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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1994

International Space Station Alpha user payload operations concept

International Space Station Alpha (ISSA) will accommodate a variety of user payloads investigating diverse scientific and technology disciplines on behalf of five international partners: Canada, Europe, Japan, Russia, and the United States. A combination of crew, automated systems, and ground operations teams will control payload operations that require complementary on-board and ground systems. This paper presents the current planning for the ISSA U.S. user payload operations concept and the functional architecture supporting the concept. It describes various NASA payload operations facilities, their interfaces, user facility flight support, the payload planning system, the onboard and ground data management system, and payload operations crew and ground personnel training. This paper summarizes the payload operations infrastructure and architecture developed at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) to prepare and conduct ISSA on-orbit payload operations from the Payload Operations Integration Center (POIC), and from various user operations locations. The authors pay particular attention to user data management, which includes interfaces with both the onboard data management system and the ground data system. Discussion covers the functional disciplines that define and support POIC payload operations: Planning, Operations Control, Data Management, and Training. The paper describes potential interfaces between users and the POIC disciplines, from the U.S. user perspective.

Schlagheck, Ronald A.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Space VLBI telecommunication characteristics, protection criteria, and frequency sharing

A brief description of the technical characteristics of space VLBI is made, emphasizing the VLBI cross-correlation process. The signal-to-noise ratio of the cross-correlation process should be maintained as large as possible for the duration of the observation. Protection of this process from unwanted interference is a primary objective. The telecommunication radio links required in a space VLBI system are identified and characterized. Maximum bandwidths are suggested, as well as the minimum carrier frequencies required for the telemetering and the phase-transfer radio links. Planned space VLBI system models-Radioastron (Russia), VLBI Space Observatory Project (VSOP) (Japan), and the DSN orbiting VLBI subnet. (United States)--are taken as a baseline to determine the interference criteria. It is concluded that existing interference criteria for near-Earth research satellites are suitable for the protection of the space VLBI systems planned.

Gutierrez-Luaces, B. O.↗
NASA NTRS1995

NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Paper 46: Technical communications in aerospace: A comparison across four countries

In this paper we describe the preliminary analysis of four groups of aerospace engineering and science students -- student members of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and students from universities in Japan, Russia, and Great Britain. We compare: (1) the demographic characteristics of the students; (2) factors that affected their career decision; (3) their career goals and aspirations; (4) their training in technical communication; and (5) their training in techniques for finding and using aerospace scientific and technical information (STI). Many employers in the US aerospace industry think there is a need for increased training of engineering students in technical communication. Engineers in the US and other countries believe that technical communication skills are critical for engineers' professional success. All students in our study agree about the importance of technical communication training for professional success, yet relatively few are happy with the instruction they receive. Overall, we conclude that additional instruction in technical communication and accessing STI would make it easier for students to achieve their career goals.

Kennedy, John M.↗
NASA NTRS1994

NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Report 28: The technical communication practices of aerospace engineering and science students: Results of the phase 4 cross-national surveys

This report describes similarities and differences between undergraduate and graduate aerospace engineering and science students in the context of two general aspects of the educational experience. First, we explore the extent to which students differ regarding the factors that lead to the choice of becoming an aerospace engineer or a scientist, current satisfaction with that choice, and career-related goals and objectives. Second, we look at the technical communication skills, practices, habits, and training of aerospace engineering and science students. The reported data were obtained from a survey of students enrolled in aerospace engineering and science programs at universities in India, Japan, Russia, and the United Kingdom. The surveys were undertaken as part of the NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Data are reported for the following categories: student demographics; skill importance, skill training, and skill helpfulness; collaborative writing; computer and information technology use and importance, use of electronic networks; use and importance of libraries and library services; use and importance of information sources and products; use of foreign language technical reports; and foreign language (reading and speaking) skills.

Pinelli, Thomas E.↗
NASA NTRS1995

STS 63: Post Flight Presentation

At a post flight conference, Captain Jim Wetherbee, of STS Flight 63, introduces each of the other members of the STS 63 crew (Eileen Collins, Pilot; Dr. Bernard Harris, Payload Commander; Dr. Michael Foale, Mission Specialist from England; Dr. Janice Voss, Misssion Specialist; and Colonel Vladimir Titor, Misssion Specialist from Russia. A short biography of each member and a brief description of their assignment during this mission is given. A film was shown that included the preflight suit-up, a view of the launch site, the actual night launch, a tour of the Space Shuttle and several of the experiment areas, several views of earth and the MIR Space Station and cosmonauts, the MIR-Space Shuttle rendezvous, the deployment of the Spartan Ultraviolet Telescope, Foale and Harris's EVA and space walk, the retrieval of Spartan, and the night entry home, including the landing. Several spaceborne experiments were introduced: the radiation monitoring experiment, environment monitoring experiment, solid surface combustion experiment, and protein crystal growth and plant growth experiments. This conference ended with still, color pictures, taken by the astronauts during the entire STS 63 flight, being shown.

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NASA NTRS1995

Low Earth orbit thermal control coatings exposure flight tests: A comparison of U.S. and Russian results

Both the United States (US) and Russia have conducted a variety of space environment effects on materials (SEEM) flight experiments in recent years. A prime US example was the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), which spent 5 years and 9 months in low Earth orbit (LEO) from April 1984 to January 1990. A key Russian experiment was the Removable Cassette Container experiment, (RCC-1), flown on the Mir Orbital Station from 11 January 1990 to 26 April 1991. This paper evaluates the thermal control coating materials data generated by these two missions by comparing: environmental exposure conditions, functionality and chemistry of thermal control coating materials, and pre- and post-flight analysis of absorptance, emittance, and mass loss due to atomic oxygen erosion. It will be seen that there are noticeable differences in the US and Russian space environment measurements and models, which complicates comparisons of environments. The results of both flight experiments confirm that zinc oxide and zinc oxide orthotitanate white thermal control paints in metasilicate binders (Z93, YB71, TP-co-2, TP-co-11, and TP-co-12), are the most stable upon exposure to the space environment. It is also seen that Russian flight materials experience broadens to the use of silicone and acrylic resin binders while the US relies more heavily on polyurethane.

Tribble, A. C.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Mars together and FIRE and ICE: Report of the joint US/Russian technical working groups

The Cold War's end opened an opportunity for greater cooperation in planetary exploration for the United States and Russia. Two study groups were formed, Mars Together and FIRE and ICE. The Mars Together team developed a concept for a flight in 1998 that merged one U.S. Mars Surveyor 98 mission with the former Russian Mars 96 mission to further understanding of the Mars surface and atmosphere. The FIRE and ICE team developed concepts for a dual-spacecraft mission to the solar corona and for a mission to Pluto. The missions, scientific potential, and open issues are described.

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NASA NTRS1994

NLC-91: An experimental study of the polar summer mesosphere

In the summer of 1991, a major scientific campaign (NLC-91) involving 31 rocket flights was conducted from ESRANGE, Kiruna, Sweden and from Heiss Island, Russia to investigate the chemical, dynamical, and electrodynamical properties of the polar summer mesosphere. The rocket flights were also coordinated with two coherent radar facilities, EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association) and CUPRI (Cornell University Portable Radar Instrument), as well as other ground facilities, to provide continual monitoring of the mesosphere by remote sensing techniques. The primary objectives of the campaign were to study noctilucent clouds (NLC's) and polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE's), including their possible relationship to local aerosols and/or small scale turbulence. The program involved scientific participation from eight countries, and promises to produce many results during the next few years. This overview considers the scientific campaign and briefly discusses preliminary results. These results are provided in more detail in papers following this overview.

Goldberg, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

An overview of NLC-91: A rocket/radar study of the polar summer mesosphere

In late July and early August of 1991, a major suborbital scientific campaign (NLC-91) involving scientists from eight countries was conducted as ESRANGE, Kiruna, Sweden and at Heiss Island, Russia. The purpose of the program was to investigate the chemical, dynamical, and electrodynamical properties of the polar summer mesosphere. Thirty one rocket flights were coordinated with two coherent radar facilities, EISCAT and CUPRI, and with other ground-based observatories and facilities. This permitted direct comparison between the in situ measurements and those obtained by remote sensing of the mesosphere via continuous ground-based monitoring. The primary objectives of the campaign were to study noctilucent clouds (NLCs) and polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSEs), including their possible relationship to local aerosols and/or small scale turbulence. This overview describes the scientific program, discusses the geophysical conditions during launch activities, and reviews some of the preliminary results. More detailed results can be found in the papers which follow.

Goldberg, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

An overview of NLC-91: A rocket/radar study of the polar summer mesophere

In late July and early August of 1991, a major suborbital scientific campaign (NLC-91) involving scientists from eight countries was conducted at ESRANGE, Kiruna, Sweden and at Heiss Island, Russia. The purpose of the program was to investigate the chemical, dynamical, and electrodynamical properties of the polar summer mesosphere. Thirty one rocket flights were coordinated with two coherent radar facilities, European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) and Cornell Univesity Portable Radar Interferometer (CUPRI), and with other ground-based observatories and facilities. This permitted direct comparison between the in situ measurements and those obtained by remote sensing of the mesosphere via continuous ground-based monitoring. The primary objectives of the campaign were to study noctilucent clouds (NLCs) and polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSEs), including their possible relationship to local aerosols and/or small scale turbulence. This overview describes the scientific program, discusses the geophysical conditions during launch activities, and reviews some of the preliminary results. More detailed results can be found in the papers which follow.

Goldberg, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Simultaneous observations of VLF ground transmitter signals on the DE 1 and COSMOC 1809 satellites: Detection of a magnetospheric caustic and a duct

Khabarovsk transmitter signals (15.0 kHz, 48 deg N, 135 deg E) were observed on the high-altitude (approximately 15000 km) Dynamic Explorer 1 (DE 1) and the low-altitude (approximately 960) km COSMOS 1809 satellites during a 9-day period in August 1989. On 7 out of 9 days the linear wave receiver (LWR) on the DE 1 satellite also detected signals from the Alpha transmitter (11.9-15.6 kHz) in Russia and an Omega transmitter (10.2-13.6 kHz) in Australia, as well as natural VLF emissions such as hiss, chorus, whistlers, and wideband impulsive signals. On two days, August 23 and 27, 1989, observations of the Khabarovsk transmitter signals were simultaneously carried out at high altitude on thre DE 1 satellite and at low altitude on the COSMOS 1809 satellite. Analysis of data from these 2 days has led to several new results on the propagation of whistler mode signals in the Earth's magnetosphere. New evidence was found of previously reported propagation phenomena, such as (1) confinement of transmitter signals in the conjugate hemisphere at ionospheric heights (approximately 1000 km), (2) observation of direct multipath propagation on both DE 1 and COSMOS 1809, (3) detection of ionospheric irregularities of is less than or equal to 100 km scale size with a few percent enhancement in electron density. We also report the first direct detection of a magnetospheric dust at L = 2.94 which was believed to be responsible for the ducted propagation of Khabarovsk signals observed in the COSMOS 1809 satellite. Our study also indicates that duct end points can extend down to at least approximately 1000 km. The peak electric and magnetic fields of ducted Khabarovsk transmitter signals at approximately 1000 km were 520 micro V/m and 36 pT respectively. Estimated field strengths of these signals inside the dust at the geomagnetic equator were 57 micro V/m and 12 pT for electric and magnetic field respectively. The results of two-dimensional ray tracing simulations were consistent with the observations of the nonducted whistler-mode propagation of Khabarovsk (15 kHz) and Alpha (11.9 kHz) signals from the transmitter location to the DE 1 and COSMOS 1809 satellites. Our results have direct implications for the question of accessibility of waves injected from the ground to various regions of the ionosphere and the magnetosphere.

Chmyrev, V. M.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Avionics architecture for the U.S. segment of the international space station alpha

The International Space Station Alpha (ISSA) is a joint project between the United States, European Space Agency, Japan, Canada and Russia to develop and fly a space station in the later part of the 1990s. The United States will be the largest hardware contributor to this project, and this paper will describe the avionics architecture for the U.S. provided pressurized modules and truss segments. The avionics contained within these U.S. modules and segments will perform many of the core engineering and payload support functions for the ISSA. These functions include: the command and data handling, communications and tracking, guidance navigation and control (in partnership with the Russian elements), and electrical power generation and distribution. This paper will describe the architecture of the avionics systems that will perform these core engineering avionics functions, as well as provide a discussion on the avionics necessary for the proper functioning of the core engineering avionics supported functions such as thermal control, life support, and mechanisms.

Smith, Joseph F.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Advanced controls for stability assessment of solar dynamics space power generation

In support of the power requirements for the Space Station Alpha (SSA), a joint program by the U.S. and Russia for a permanently manned space station to be launched into orbit by 1998, a robust control scheme is needed to assure the stability of the rotating machines that will be integrated into the power subsystem. A framework design and systems studies for modeling and analysis is presented. It employs classical d-q axes machine model with voltage/frequency dependent loads. To guarantee that design requirements and necessary trade studies are done, a functional analysis tool CORE is used for the study. This provides us with different control options for stability assessment. Initial studies and recommendations using advanced simulation tools are also presented. The benefits of the stability/control scheme for evaluating future designs and power management are discussed.

Momoh, James A.↗
NASA NTRS1995

NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Paper 55: Career goals and educational preparation of aerospace engineering and science students: An international perspective

Results are presented of a survey of aerospace engineering and science students conducted in India, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The similarities and differences among aerospace engineering and science students from the five countries are examined in the context of two general aspects of educational experience. First, the extent to which students differ regarding the factors that led to the choice of a career in aerospace, their current levels of satisfaction with that choice, and career-related goals and objectives is considered. Second, the importance of certain communications/information-use skills for professional use is examined, as well as the frequency of use and importance of specific information sources and products to meet students' educational needs. Overall, the students who participated in this research remain relatively happy with the choice of a career in aerospace engineering, despite pessimism in some quarters about the future of the industry. Regardless of national identity, aerospace engineering and science students appear to share a similar vision of the profession in terms of their career goals and aspirations. The data also indicate that aerospace engineering and science students are well aware of the importance of communications/information-use skills to professional success and that competency in these skills will help them to be productive members of their profession. Collectively, all of the students appear to use and value similar information sources and products, although some differences appear by country.

Pinelli, Thomas E.↗
NASA NTRS1995

STS-74 Flight Day 1

On this first day of the STS-74 mission, the flight crew, Cmdr. Kenneth Cameron, Pilot James Halsell, and Mission Specialists William McArthur, Jerry Ross, and Chris Hadfield, are shown in prelaunch and launch activities. This mission is the second of seven Mir-Space Shuttle hook-ups. Major objectives of this mission are to include a docking between Mir and the Space Shuttle and the transfer of a Russian docking module, water, supplies, and two solar arrays to the Mir space station. This mission highlights the first time that astronauts from Canada, Russia, the U.S. and the European Space Agency (ESA) will be onboard a single spacecraft in space at the same time. Additional experimental payloads onboard the shuttle are the GLO-4 PASDE Payload (GPP) experiment and the Photogrammetric Appendage Structural Dynamics Experiment (PASDE).

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NASA NTRS1995

Update on the Fire (solar probe) mission study

Since mid-1994 the U.S. and Russia have been studying the technical feasibility of a joint solar probe mission as part of the 'Fire and Ice' concept to explore close to the Sun, and Pluto, together. In the current concept of the 'Fire' mission, separate spacecraft built by each country would be launched together, fly by Jupiter to shed orbital angular momentum and achieve a solar polar orbit, and arrive 3.6 years later at 4 and 10 R(sub s). The Fire mission would measure basic parameters of the modes of energy and momentum flow and transfer to the coronal plasma that are not observable remotely. Specifically, measurement of magnetic fields, waves, suprathermal particles, and critical features of the plasma particle composition and distribution function would be made from 4 to 30 R(sub s) where the solar wind is known to be accelerated. In addition, the Fire spacecraft should image coronal structures unambiguously and relate the underlying and flown-through structures to plasma characteristics measured in situ. Each country is developing a backup plan to pursue the solar probe objectives alone if the other side is unable to carry out its mission.

Jones, W. Veron↗
NASA NTRS1996

Fourth International Conference on Squeezed States and Uncertainty Relations

The fourth International Conference on Squeezed States and Uncertainty Relations was held at Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, on June 5 - 9, 1995. This conference was jointly organized by Shanxi University, the University of Maryland (U.S.A.), and the Lebedev Physical Institute (Russia). The first meeting of this series was called the Workshop on Squeezed States and Uncertainty Relations, and was held in 1991 at College Park, Maryland. The second and third meetings in this series were hosted in 1992 by the Lebedev Institute in Moscow, and in 1993 by the University of Maryland Baltimore County, respectively. The scientific purpose of this series was initially to discuss squeezed states of light, but in recent years, the scope is becoming broad enough to include studies of uncertainty relations and squeeze transformations in all branches of physics, including, of course, quantum optics and foundations of quantum mechanics. Quantum optics will continue playing the pivotal role in the future, but the future meetings will include all branches of physics where squeeze transformations are basic transformation. This transition took place at the fourth meeting of this series held at Shanxi University in 1995. The fifth meeting in this series will be held in Budapest (Hungary) in 1997, and the principal organizer will be Jozsef Janszky of the Laboratory of Crystal Physics, P.O. Box 132, H-1052. Budapest, Hungary.

Han, D.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Shuttle Earth Views, 1994

In this fourth part of a four-part video compilation of Space Shuttle Earth views, various geographical areas are shown, including both land and water masses. The views covered the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Sinai, Jordan , Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates), northeastern Africa (Yemen, Oman, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Djibouti), Russia, Siberia, India, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Bhutan, western China, and Mongolia. Various lakes, seas, rivers, and islands are shown, along with several pieces of film footage of sunsets, moon sets, clouds, and tropical storms. Each film clip has a heading that names the shuttle and the geographical location of the footage.

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