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At least 163 records · Page 9

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DOE OSTI2026

Enhancing Building Resilience: Maintaining Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort During Power Outages in Cold Climates

The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and cold snaps, present significant challenges to building energy performance and occupant comfort. Highly correlated with climate events are widespread long duration power interruptions that may affect thousands of buildings and millions of customers. This study evaluates the impact of building energy performance and occupant thermal comfort in medium-sized office buildings in a cold climate region. Using energy models representing pre-1980 and 2019 vintages, simulations were conducted to assess energy performance under typical weather conditions and occupant thermal comfort during power interrupted extreme cold snap and heatwave climate events under both current 2020s and future 2050s weather conditions. The results show a projected 33% increase in cooling energy demand and a 19% reduction in heating energy by 2050. Findings reveal that older buildings are more susceptible to cold discomfort during cold snaps, while modern airtight buildings are more vulnerable to overheating during heatwaves. Various passive energy efficiency measures, such as improved infiltration control, thermal windows, solar-controlled windows, and cool envelopes, were evaluated for their ability to mitigate thermal discomforts. Solar controlled windows and weatherstripping contribute to reducing cold thermal discomfort by 21% during a power-interrupted cold snap. Solar-controlled windows were found to reduce hot thermal discomfort by 34% during a future power-interrupted heatwave. The study highlights the importance of targeted retrofitting strategies to enhance thermal resilience, especially during power outages, to ensure occupant safety and comfort during extreme climate events.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Customizable wave tailoring nonlinear materials enabled by bilevel inverse design

Abstract Passive wave transformation via nonlinearity is ubiquitous in settings from acoustics to optics and electromagnetics. It is well known that different nonlinearities yield different effects on propagating signals, which raises the question of “what precise nonlinearity is the best for a given wave tailoring application?” In this work, considering a one-dimensional spring-mass chain connected by polynomial springs (a variant of the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou system), we introduce a bilevel inverse design method which couples the shape optimization of structures for tailored constitutive responses with reduced-order nonlinear dynamical inverse design. We apply it to two qualitatively distinct problems—minimization of peak transmitted kinetic energy from impact, and pulse shape transformation—demonstrating our method’s breadth of applicability. For the impact problem, we obtain two fundamental insights. First, small differences in nonlinearity can drastically change the dynamic response of the system, from severely under- to outperforming a comparative linear system. Second, the oft-used strategy of impact mitigation via “energy locking” bistability can be significantly outperformed by our optimal nonlinearity. We validate this case with impact experiments and find excellent agreement. This study establishes a framework for broader passive nonlinear mechanical wave tailoring material design, with applications to computing, signal processing, shock mitigation, and autonomous materials.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

DOE OSTI2020

Reducing Cost of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compound Remediation by Transitioning from Active to Passive Soil Vapor Extraction - 20157

Areas of high chlorinated volatile organic compound (cVOC) contamination at the Savannah River Site (SRS) have been undergoing remediation via soil vapor extraction, sometimes coupled with thermal treatments to enhance extraction rates. These active systems are effective in removing large amounts of contaminant mass from the subsurface and mitigating the impacts to groundwater. However, as extraction rates decline, costs must be evaluated with respect to the benefit of continued active operation. A decision framework for identifying conditions when a transition to a more passive remediation is appropriate has been developed with state and federal regulatory agencies. Two remediation areas have recently been transitioned from active soil vapor extraction (ASVE) to passive soil vapor extraction (PSVE) at the SRS. Performance evaluation goals including plume stabilization, overall mass removal trends, environmental sustainability and costs were considered in transitioning from active remediation to passive technologies at both sites. At the Dynamic Underground Stripping (DUS) project at the M-Area Settling Basin, ASVE was combined with steam injection to extract cVOCs during active operations. Steam injection occurred from September 2005 to September 2009. DUS utilized 63 steam injection wells, 34 active vapor extraction wells, and 3 active soil vapor extraction units (SVEUs). Two active SVEUs had 60 horsepower blowers; the third had a 25-horsepower blower. Mass removal was closely tracked during DUS operations; over 181,437 kilograms (400,000 pounds) of cVOCs were removed while active steam injection occurred. After steaming was stopped, ASVE continued. The 34 active wells were evaluated in 2012. The ASVE wells were grouped into categories of high, medium, and low extraction rates. High producing wells remained connected to a single active SVEU. Low producing wells were abandoned, and the medium producing wells were transitioned to PSVE (Microblowers{sup TM}). Microblowers{sup TM} utilize a dedicated blower per well and are solar powered. This passive technology provides energy, maintenance, and operation costs savings while still providing an efficient reduction in cVOC migration to groundwater. In 2018, the remaining ASVE wells were evaluated again. The purpose of this testing was to identify which wells removed the most mass. An optimal well configuration was determined. The criteria to discontinue ASVE was removal of less than 18 kilograms (40 pounds) per week of cVOCs. After 3 months of shutdown (rebound conditions), 2.7 kilograms (5.9 pounds) of cVOCs per week were being removed. Data from the rebound test justified ending ASVE and transitioning wells with higher extraction rates to PSVE. Wells that had depleted the cVOC mass within their zone of influence were abandoned. Performance data from existing PSVE wells justified ending PSVE at wells with depleted extraction rates. Currently the system has 16 PSVE wells operating. Another ASVE system was being used to treat cVOC contaminated soil at the A-Area Miscellaneous Rubble Pile (AMRP) at SRS. System operation began in 2004, with 7 ASVE wells connected to a 60- horsepower blower. Mass removal rates and contaminant concentrations remained consistently low over the ASVE lifespan at AMRP. This indicated that mass removal was diffusion limited. With this data, the 7 ASVE wells were transitioned to PSVE in 2017. Twelve pressure monitoring points were also transitioned to PSVE wells. AMRP currently has 19 PSVE wells operating. Both transitions from active to passive remediation had concurrence from the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. These transitions ensure that only the necessary amount of energy is being exerted to remediate the environment. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2024

Microbial Reduction of Manganese Oxides From AMD Solids for the Biomining of Critical Minerals / Rare Earth Elements

Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage (AMD) is a source of critical minerals (CMs) that can be biomined to increase domestic CM production for the growing tech industry while mitigating current AMD hazardous waste. Pennsylvania has ~11,000 abandoned mines, ~500 of which are currently being treated with passive remediation systems (PRS), designed to increase the pH and precipitate AMD waste onsite. Manganese (Mn) that precipitates from AMD waste can co-precipitate with CMs, and the Mn and CMs will accumulate on the PRS solids over the treatment period. This results in high Mn/CM solids that could produce a valuable leachate if resolubilized. Mn reduction and solubilization can occur through microbial driven geochemical changes such as the acidification of the environment, and it is expected that Mn resolubilization will lead to a co-resolubilization of the CMs. Investigation and stimulation of this microbial resolubilization could result in an affordable CM release process that does not require chemical additives into the environment. However the microbial mechanisms that contribute to Mn resolubilization are poorly understood. Here, we have isolated bacteria capable of resolubilizing Mn from AMD PRS. Five of the bacteria isolates have been identified as Bacillus spp. and two as Corynebacterium spp. that ferment glucose to reduce/solubilize Mn MnO2 by acidogenesis. The bacterial isolates are also capable of solubilizing Mn and CMs (Y, Zr, Sb, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) from AMD PRS precipitated solids through their production of organic acids. Determining the microbial metabolism and genes involved in the resolubilization of manganese is crucial to optimize the biomining of CMs from AMD solid precipitants. This work addresses the growing need to develop novel CM recovery methods from domestic sources.

critical minerals↗

NASA NTRS2007

The Disposal of Spacecraft and Launch Vehicle Stages in Low Earth Orbit

This viewgraph presentation reviews the rationale for disposal of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satelites and other spacecraft after the operational lifetime for the space craft and launch vehicle stages. It also reviews the National and International Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, LEO Spacecraft Disposals, and the LEO Launch Vehicle Stage Disposals. Several examples of space craft disposals or passivation are given.

Johnson, Nicholas L.↗

NASA NTRS2020

Retrieval of RFI Characteristics Using L-Band Satellite Data

Radio-frequency interference (RFI) has had a detrimental effect on L-band passive observatories such as SMOS, Aquarius and SMAP. A better knowledge of the characteristics of RFI signals might help mitigate this issue by leading to additional and better focused RFI detection algorithms and it might help identify RFI emitters on the ground. In this study we present approaches to retrieve some of the features of the RFI signals using SMAP data and we present some statistical considerations about the temporal and spectral characteristics of RFI sources.

Yan Soldo↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Evaluating Sensory Augmentation as A Non-Pharmaceutical Tool to Mitigate Motion Sickness and Enhance Sensorimotor Task Performance: A Pilot Study Using Simulated Capsule Wave Motion

Wave motion during capsule recovery operations can result in motion sickness and performance decrements exacerbating reentry sickness following long duration spaceflight. The purpose of this pilot study was (1) to validate a capsule wave motion simulation as a platform to evaluate motion sickness countermeasures and (2) to evaluate a sensory augmentation belt providing vibrotactile feedback of gravitational upright. Ten healthy subjects ages 38.0 ± 10.1 (6M|4F) were exposed to complex wave motions on a six degree-of-freedom platform that included pitch, roll, and heave at provocative stimulus frequencies (0.1-0.25 Hz) while seated in an illuminated cabin deprived of external visual cues. Subjects reported acute symptoms for up to three consecutive 15 min trials or until they reached a motion sickness endpoint of 8 pts on the Pensacola Diagnostic Index (PDI). Five subjects were randomly assigned to the Sensory Augmentation (SA) group while the other five served as controls (CN group). Based on a Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire, the two groups had similar motion sickness histories (susceptibility percentile ranking of CN group = 27.5 ± 63.6 in the CN group versus 27.5 ± 37.0 in the SA group, median ± IQR). The vibrotactile feedback consisted of a single array of 8 electromechanical tactors positioned around the torso on an adjustable belt (Engineering Acoustics, Inc) that utilized an integrated inertial measurement unit (IMU) to indicate the direction of upright (e.g., subject’s back tactor on during forward tilt). During each wave motion trial subjects performed a battery of four different tasks: tracking Earth vertical using a joystick with and without a secondary task (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test), an eye-hand target acquisition task on a cabin-fixed tablet, and the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT). All ten subjects reported varying levels of motion sickness with 6 of 10 reaching a symptom endpoint. Interestingly, subjects anecdotally reported that engagement in the joystick tracking task was less provocative than tasks involving the cabin-fixed tablet or periods of no activity. Sensory augmentation appeared to delay symptom onset, with 2 of 5 subjects reaching an endpoint within the first 15 min trial in the CN group versus none in the SA group (PDI after 15 min = 6.0 ± 2.5 in the CN group versus 3.4 ± 2.5 in the SA group, mean ±std). Sensory augmentation also improved performance on the joystick tracking task at lower stimulus frequencies (0.1 Hz in roll and 0.2 Hz in pitch). Both CN and SA groups maintained a consistent level of performance on the eye-hand target acquisition and PVT throughout the baseline (no motion) and wave motion periods. Our results validated that the simulated capsule wave motion paradigm provides an effective motion sickness stressor. This paradigm is currently being used to investigate the efficacy of intranasal scopolamine to mitigate motion sickness. Sensory augmentation using vibrotactile feedback appears to improve spatial awareness and delay symptom onset during complex passive motion. One advantage of this portable belt design is that it incorporates all tactor drive and IMU circuitry and therefore could continue to be worn by crewmembers and serve as a balance aid during egress and ambulation with recovery operations.

A M Bollinger↗

DOE OSTI2020

Progress in Understanding the Origins of Excellent Corrosion Resistance in Metallic Alloys: From Binary Polycrystalline Alloys to Metallic Glasses and High Entropy Alloys

Some of the factors responsible for good corrosion resistance of select polycrystalline and emerging alloys in chloride solutions are discussed with a goal of providing some perspectives on the current status and future directions. Traditional metallic glass alloys, single phase high entropy alloys (HEAs), early metallic glasses, and high entropy metallic glasses are all emerging corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) that utilize traditional strategies for improved corrosion resistance as well as take advantage of some other novel beneficial attributes. These materials enjoy many degrees of freedom as far as choice of both composition and structure, providing great flexibility in the pursuit of superior corrosion resistance. The new materials depart from classical solvent-solute type polycrystalline binary or ternary alloys. Thus, such emerging materials provide significant opportunities to achieve even greater improvements in corrosion resistance in harsh environments. Several examples of the unique corrosion properties of selected materials in the context of modern theories of corrosion are discussed herein. Discussion is restricted to solid-solution binary or ternary polycrystalline alloys, several metallic glass alloys, and single phase HEAs. A common feature of many CRAs is that composition and microstructure often affect both passivity and resistance to localized corrosion that can be divided into initiation, stabilization, and propagation stages. Enormous complexities in protective oxide structures and chemistries and the large number of combinatorial possibilities in newer materials such as HEAs preclude trial-and-error approaches and perhaps even combinatorial experimental design. Computational materials methodologies will be required in the search for new corrosion-resistant alloys in these material classes. The search must consider the best scientific insights available regarding how major and minor alloy additions, as well as various microstructural attributes, contribute to corrosion mitigation. Additional scientific insights, as they emerge, will enable choices beyond the reliance on high concentrations of alloying elements that are known to affect passivity breakdown and pit stabilization. A challenge is to connect the “basic attributes” of an alloy with its properties. The strength of this connection will likely require new scientific principles enabling deep multiphysics insights in order to link feature(s) such as composition and metallurgical phases to the desired corrosion properties. Application of data informatics will likely also play a role given the plethora of variables that are important in corrosion and the difficulty in assessing all relationships. Here, the opportunity exists to accelerate the design of emerging materials for high corrosion resistance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS2021

Evaluation of Global Surface Water Temperature Data Sets for use in Passive Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture

Inland open water bodies often pose a systematic error source in the passive remote sensing retrievals of soil moisture. Water temperature is a necessary variable used to compute water emissions that is required to be subtracted from satellite observation to yield actual emissions from the land portion, which in turn generates accurate soil moisture retrievals. Therefore, overestimation of soil moisture can often be corrected using concurrent water temperature data in the overall mitigation procedure. In recent years, several data sets of lake water temperature have become available, but their specifications and accuracy have rarely been investigated in the context of passive soil moisture remote sensing on a global scale. For this reason, three lake temperature products were evaluated against in-situ measurements from 2007 to 2011. The data sets include the lake surface water temperature (LSWT) from Global Observatory of Lake Responses to Environmental Change (GloboLakes), the Copernicus Global Land Operations Cryosphere and Water (C-GLOPS), as well as the lake mix-layer temperature (LMLT) from the European Centers for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA5 Land Reanalysis. GloboLakes, C-GLOPS, and ERA5 Land have overall comparable performance with Pearson correlations (R) of 0.87, 0.92 and 0.88 in comparison with in-situ measurements. LSWT products exhibit negative median biases of −0.27 K (GloboLakes) and −0.31 K (C-GLOPS), whereas the median bias of LMLT is 1.56 K. When mapped from their respective native resolutions to a common 9 km Equal-Area Scalable Earth (EASE) Grid 2.0 projection, similar relative performance was observed. LMLT and LSWT data are closer in performance over the 9 km grid cells that exhibit a small range of lake cover fractions (0.05–0.5). Despite comparable relative performance, ERA5 Land shows great advantages in spatial coverage and temporal resolution. In summary, an integrated evaluation on data accuracy, long-term availability, global coverage, temporal resolution, and regular forward processing with modest data latency led us to conclude that LMLT from the ERA5 Land Reanalysis product represents the most optimal path for use in the development of a long-term soil moisture product.

Runze Zhang↗

DOE OSTI2022

A Comprehensive Numerical and Experimental Study for the Passive Thermal Management in Battery Modules and Packs

Cooling plates in battery packs of electric vehicles play critical roles in passive thermal management systems to reduce risks of catastrophic thermal runaway. In this work, a series of numerical simulations and experiments are carried out to unveil the role of cooling plates (both between cells and a bottom plate parallel to the cell stack) on the thermal behavior of battery modules and packs under nail penetrations. First, we investigated the role of side cooling plates on the thermal runaway propagation mitigation in battery modules (1S3P) and packs (3S3P) by varying the key parameters of the side cooling plates, such as plate thicknesses, thermal contact resistances, and materials. Then, three important factors for passive thermal management systems are identified: (i) thermal mass of side cooling plates, (ii) interfacial thermal contact resistances, and (iii) the effective heat transfer coefficients at exterior surfaces. The roles of bottom cooling plates on thermal runaway propagation mitigation in 1S3P and 1S5P battery modules are numerically investigated by comparing the thermal behavior of the modules with only side cooling plates and with both side and bottom cooling plates.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Remote Sensing of Hail from Space: Retrievals, Climatologies, and Challenges Going Forward

In addition to the myriad threats that severe hailstorms pose to society, infrastructure and agriculture, severe hail is difficult to measure in situ, and surface-based hail reporting and detection methods are inconsistent and subject to geographical or societal biases. This motivates the use of spaceborne remote-sensing platforms to retrieve hail and construct climatologies in the most globally consistent way. Passive-microwave algorithms leverage the sensitivity of spaceborne passive-microwave radiometers to scattering by hail, particularly in the channels from 10 to 89 GHz. These retrievals are used to construct global climatologies of severe hail. The Bang and Cecil (2019) retrievals has been applied to several different spaceborne sensors: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) Microwave Imager, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E), and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) sensors and used to construct [near] global climatologies of severe hail. This retrieval, and others, have been tested using Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Ku-band precipitation radar, to assess their effectiveness and regional variability. A successful retrieval and climatology are those that correspond tightly to radar reflectivity and give minimal appearance of regional biases, especially with latitude. Satellite platforms offer consistent observations, even in remote, data-sparse, and oceanic regions that ground-based networks exclude. There are, however, potential disconnects between the processes identified aloft by the satellite and the resultant weather at the ground, leading to uncertainties in the retrievals that may propagate into satellite-based climatologies, particularly in the Tropics, where there are abundant strong - but not necessarily hailing - storms that are strongly represented in the current satellite climatologies. There are ongoing efforts to assess and mitigate the contributing factors to these uncertainties, chiefly among them the effects of non-uniform beam filling in the passive-microwave footprint, and the relationships between the size distributions of hailstones aloft and the dynamic processes and environments with which they interact throughout their trajectories.

Sarah D Bang↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Spaceborne Remote Sensing of Hail: Retrievals, Climatologies, and Challenges Going Forward

Sarah D Bang↗

DOE OSTI2023

High-voltage monocrystalline Si photovoltaic minimodules based on poly -Si/SiO x passivating contacts for high-power laser power conversion

By using photovoltaic cells under high-intensity laser illumination, much higher photoconversion efficiencies are obtained than under the solar spectrum. Here we demonstrate a monocrystalline Si based minimodule to convert laser light into electricity using edge-illuminated Si "minicells" based on polysilicon on silicon oxide passivating contacts. Ten fully metallized devices were stacked in series and illuminated from the edge, creating a high-voltage, low-current minimodule that mitigates resistive and Auger-Meitner losses. The minimodule shows a high open-circuit voltage of >5 V when tested under 1-Sun illumination and >7 V at higher illumination intensities when tested with a flash simulator. The fill factor in these minimodules is limited by shunting at low illuminations but reaches a maximum of ~78% for higher illumination intensities >40 Suns (current density >1200 mA/cm 2 ), indicating that the minimodules are not limited by series resistance up to 40 Suns. Under 1000 nm monochromatic light, we measure efficiencies >40% at > 40 Suns equivalent illumination, showing the potential of passivated contact Si cells for laser power conversion.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

Effect of externally applied pressure on rechargeable alkaline zinc batteries at limited depth of discharge

Rechargeable alkaline zinc batteries (AZBs) are being actively researched for grid-scale energy storage due to their safety, low toxicity, abundance, low cost, and ease-of-production. However, numerous studies on alkaline Zn–MnO 2 batteries have shown that issues such as heterogeneous Zn deposition, passivation, dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, and formation of chemically irreversible byproducts on the electrode surfaces still limit their rechargeability. Several mitigating strategies have been proposed to improve the rechargeability of alkaline Zn–MnO 2 batteries, but the effect of pressure on electrochemical behavior has not been systematically investigated. In this paper, we demonstrate that an externally applied pressure at 20% MnO 2 depth-of-discharge (DOD MnO 2 ) has a profound effect on impedance, electrochemical cycling behavior, and materials morphology of alkaline Zn–MnO 2 batteries. Better electrochemical performance and improved morphology were achieved at 2.12 MPa pressure compared to 0.05 MPa pressure. Moreover, we examined the effect of externally applied pressure from 0 to 5.05 MPa before cycling and found that charge transfer resistance decreases significantly with pressure. Furthermore, we reported stable electrochemical cycling of MnO 2 ‖MnO 2 symmetric cells for 500 hours at 20% DOD under 2.12 MPa pressure. In conclusion, our efforts in understanding the effect of pressure could help design high performance and durable rechargeable alkaline Zn–MnO 2 batteries for grid-scale energy storage.

Rechargeable alkaline batteries↗

NASA NTRS2001

An Earth Entry Vehicle For Returning Samples From Mars

The driving requirement for design of a Mars Sample return mission is assuring containment of the returned samples. The impact of this requirement on developmental costs, mass allocation, and design approach of the Earth Entry Vehicle is significant. A simple Earth entry vehicle is described which can meet these requirements and safely transport the Mars Sample Return mission's sample through the Earth's atmosphere to a recoverable location on the surface. Detailed analysis and test are combined with probabilistic risk assessment to design this entirely passive concept that circumvents the potential failure modes of a parachute terminal descent system. The design also possesses features that mitigate other risks during the entry, descent, landing and recovery phases. The results of a full-scale drop test are summarized.

Mitcheltree, R.↗

NASA NTRS2000

Earth Entry Vehicle for Mars Sample Return

Mitcheltree, R. A.↗

NASA NTRS2017

Radio Frequency Interference Detection for Passive Remote Sensing Using Eigenvalue Analysis

Radio frequency interference (RFI) can corrupt passive remote sensing measurements taken with microwave radiometers. With the increasingly utilized spectrum and the push for larger bandwidth radiometers, the likelihood of RFI contamination has grown significantly. In this work, an eigenvalue-based algorithm is developed to detect the presence of RFI and provide estimates of RFI-free radiation levels. Simulated tests show that the proposed detector outperforms conventional kurtosis-based RFI detectors in the low-to-medium interference-to-noise-power-ratio (INR) regime under continuous wave (CW) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) RFIs.

kurtosis↗

DOE OSTI2022

Toward practical issues: Identification and mitigation of the impurity effect in glyme solvents on the reversibility of Mg plating/stripping in Mg batteries

Reversible electrochemical magnesium plating/stripping processes are important for the development of high-energy-density Mg batteries based on Mg anodes. Ether glyme solutions such as monoglyme (G1), diglyme (G2), and triglyme (G3) with the MgTFSI 2 salt are one of the conventional and commonly used electrolytes that can obtain the reversible behavior of Mg electrodes. However, the electrolyte cathodic efficiency is argued to be limited due to the enormous parasitic reductive decomposition and passivation, which is governed by impurities. In this work, a systematic identification of the impurities in these systems and their effect on the Mg deposition–dissolution processes is reported. The mitigation methods generally used for eliminating impurities are evaluated, and their beneficial effects on the improved reactivity are also discussed. By comparing the performances, we proposed a necessary conditioning protocol that can be easy to handle and much safer toward the practical application of MgTFSI 2 /glyme electrolytes containing impurities.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗