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At least 163 records · Page 9

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NASA NTRS1991

Spacecraft thermal energy accommodation from atomic recombination

Measurements of atomic recombination probabilities important in determining energy release to reusable spacecraft thermal protection surfaces during reentry are presented. An experimental apparatus constructed to examine recombination of atomic oxygen from thermal protection and reference materials at reentry temperatures is described. The materials are examined under ultrahigh vacuum conditions to develop and maintain well characterized surface conditions that are free of contamination. When compared with stagnation point heat transfer measurements performed in arc jet facilities, these measurements indicate that a significant fraction of the excess energy available from atom recombination is removed from the surface as metastable O2.

Carleton, Karen L.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Acute effects of head-down tilt and hypoxia on modulators of fluid homeostasis

In an effort to understand the interaction between acute postural fluid shifts and hypoxia on hormonal regulation of fluid homeostasis, the authors measured the responses to head-down tilt with and without acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), plasma aldosterone (ALD), and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured in six healthy male volunteers who were exposed to a head-down tilt protocol during normoxia and hypoxia. The tilt protocol consisted of a 17 degrees head-up phase (30 minutes), a 28 degrees head-down phase (1 hour), and a 17 degrees head-up recovery period (2 hours, with the last hour normoxic in both experiments). Altitude equivalent to 14,828 ft was simulated by having the subjects breathe an inspired gas mixture with 13.9% oxygen. The results indicate that the postural fluid redistribution associated with a 60-minute head-down tilt induces the release of ANP and cGMP during both hypoxia and normoxia. Hypoxia increased cGMP, cAMP, ALD, and PRA throughout the protocol and significantly potentiated the increase in cGMP during head-down tilt. Hypoxia had no overall effect on the release of ANP, but appeared to attenuate the increase with head-down tilt. This study describes the acute effects of hypoxia on the endocrine response during fluid redistribution and suggests that the magnitude, but not the direction, of these changes with posture is affected by hypoxia.

Posture↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Lunar Surface Missions for Resource Reconnaissance: NASA's PRIME-1 and VIPER

In 2019 NASA announced it would return to the Moon where it would seek to establish a sustainable lunar presence. In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) is a critical part of the infrastructure needed to sustain and grow human surface exploration. NASA further codified its ISRU intentions with the release of the Moon to Mars objectives in 2022, which calls out specific infrastructure goals, and in the release of the Architecture Definition Document in 2023. While there are a variety of resources that are of interest, including oxygen from regolith minerals, water is a game changing resource for in-situ consumable and propellant production. NASA’s intention of targeting of the lunar polar region for Artemis is, in part due to the potential of water resources there.

Lunar↗

NASA NTRS1978

Artificially created holes in the ionosphere

The artificial creation of ionospheric holes by the release of highly reactive molecules into the F region is investigated. Through ion-atom interchange or charge transfer reactions, H2 or H2O reacts with O(+) to form OH(+) or H2O(+), respectively, which subsequently dissociatively recombines with electrons at a very rapid rate. The diffusion of H2 is also modified by chemical loss to the ambient atomic oxygen atmosphere. The limited spatial and temporal extent of the hole-making process allows several approximations to be made which permit three-dimensional analytic solutions of the continuity equations for the released particles, the O(+) and e(-) densities, and the intermediary molecular ions. A versatile formalism is developed whereby the hole-making capability of virtually any spatial-temporal configuration of released particles can be determined by convolving a set of destruction operators which can be viewed as Green's functions for the problem. As a specific application of the techniques developed, the modification of a winter nighttime ionosphere is described by simulating the release of 1000 kg of water vapor near a height of 300 km.

Mendillo, M.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Solar wind and terrestrial atmosphere effects on lunar sample surface composition

Samples returned from the Apollo missions have been shown to have undergone a partial surface oxidation with the degree of oxidation being dependent on the intensity and duration of exposure to a terrestrial or other oxidizing atmosphere. Exposure to atomic hydrogen at room temperature, or molecular hydrogen above 100 C results in a surface reduction. The adsorption of water vapor on a test sample was found to be only slightly dependent on the state of surface oxidation, a situation consistent with the formation of hydroxyl groups on the surface when a sample is exposed to hydrogen. That hydroxyl groups are indeed formed is substantiated by the release of water vapor (and by release of heavy water following exposure to deuterium), indicating that water vapor can be synthesized from solar wind hydrogen and sample oxygen. Observations of trace amounts of methane indicate that the reduction process is by no means restricted to the formation of water vapor.

Cadenhead, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Formation and decay of (3P(J))O atoms in the laser flash photolysis of chlorine dioxide (OClO) at 308 nm

The quantum yields of O(3P(J)) and Cl(2P(3/2)) atoms released in the laser flash photolysis of OClO at 308 and 298 K were determined and the kinetics of the subsequent oxygen atom decay was investigated using time-resolved atomic resonance fluorescence measurements. The results are consistent with the formation of sym-ClO3 having a Delta Hf(ClO3) (formed in the reaction O + OClO + Ar) of 55.6 +/-4 kcal/mol.

Colussi, A. J.↗

NASA NTRS1949

Constant-Pressure Combustion Charts Including Effects of Diluent Addition

Charts are presented for the calculation of (a) the final temperatures and the temperature changes involved in constant-pressure combustion processes of air and in products of combustion of air and hydrocarbon fuels, and (b) the quantity of hydrocarbon fuels required in order to attain a specified combustion temperature when water, alcohol, water-alcohol mixtures, liquid ammonia, liquid carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, or their mixtures are added to air as diluents or refrigerants. The ideal combustion process and combustion with incomplete heat release from the primary fuel and from combustible diluents are considered. The effect of preheating the mixture of air and diluents and the effect of an initial water-vapor content in the combustion air on the required fuel quantity are also included. The charts are applicable only to processes in which the final mixture is leaner than stoichiometric and at temperatures where dissociation is unimportant. A chart is also included to permit the calculation of the stoichiometric ratio of hydrocarbon fuel to air with diluent addition. The use of the charts is illustrated by numerical examples.

Turner, L Richard↗

NASA NTRS2015

The Investigation of Perchlorate/Iron Phase Mixtures as A Possible Source of Oxygen Detected by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument in Gale Crater, Mars

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument onboard the Curiosity rover detected O2 and HCl gas releases from the Rocknest (RN) eolian bedform and the John Klein (JK) and Cumberland (CB) drill hole materials in Gale Crater. Chlorinated hydrocarbons have also been detected by the SAM quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GCMS). These detections along with the detection of perchlorate (ClO4-) by the Mars Phoenix Lander's Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) suggesting perchlorate is a possible candidate for evolved O2 and chlorine species. Laboratory thermal analysis of individual per-chlorates has yet to provide an unequivocal temperature match to the SAM O2 and HCl release data. These detections along with the detection of perchlorate (ClO4-) by the Mars Phoenix Lander's Wet Chemistry Laboratory suggested perchlorate is a possible candidate for evolved O2 and chlorine species. Laboratory thermal analysis of pure perchlorates has yet to provide an unequivocal temperature match to the SAM O2 and HCl release data. Analog laboratory analysis of iron mineralogy detected in Gale materials that was physically mixed with Ca- and Mg-perchlorate has been shown to catalyze lower O2 release temperatures and approach some SAM O2 release data. Instead of physical mixtures used in previous work, the work presented here utilized perchlorate solutions added to Fe phases. This technique allowed for perchlorate to come in closer contact with the Fe-phase and may more closely mimic Mars conditions where humidity can increase enough to cause deliquescence of the highly hygroscopic perchlorate phases. The objective of this work is to: 1) Utilize a laboratory SAM analog instrument to evaluate the O2 release temperatures from Mg- and Ca-perchlorates solutions applied to Fephases detetected in Gale Crate; and 2) Determine if perchlorate solutions can provide improved matches with the SAM O2 temperature release profiles.

Sutter, B.↗

NASA NTRS1966

Microorganisms detected by enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Enzymes detect the presence of microorganisms in soils. The enzyme lysozymi is used to release the enzyme catalase from the microorganisms in a soil sample. The catalase catalyzes the decomposition of added hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen which is detected manometrically. The partial pressure of the oxygen serves as an index of the samples bacteria content.

Vango, S. P.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Research projects for the period ending September 15, 1973 are reported as follows: (1) the abundances of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and the processes by which it is released from carbonate deposits in the earth and then transferred to organic material by photosynthesis; the pathways for movement of carbon and oxygen through the atmosphere; (2) space science computation assistance by PDP computer; the performance characteristics and user instances; (3) OGO-6 data analysis studies of the variations of nighttime ion temperature in the upper atmosphere.

Johnson, F. S.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Kinetics of hydrogen release from lunar soil

With increasing interest in a lunar base, there is a need for extensive examination of possible lunar resources. Hydrogen will be needed on a lunar base for many activities including providing fuel, making water, and serving as a reducing agent in the extraction of oxygen from its ores. Previous studies have shown the solar wind has implanted hydrogen in the lunar regolith and that hydrogen is present not only in the outer layer of soil but to considerable depths, depending on the sampling site. If this hydrogen is to be mined and used on the lunar surface, a number of questions need to be answered. How much energy must be expended in order to release the hydrogen from the soil. What temperatures must be attained, and how long must the soil be heated. This study was undertaken to provide answers to practical questions such as these. Hydrogen was determined using a Pyrolysis/GC technique in which hydrogen was released by heating the soil sample contained in a quartz tube in a resistance wire furnace, followed by separation and quantitative determination using a gas chromatograph with a helium ionization detector. Heating times and temperatures were varied, and particle separates were studied in addition to bulk soils. The typical sample size was 10 mg of lunar soil. All of the soils used were mature soils with similar hydrogen abundances. Pre-treatments with air and steam were used in an effort to find a more efficient way of releasing hydrogen.

Bustin, Roberta↗

NASA NTRS1980

Vacuum applications of metal foams

Several vacuum applications of copper foams in the density range 2-5% and pore sizes of 0.5-0.7 mm are discussed, such as a foreline hydrocarbon trap in a mechanical vacuum pump, a molecular-flow resistor, a diffuser, and a water injector. Other suggested applications include the use of foam copper in the form of an externally heated plug to remove traces of oxygen from inert gases bled into a vacuum system through a stainless steel line and the use of the porous surface for minimizing release of secondary electrons from electrodes in the path of charged particle beams.

Kendall, B. R. F.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Aerospect operations criteria for Mercury thresholds

The hazards anticipated from a large scale mercury spill during a possible failure in the preflight and early flight stages of the Space Shuttle were studied. Toxicity thresholds were investigated as well as other consequences of mercury interacting with the environment. Three sites of mercury spill were investigated: land, water, and atmosphere. A laboratory study of interactions between mercury vapor and ozone in a low pressure, high ultraviolet radiation environment approximated the conditions of a mercury vapor release in the ozone layer region of the stratosphere. Clear evidence of an interaction leading to the destruction of ozone by conversion to oxygen was obtained. The impact of a spill on the Earth's environment and methods of early detection of a developing hazard wave of primary concern in the study.

Katz, S.↗

NASA NTRS1996

STS-80 Flight Day 4

On this fourth day of the STS-80 mission, the flight crew, Cmdr. Kenneth D. Cockrell, Pilot Kent V. Rominger, Mission Specialists, Tamara E. Jernigan, Thomas D. Jones, and F. Story Musgrave, busily begin final preparations for the release of Wake Shield. Jones powers up the shuttle's Canadian-built robot arm and grapples the satellite, while Jernigan powers up the Orbiter Space Vision System, which will be used to track precisely the Wake Shield's location. Cockrell places Columbia in a gravity gradient attitude to minimize disturbances during the release. Jones uses the robot arm to hold Wake Shield in position for a two-and-a-half hour cleansing by atomic oxygen molecules before moving the arm to the deploy position.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1997

STS-80 Mission Highlights Resource Tape

The flight crew of STS-80, Cmdr. Kenneth D. Cockrell, Pilot Kent V. Rominger, Mission Specialists, Tamara E. Jernigan, Thomas D. Jones, and F. Story Musgrave are seen performing pre-launch activities such as eating the traditional breakfast, being suited-up, and riding out to the launch pad. Also, included are various panoramic views of the shuttle on the pad. The crew is readied in the 'white room' for their mission. After the closing of the hatch and arm retraction, launch activities are shown including the countdown, engine ignition, launch, and the separation of the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB) from the shuttle. The crew completes the first major objective of the mission with the deployment of the Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ORFEUS) on the reusable Shuttle Pallet Satellite. The crew than begins final preparations for the release of Wake Shield. Jones powers up the shuttle's Canadian-built robot arm and grapples the satellite, while Jernigan powers up the Orbiter Space Vision System, which will be used to track precisely the Wake Shield's location. Cockrell places Columbia in a gravity gradient attitude to minimize disturbances during the release. Jones uses the robot arm to hold Wake Shield in position for a two-and-a-half hour cleansing by atomic oxygen molecules before moving the arm to the deploy position. The failure of the hatch to properly open causes the cancellation of all EVA's planned for this mission by Jernigan and Jones. The mission ends with the shuttle landing at the Kennedy Space Center.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS2014

The Investigation of Magnesium Perchlorate/Iron Phase-mineral Mixtures as a Possible Source of Oxygen and Chlorine Detected by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument in Gale Crater, Mars

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument onboard the Curiosity rover detect-ed O2 and HCl gas releases from the Rocknest (RN) eolian bedform and the John Klein (JK) and Cumber-land (CB) drill hole materials in Gale Crater (Fig. 1) [1,2]. Chlorinated hydrocarbons have also been detect-ed by the SAM quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GCMS) [1,2,3,4]. These detections along with the detection of perchlorate (ClO4(-)) by the Mars Phoenix Lander's Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) [5] suggesting perchlo-rate is a possible candidate for evolved O2 and chlorine species. Laboratory thermal analysis of individual per-chlorates has yet to provide an unequivocal tempera-ture match to the SAM O2 and HCl release data [1,2]. Catalytic reactions of Fe phases in the Gale Crater ma-terial with perchlorates can potentially reduce the de-composition temperatures of these otherwise pure per-chlorate/chlorate phases [e.g., 6,7]. Iron mineralogy found in the Rocknest materials when mixed with Ca-perchlorate was found to cause O2 release temperatures to be closer match to the SAM O2 release data and enhance HCl gas releases. Exact matches to the SAM data has unfortnunately not been achieved with Ca-perchlorate-Fe-phase mixtures [8]. The effects of Fe-phases on magnesium perchlorate thermal decomposi-tion release of O2 and HCl have not been evaluated and may provide improved matches to the SAM O2 and HCl release data. This work will evaluate the thermal decomposition of magnesium perchlorate mixed with fayalite/magnetite phase and a Mauna Kea palagonite (HWMK 919). The objectives are to 1) summarize O2 and HCl releases from the Gale Crater materials, and 2) evaluate the O2 and HCl releases from the Mg-perchlorate + Fe phase mixtures to determine if Mg-perchlorate mixed with Fe-phases can explain the Gale Crater O2 and HCl releases.

Sutter, B.↗

NASA NTRS2014

The Investigation of Chlorates as a Possible Source of Oxygen and Chlorine Detected by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument in Gale Crater, Mars

Sutter, B.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Microgravity combustion discipline working group summary of requirements for noncontact temperature measurements

Current efforts of the Microgravity Combustion Working Group are summarized and the temperature measurement requirements for the combustion studies are defined. Many of the combustion systems that are studied in the low gravity environment are near-limit systems, that is, systems that are acting near the limit of flammability in terms of oxygen concentration or fuel concentration. Systems of this type are normally weak in the sense that there is a delicate balance between the heat released in the flame and the heat required to sustain the flame. Intrusive or perturbative temperature measurement probes can be inaccurate in these situations and in the limiting case extinguish the flame. Noncontact techniques then become the only way to obtain the required measurements. Noncontact measurement requirements for each of the three thermodynamic phases are described in terms of spatial and temporal resolution and temperature range.

Sacksteder, Kurt↗