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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Effects of Proton Irradiation on the Performance of Skipper CCDs

Skipper CCDs are a mature detector technology that has been suggested for future space telescope instruments requiring sub-electron readout noise in the near-ultraviolet to the near-infrared. While modern skipper CCDs inherit from the radiation-tolerant p-channel detectors developed by LBNL, the effects of high doses of ionizing radiation on skipper CCDs (such as those expected in space) remains largely unmeasured. We report preliminary results on the performance of p-channel skipper CCDs following irradiation with 217-MeV protons at the Northwestern Medicine Proton Center. The total nonionizing energy loss (NIEL) experienced by the detectors exceeds 6 years at the Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 2 (L2). We demonstrate that the skipper amplifier continues to function as expected following this irradiation. Owing to the low readout noise of these detectors, controlled irradiation tests can be used to sensitively characterize the charge transfer inefficiency, dark current, and the density and time constants of charge traps as a function of proton fluence. We conclude with a brief outlook toward future tests of these detectors at other proton and gamma-ray facilities.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Overcoming Barriers in Electrochemical Toluene Hydrogenation for Efficient Hydrogen Storage by Pt 3 Au Alloy Catalysts

Hydrogen storage and transportation are essential for the hydrogen economy, and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs), such as a toluene/methylcyclohexane (TOL/MCH) system, offer significant advantages in terms of safety and efficiency. However, the electrochemical reduction of TOL to MCH (TER) faces challenges from competing with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and catalyst instability. Here, in this study, Pt 3 Au is introduced as a highly effective catalyst for TER. Through density functional theory screening, we identified distinctive properties of Pt 3 Au, including enhanced binding to the TER intermediates and effective HER suppression. Experimental validation confirmed these computational predictions, with Pt 3 Au achieving the highest reported Faradaic efficiency (98%) in proton exchange membrane systems. Moreover, long-term testing demonstrated that Pt 3 Au maintained Faradaic efficiencies of >90% over 9 h, highlighting its robustness and operational stability. By integrating computational modeling and experimental evaluation, this work addresses key limitations in LOHC catalysis. Pt 3 Au establishes a benchmark for selective and stable TER performance, paving the way for advanced hydrogen storage technologies. These findings emphasize the critical role of rational catalyst design in overcoming the challenges associated with scalable and efficient hydrogen storage solutions.

LOHC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Validation of Reactive Flow Capabilities in PAGOSA

Several reactive flow modeling capabilities are studied and applied to physics problems of interest in the PAGOSA hydrocode with an emphasis on validation. The Davis equation of state and the Arrhenius shock temperature dependent WSD (AWSD) reactive flow model have been implemented by the author in PAGOSA over the last year. These high-explosive modeling options along with the previously existing HE-JWL equation of state and the SURF/SURFplus reactive flow models are discussed, exercised and compared. Validation of the models analyze numerical results against experimental data from cylinder tests, two-stage gas gun experiments and proton radiography (pRad) experiments. Applications of the modeling options are explored involving both HMX based PBX 9501 and TATB based PBX 9502. The effect of mesh size is considered for prediction of phenomena such as corner turning and dead zones, and the relative code performance of the modeling options is discussed.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2024

Status of the IOTA proton injector

The IOTA Proton Injector (IPI), currently under installation at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology facility (FAST), is a machine capable of delivering 20\,mA pulses of protons at 2.5\,MeV to the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) ring. First beam in the IPI beamline is anticipated in the first half of~2024, when it will operate alongside the existing electron injector beamline to facilitate further beam physics research and continued development of novel accelerator technologies at the IOTA ring. This report details the expected operational profile, known challenges, and the current state of installation.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Membrane lipid and expression responses of Saccharolobus islandicus REY15A to acid and cold stress

Archaea adjust the number of cyclopentane rings in their glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) membrane lipids as a homeostatic response to environmental stressors such as temperature, pH, and energy availability shifts. However, archaeal expression patterns that correspond with changes in GDGT composition are less understood. Here we characterize the acid and cold stress responses of the thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon Saccharolobus islandicus REY15A using growth rates, core GDGT lipid profiles, transcriptomics and proteomics. We show that both stressors result in impaired growth, lower average GDGT cyclization, and differences in gene and protein expression. Transcription data revealed differential expression of the GDGT ring synthase grsB in response to both acid stress and cold stress. Although the GDGT ring synthase encoded by grsB forms highly cyclized GDGTs with ≥5 ring moieties, S. islandicus grsB upregulation under acidic pH conditions did not correspond with increased abundances of highly cyclized GDGTs. Our observations highlight the inability to predict GDGT changes from transcription data alone. Broader analysis of transcriptomic data revealed that S. islandicus differentially expresses many of the same transcripts in response to both acid and cold stress. These included upregulation of several biosynthetic pathways and downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and motility. Transcript responses specific to either of the two stressors tested here included upregulation of genes related to proton pumping and molecular turnover in acid stress conditions and upregulation of transposases in cold stress conditions. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the GDGT modifications and differential expression characteristic of the acid stress and cold stress responses in S. islandicus.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Thermionic Sources For Electron Cooling At IOTA

We are designing and fabricating two new thermionic sources of magnetized electrons for use in the electron lens project at the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) at Fermilab. These electron sources will be used for cooling of 2.5 MeV protons in the presence of intense space-charge. Furthermore, we are constructing an electron source test stand at the University of Chicago which will validate the electrical, thermal, and vacuum characteristics of thermionic sources. In this paper we present the progress made so far and the upcoming steps for the thermionic electron sources for electron cooling and the test stand.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

The design and test results of A Giga-Bit Cable Receiver (GBCR) for the ATLAS Inner Tracker Pixel Detector

This paper presents the design and test results of a Gigabit Cable Receiver ASIC called GBCR for the HL-LHC upgrade of the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) pixel detector. Three prototypes (GBCR1, GBCR2, and GBCR3) have been designed in the CERN-identified 65 nm CMOS technology. GBCR receives seven (GBCR2) or six (GBCR3) channels (RX) each at 1.28 Gbps from the front-end readout chip RD53B via flex cables up to 1 meter and Twinax cables up to 5 meters and sends the equalized and retimed signals to lpGBT. Both GBCR2 and GBCR3 ASICs have two transmitting channels (TX) that pre-emphasize the signals from lpGBT before sending them to RD53B through the same cables. No Single-Event Upset (SEU) is observed in any tested channels of GBCR2 in a 400 MeV proton beam. The extrapolated bit error rate for the future HL-LHC application is below 8*10^(-16), significantly below the specified BER criterion. GBCR3 is designed to improve the immunity to single-event-upset by applying the Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) technology to all RX channels. The retimed signals from GBCR3 have less total jitter than those from GBCR2 (35 ps versus 79 ps). Each receiver channel of GBCR3 consumes 75% more power than that of GBCR2.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

IOTA Proton Injector Beamline Installation

The IOTA Proton Injector (IPI), currently under installation at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology facility, is a beamline capable of delivering 20-mA pulses of protons at 2.5 MeV to the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) ring. First beam in the IPI beamline is anticipated in 2023, when it will operate alongside the existing electron injector beamline to facilitate further fundamental physics research and continued development of novel accelerator technologies in the IOTA ring. This report details the expected operational profile, known challenges, and the current state of installation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Status of the IOTA Proton Injector

The IOTA Proton Injector (IPI), currently under installation at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology facility (FAST), is a machine capable of delivering 20 mA pulses of protons at 2.5 MeV to the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) ring. First beam in the IPI beamline is anticipated in the first half of 2024, when it will operate alongside the existing electron injector beamline to facilitate further beam physics research and continued development of novel accelerator technologies at the IOTA ring. This report details the expected operational profile, known challenges, and the current state of installation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Construction and Commissioning of Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) Detectors in Advanced Assembly Design for Low-Energy Applications at High Rates and Analysis of GEM Data From the Muse Experiment at PSI

The search beyond the Standard Model explores dark matter and a potential fifth force. DarkLight@ARIEL investigates the dark photon as a mediator between ordinary and dark matter. The experiment aims to measure the process e?Ta ? e?TaX ? e?Ta(e?e+), by detecting a charged lepton pair in the final state. The spectrometers will be instrumented with Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors with minimal material budget for tracking. A novel GEM construction technique is employed for fabricating 25 cm x 40 cm GEM detectors, where all layers are mechanically stretched and assembled within a double frame. The dissertation outlines physics motivation, methods, experimental setup, and the role of GEM detectors in DarkLight. A comprehensive discussion on GEM detectors, focusing on the "NS2" technique, including design, parts, assembly, testing, and performance evaluation will be discussed. The proton has garnered attention due to discrepancies in measuring its charge radius using muonic hydrogen and electron-based methods. The 2010 muonic hydrogen measurement of the proton charge radius Rp = 0.84184(67) fm, showed a significant 7? discrepancy compared to the previously known value of Rp = 0.8775(51) fm, giving rise to the proton radius puzzle. Through simultaneous measurements of e ? p and ? ? p elastic scattering, MUSE facilitates a precise and direct comparison of the proton radius. The physics background of the proton radius puzzle, measurement techniques, the approach adopted by the MUSE experiment, its significance and the experimental setup will be discussed. Furthermore, the role of GEM detectors, along with an in-depth analysis of their data and efficiency will be discussed and evaluated.

Mohammed Prem Nazeer, Sahara↗
DOE OSTI2026

Mu2e Production Target Thermal Test Project

The Mu2e experiment requires a production target that is capable of operating under extreme thermal conditions caused by an 8 GeV proton beam. This project’s objective supports the development of the Mu2e Pro- duction Target by testing the Stickman model’s thermal behavior. Angel Flores Luviano has assisted Jonathan Williams in progressing this project by contributing to the development of a Radiative Cooling Test Fixture (RCTF) that will be used to evaluate the thermal behavior of the new production target model. Engineering calculations were performed to an- alyze thermal performance and pressure drop within the cold well and wa- ter cooling circuit. These calculations also determined the optimal sizing for key components of the water system. An engineering note was made to document these calculations. CAD models of the water circuit piping, thermocouple mounting bars, and radiator chimney were developed, and prototype test rig components were fabricated using 3D printing. Future work will focus on continued RCTF development which includes control system integration, heater hardware design, and interfaces that can be scaled up to increase thermal capacity.

Flores Luviano, Angel Augusto [Unlisted, US]↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Impact of the 8–10 March 2012 Geomagnetic Storm on Inner Zone Protons as Measured by Van Allen Probes

The Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope (REPT) instrument on the Van Allen Probes observed a double-peaked inner zone proton population throughout the 7 year lifetime of the mission. M. Hudson et al. (2023) showed that a strong SEP event accompanied by a CME-shock in early March 2012 provided the Solar Energetic Proton (SEP) source for the higher L trapped proton population, which then diffused radially inward to be observed by REPT at L = 2. The study followed trajectories of SEP protons launched isotropically from a sphere at 7 Re for 2.5 hr in fields calculated by the LFM-RCM global MHD model, which includes electric fields needed to model the transport and trapping of the protons by the shock, and then a radial diffusion simulation was run for 2 years using the result from the test-particle simulation as the initial condition. The simulation result was compared with REPT measurement in November 2013 and showed reasonable agreement. However, the simulation overestimated the Phase Space Density by a factor of four due to lack of field line curvature scattering during the storm in the model. In this study, a test-particle simulation is performed for 2 days following the injection and trapping of protons in March 2012 using TS05 fields to simulate the field line curvature scattering of the trapped SEP due to the buildup of the ring current during the geomagnetic storm. The resulting sample distribution was then weighted using the flux at the end of the two-hour MHD-test particle simulation. A radial diffusion simulation is then run using the initial profile that included the loss effect, with improved comparison with REPT measurements after 2 years.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

A novel, steerable, low-energy proton source for detector characterization

We report on the conversion of the Manitoba II mass spectrometer into a versatile low-energy proton beam facility. This infrastructure is adaptable to any detector-under-test (DUT), and has proven itself effective with the characterization of silicon detectors used in subatomic beyond-the-Standard-Model (BSM) searches, namely the Nab experiment. A pencil beam of mono-energetic protons can be produced in a range from 25 keV to 35 keV, achieving a beam current of ~1 x 10 -18 A. Electrostatic steering plates were constructed to direct the Gaussian-profile proton beam over a 117 mm diameter area-of-interest with full-width at half-maxima (FWHM) ranging from 0.6 mm to 1.26 mm. This work discusses the modifications and subsequent tests to confirm the beam specifications met the demands of the aforementioned detectors.

Fundamental neutron physics↗
DOE OSTI2022

Performance Before and After Irradiation of Pixelated 3D Silicon Sensors for the HL-LHC CMS Tracker

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) particle accelerator at European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) will be shut down starting in 2026 to achieve the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) upgrade. The upgrade will allow for higher fluences, in order to increase the probability of detecting increasingly rare particles, and to obtain higher precision measurements of known particles. To accommodate the new accelerator conditions, many aspects of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector will be upgraded; of particular interest for this thesis are the silicon pixel detectors located in the inner tracker. These will be replaced and upgraded to accommodate the higher fluences of the HL-LHC upgrade, as well as to replace existing sensors which have sustained radiation damage. In order for the new sensors to operate under high luminosity conditions, they must be increasingly radiation hard, and in order to detect rare particles, they must be increasingly more precise. The performance of one Centro Nacional de Microelectronica (CNM) 3D silicon sensor before and after undergoing irradiation at fluences similar to those which will be observed at the HL-LHC was investigated to determine radiation hardness and precision. Data was collected at Fermi National Laboratory (Fermilab), in the Fermi National Laboratory Test Beam Facility (FTBF) silicon tracker telescope, which can be used to determine the number of particles, and tracks made by high energy protons passing through. The sensor was also irradiated at Fermilab in the Irradiation Test Area (ITA). Prior to data collection a tuning procedure is carried out to determine ideal bias voltage operating conditions, mask noisy and dead pixels, adjust to the ideal threshold, and map sensor gain. Data is then collected at the FTBF, where the sensor is installed in the center of the FTBF silicon telescope. Variables, including angle and bias voltage, are varied throughout data collection. Data is then processed using an alignment software to determine the exact telescope geometry, along with the tracks which were observed passing through the sensor and telescope. Sensor performance was found to be comparable before and after irradiation, with irradiated results showing slightly lower efficiencies and cluster sizes. Position resolution is comparable both before and after irradiation, and similar distributions of cluster shape are observed. After irradiation, the sensor shows increasing collected charge with bias, an indication of increased width of the depletion region. Peak charge pre-irradiation is higher than post-irradiation peak charge, indicating the irradiated results are not taken under fully-depleted conditions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

High energy particle detection with large area superconducting microwire array

We present the first detailed study of an 8-channel2×2 mm$^{2}$ WSi superconducting microwire single photondetector (SMSPD) array exposed to 120 GeV proton beam and 8 GeVelectron and pion beam at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. TheSMSPD detection efficiency was measured for the first time forprotons, electrons, and pions, enabled by the use of a silicontracking telescope that provided precise spatial resolution of30 μm for 120 GeV protons and 130 μm for 8 GeVelectrons and pions. The result demonstrated consistent detectionefficiency across pixels and at different bias currents. Timeresolution of 1.15 ns was measured for the first time for SMSPDwith proton, electron, and pions, enabled by the use of an MCP-PMTwhich provided a ps-level reference time stamp. The resultspresented is the first step towards developing SMSPD array systemsoptimized for high energy particle detection and identification forfuture accelerator-based experiments.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Measurement of 𝐵 meson production fraction ratios in proton-proton collisions at √𝑠 = 13 TeV using open-charm and charmonium decays

Production fraction ratios of 𝐵 + , 𝐵 0 , and 𝐵$^{0}_{𝑠}$ mesons are measured in proton-proton collisions at √𝑠 = 13 TeV using a special dataset recorded in 2018 with high-rate triggers designed to collect an unbiased sample of 1⁢010 𝑏 hadrons with the CMS experiment at the LHC. These data allow the study of the open-charm decays of 𝐵 mesons (𝐵 (𝑠) → 𝜋⁢𝐷 (𝑠) ) where the 𝐷 meson decays into fully hadronic final states. By utilizing known branching fractions and precise theoretical calculations, production fraction ratios as functions of 𝐵 meson transverse momentum (𝑝 T ) and rapidity (𝑦) are measured using open-charm decays in the kinematic range of 8 < 𝑝 T < 60 GeV and |𝑦| <2.25. In addition, the same dataset is used to measure the relative production fraction ratios with the charmonium decay channels [𝐵 (𝑠) →𝑋⁢𝐽/𝜓 with 𝑋 indicating a 𝐾 + , 𝐾*(892) 0 , or 𝜙⁡(1020) meson] where the 𝐽/𝜓 meson decays into a pair of muons. The open-charm results are used to normalize the relative production fraction ratios obtained from the charmonium samples. Measurements of the ratios of branching fractions of 𝐵 meson decays to charmonium and open-charm final states are also reported, which will improve the world-average values of these ratios. Finally, we test isospin invariance in 𝐵 meson production in proton-proton collisions and observe that it holds within the experimental precision.

Bottom mesons↗
DOE OSTI2025

Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) Corrector Magnets

The Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) includes at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) site a Beamline which will aim neutrinos towards massive detectors at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) at South Dakota. The neutrinos will be created by a beam of 60-120 GeV protons extracted from Fermilab’s Main Injector interacting with a target located in the end of the LBNF proton beamline. The design of the proton beamline involves 79 conventional magnets; 23 are corrector magnets. These correctors are of a new design which evolved from those built for the Fermilab Main Injector. Following the production of a prototype corrector magnet by the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) and its testing by both IHEP and Fermilab, IHEP will procure the materials for the 24 (including one spare) corrector magnets needed by the LBNF proton beamline; then, will build, test and certify them

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗