered radiance measurements cover three spectral bands including shortwave (0.3 to 5 micron), total (0.3 to less than 100 microns) and an atmospheric window channel (8 to 12 microns). The current work summarizes both the philosophy and results of validation efforts undertaken to quantify the quality of the Terra data products as well as the level of agreement between the Terra and TRMM datasets.

Priestley, K. J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Satellite Power Systems (SPS) concept definition study. Volume 2: SPS system requirements

Collected data reflected the level of definition resulting from the evaluation of a broad spectrum of SPS (satellite power systems) concepts. As the various concepts matured, these requirements were updated to reflect the requirements identified for the projected satellite system/subsystem point design(s). The study established several candidate concepts which were presented to provide a basis for the selection of one or two approaches that would be given a more comprehensive examination. The two selected concepts were expanded and constitute the selected system point designs. The identified system/subsystem requirements was emphasized and information on the selected point design was provided.

Hanley, G.↗
NASA NTRS2015

CO2 Data Distribution and Support from the Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Center (GES-DISC)

This talk will describe the support and distribution of CO2 data products from OCO-2, AIRS, and ACOS, that are archived and distributed from the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center. We will provide a brief summary of the current online archive and distribution metrics for the OCO-2 Level 1 products and plans for the Level 2 products. We will also describe collaborative data sets and services (e.g., matchups with other sensors) and solicit feedback for potential future services.

AIRS↗