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The performance is investigated of the simplified continuous-data model of the Instrument Pointing System (IPS). Although the ultimate objective is to study the digital model of the system, knowledge on the performance of the continuous-data model is important in the sense that the characteristics of the digital system should approach those of the continuous-data system as the sampling period approaches zero.
The objective of this paper is to utilize the design methods of modern control theory to realize a dual-adaptive feedback control unit for a highly nonlinear single spool airbreathing turbojet engine. Using a very detailed and accurate simulation of the nonlinear engine as the data source, linear operating point models of unspecified dimension are identified. Feedback control laws are designed at each operating point for a prespecified set of sampling rates using sampled-data output regulator theory. The control system sampling rate is determined by an adaptive sampling algorithm in correspondence with turbojet engine performance. The result is a dual-adaptive control law that is functionally dependent upon the sampling rate selected and environmental operating conditions. Simulation transients demonstrate the utility of the dual-adaptive design to improve on-board computer utilization while maintaining acceptable levels of engine performance.
The objective of this paper is to utilize the design methods of modern control theory to realize a 'dual-adaptive' feedback control unit for a highly non-linear single spool airbreathing turbojet engine. Using a very detailed and accurate simulation of the non-linear engine as the data source, linear operating point models of unspecified dimension are identified. Feedback control laws are designed at each operating point for a prespecified set of sampling rates using sampled-data output regulator theory. The control system sampling rate is determined by an adaptive sampling algorithm in correspondence with turbojet engine performance. The result is a 'dual-adpative' control law that is functionally dependent upon the sampling rate selected and environmental operating conditions. Simulation transients demonstrate the utility of the dual-adaptive design to improve on-board computer utilization while maintaining acceptable levels of engine performance.
In sampled data digital telemetry systems the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is typically derived as a function of the moments of the digitized input stream (e.g., the receiver output). This analog to digital conversion process is itself an additional noise source known as the quantization noise. Thus a digitally measured SNR will only approximately represent the SNR of the analog input signal. A procedure (Sheppard's corrections) for correcting moments of any order for this quantization effect is presented.
The horizontal structure of specific tropical synoptic features are compared with the features of a zonal mean ITCZ using four different forms of satellite radiance data: daily gridded OLR data, GOES VAS water vapor imagery, brightness temperatures from TOVS water vapor channels (6.7 and 7.3 microns), and brightness temperature vectors for a complete set of TOVS channels. All of the data are composited over many events to minimize the effects of missing data, sampling errors, and system variability. The major differences between the observing systems are examined, focusing on resolution and clouds. It is found that the ITCZ exhibits a zonally symmetric convective phase and an enhanced regional convective phase (plumes), both of which can be differentiated from climatological mean behavior.
Improved statistical method of extraction of textural features in synthetic-aperture-radar (SAR) images takes account of effects of scheme used to sample raw SAR data, system noise, resolution of radar equipment, and speckle. Treatment of speckle incorporated into overall statistical treatment of speckle, system noise, and natural variations in texture. One computes speckle auto-correlation function from system transfer function that expresses effect of radar aperature and incorporates range and azimuth resolutions.
We propose to develop and enhance a workstation based grid analysis and display software system for Earth science data set browsing, sampling and manipulation. The system will be coupled to a super computer in a distributed computing environment for near real-time interaction between scientists and computational results.
This document contains a general description for data sets of a wake vortex system in a turbulent environment. The turbulence and thermal stratification of the environment are representative of the conditions on November 12, 2001 near John F. Kennedy International Airport. The simulation assumes no ambient winds. The full three dimensional simulation of the wake vortex system from a Boeing 747 predicts vortex circulation levels at 80% of their initial value at the time of the proposed vortex encounter. The linked vortex oval orientation showed no twisting, and the oval elevations at the widest point were about 20 meters higher than where the vortex pair joined. Fred Proctor of NASA?s Langley Research Center presented the results from this work at the NTSB public hearing that started 29 October 2002. This document contains a description of each data set including: variables, coordinate system, data format, and sample plots. Also included are instructions on how to read the data.
Optical instrumentation in the Fluids Experiment System (FES) is briefly described. Samples of the data produced by the schlieren and holography systems during the Spacelab 3 flight are then presented with some of the holographic interferometry data being presented for the first time. Acceleration effects that can be observed in these data are discussed and the potential for using them as a basis for measurement is explored. This includes the tracking of deliberately introduced tracer particles and density gradients in the FES, the analysis of the existing concentration gradients, and a new fiber optic G-meter concept. Finally, some of the plans for acceleration measurement in the upcoming International Microgravity-1/FES are described.
NASA's Global Biology Research Program and its goals for greater understanding of planetary biological processes are discussed. Consideration is given to assessing major pathways and rates of exchange of elements such as carbon and nitrogen, extrapolating local rates of anaerobic activities, determining exchange rates of ocean nutrients, and developing models for the global cycles of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Satellites and sensors operating today are covered: the Nimbus, NOAA, and Landsat series. Block diagrams of the software and hardware for a typical ground data processing and analysis system are provided. Samples of the surface cover data achieved with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, the Multispectral Scanner, and the Thematic Mapper are presented, as well as a productive capacity model for coastal wetlands. Finally, attention is given to future goals, their engineering requirements, and the necessary data analysis system.
Stability of single-loop feedback control systems with perturbation gain in continuous and sampled data cases
System, consisting of sampling flip flop, memory (either RAM or ROM), and memory buffer, correlates sampled data with predetermined acceptance code patterns, translates acceptable code patterns to nonreturn-to-zero code, and identifies data dropouts.
The John C. Stennis Space Center (SSC) provides test operations services to a variety of customers including NASA, DoD, commercial enterprises, and others for the development of current next-generation rocket propulsion systems. Many of these test operations services are provided in the E-Complex series of test facilities. The E-Complex is composed of three active test stands (E1, E2, & E3), each with two or more test positions. Each test position is comprised of unique sets of data acquisition and controls hardware and software that record both facility and test article data and safely operate the test facility. The E-Complex data acquisition system (DAS) is actually composed of two separate systems, one for static data and the other for dynamic. The static DAS, otherwise known as the Low-Speed DAS (LSDAS), samples 16 bit data at 250 samples-per-second (SPS), although an aggregate sample rate of 200,000 SPS is possible. The dynamic data acquisition system, otherwise known as the high-speed DAS (HSDAS), samples 16 bit data at 100K SPS with a 45 KHz bandwidth.
The Mars icebreaker life mission will search for subsurface life on mars. It consists of three payload elements: a drill to retrieve soil samples from approx. 1 meter below the surface, a robotic sample handling system to deliver the sample from the drill to the instruments, and the instruments themselves. This paper will discuss the robotic sample handling system.
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is designed to carry five major scientific instruments to collect imagery, spectrographic, and photometric astronomical data. The Pointing Control System is to achieve pointing accuracies and line of sight jitter levels an order of magnitude less than can be achieved with ground mounted telescopes. In addition, the HST must be able to acquire and track solar system targets with apparent motion up to 0.21 arcsec/s. Such targets include planetary satellites, planetary surface features and comets. It is to perform this tracking with an accuracy under 0.03 arcsec at the maximum rate. Tracking of solar objects by the Space Telescope accounts for the effects of velocity aberration and parallax, as well as solar targeting a celestial object in a science instrument aperture. The design of the Pointing Control System solar object tracking features is discussed, with emphasis on the special timing and granulation problems inherent with a sampled-data, multirate digital control system.
A remote water monitoring system is described that integrates the functions of sampling, sample preservation, sample analysis, data transmission and remote operation. The system employs a floating buoy carrying an antenna connected by lines to one or more sampling units containing several sample chambers. Receipt of a command signal actuates a solenoid to open an intake valve outward from the sampling unit and communicates the water sample to an identifiable sample chamber. Such response to each signal receipt is repeated until all sample chambers are filled in a sample unit. Each sample taken is analyzed by an electrochemical sensor for a specific property and the data obtained is transmitted to a remote sending and receiving station. Thereafter, the samples remain isolated in the sample chambers until the sampling unit is recovered and the samples removed for further laboratory analysis.
Personal thermoregulatory systems which provide head and neck cooling are used in the industrial and aerospace environments to alleviate thermal stress. However, little information is available regarding the physiologic and circulatory changes produced by routine operation of these systems. The objective of this study was to measure the scalp temperature and circulatory responses during use of one commercially available thermal control system. The Life Support Systems, Inc. Mark VII portable cooling system and a liquid cooling helmet were used in this study. Two EEG electrodes and one skin temperature transducer were placed on the anterior midline of the scalp to measure the scalp blood and temperature. Blood flow was measured using a bipolar impedance rheograph. Ten subjects, seated in an upright position at normal room temperature, were tested at high, medium, moderate, moderate-low and low coolant temperatures. Scalp blood flow was recorded continuously using a computer data acquisition system with a sampling frequency of 200 Hz. Scalp temperature and cooling helmet Inlet temperature was logged periodically during the test period. This study quantifies the effect of head cooling upon scalp temperature and blood flow. These data may also be used to select operational specifications of the head cooling system for biomedical applications such as the treatment of migraine headaches, scalp cooling during chemotherapy, and cooling of multiple sclerosis patients.
This paper presents a method of digital approximation of a continuous-data system by the matching of states at multiple sampling periods. Two alternate methods are presented; one method samples the states every sampling period, and alters the forward and feedback gains, so as to match the states of the two systems at the end of N sampling periods. The second method requires the sampling of the states every N sampling periods, with the change of gains at each sampling period. An illustrative example using the one-axis dynamics of the Skylab Satellite is presented.