Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “STATIC LOADING”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9

Aerodynamic loads measurements on externally blown flap STOL models

Small-scale-model data have shown large static loads on the flap system behind the engines. The large-scale-model tests confirmed the magnitude of these loads and indicated that the relative loading of each flap element depends on the engine-wing-flap geometry. Flap response measurements indicated that the unsteady pressure loading excited the natural vibration modes of the flap system on this model. Since this was a boilerplate model, the only conclusion that can be drawn is that the possibility of large vibration loads must be considered for a flight-weight structure. The similarity of the unsteady pressure and flap response spectra for the wind-off and wind-on cases indicated that it may be possible to realistically test flight-weight flap structures on a static test stand rather than endure the extra costs and scheduling problems associated with large-scale wind-tunnel tests. There is a potential flap-temperature problem which if not resolved might preclude the use of materials such as aluminum and the composites in the flap structure.

Greene, G. C.↗

Improvement of propeller static thrust estimation

The problem of improving the performance estimation of propellers operating in the heavily loaded static thrust condition was studied. The Goldstein theory was assessed as it applies to propellers operating in the static thrust. A review of theoretical considerations is presented along with a summary of the attempts made to obtain a numerical solution. The chordwise pressure distribution was determined during operation at a tip speed of 500 ft/sec. Chordwise integration of the pressures leads to the spanwise load distribution and further integration would give the axial thrust.

Brusse, J.↗

A Simplistic Look at Limit Stresses from Random Loading

Utilizing a continuous beam model, this report compares the potential stresses imposed on the beam from a random environment with those resulting from a typical static load analysis or test simulation. The Miles' equation used to develop peak response accelerations is shown to become a force equation in the hands of strength assessment personnel. This may prove to be unrealistic since hardware dynamic stresses are related to deflection rather than load. Correlation of the stress state for any static analysis or test with the actual dynamic response stress is strictly dependent upon how well the static deflections simulate the predominant dynamic mode shape. The report proposes that the general shape of this predominant mode, along with the peak response accelerations of major masses be used in strength assessments. From these data, a tailored enforced displacement loading may prove to be more effective in reproducing random induced stresses on flight hardware.

Lee, H. M.↗

Torque Limit for Bolted Joint For Composites: Experimentation - Part B

Today, aerospace quality composite parts are generally made from either a unidirectional tape or a fabric prepreg form depending on the application. The matrix material, typically epoxy because of it dimensional stability, is pre-impregnated onto the fibers to ensure uniform distribution. Both of these composite forms are finding themselves used in applications where a joint is required. Two widely used joint methods are the classic mechanically fastened joint, and the contemporary bonded joint; however, the mechanically fastened joint is most commonly used by design engineers. A major portion of the research up-to-date about bolted composite joints has dealt with the inplane static load capacity. This work has helped to spawn standards dealing with filled-hole static joint strength. Other research has clearly shown that the clamp-up load in the mechanical fastener significantly affects the joint strength in a beneficial manner by reducing the bearing strength dependence of the composite laminate. One author reported a maximum increase in joint strength of 28%. This finding has helped to improve the reliability and efficiency of the joint in a composite structure.

Kostreva, Kristian M.↗

Comparative evaluation of woven graphite-epoxy composites

A comparative evaluation of some of the mechanical properties of woven graphite-epoxy composites are discussed. In particular, the types of weaves and the resin contents were chosen for comparison. The types of weaves selected are plain weave, satin weave, and tridirectional weave. The composites made of the fabrics are compared to composites made from unidirectional tapes under static and fatigue loading. During static loading, acoustic emission events were monitored. Also, examinations of fracture surfaces and polished sections both away from the fracture surface, and of virgin specimens under an electron microscope are discussed.

Hanagud, S.↗

Comparative evaluation of woven graphite-epoxy composites

A comparative evaluation of some of the mechanical properties of woven graphite-epoxy composites have been discussed in this report. In particular the types of weaves and the resin contents have been chosen for comparison. The types of weaves selected are plain weaves, satin weave and tri-directional weave. The composites made of these fabrics have been compared to composites made from unidirectional tapes under static and fatigue loading. During static loading acoustic emission events have been monitored. Also, examinations of fracture surface and polished sections of specimens away from the fracture surface under an electron microscope have been discussed.

Hanagud, S.↗

Pull-out fibers from composite materials at high rate of loading

Numerical and experimental results are presented on the pullout phenomenon in composite materials at a high rate of loading. The finite element method was used, taking into account the existence of a virtual shear deformation layer as the interface between fiber and matrix. Experimental results agree well with those obtained by the finite element method. Numerical results show that the interlaminar shear stress is time dependent, in addition, it is shown to depend on the applied load time history. Under step pulse loading, the interlaminar shear stress fluctuates, finally decaying to its value under static loading.

Amijima, S.↗

Structural weights analysis of advanced aerospace vehicles using finite element analysis

A conceptual/preliminary level structural design system has been developed for structural integrity analysis and weight estimation of advanced space transportation vehicles. The system includes a three-dimensional interactive geometry modeler, a finite element pre- and post-processor, a finite element analyzer, and a structural sizing program. Inputs to the system include the geometry, surface temperature, material constants, construction methods, and aerodynamic and inertial loads. The results are a sized vehicle structure capable of withstanding the static loads incurred during assembly, transportation, operations, and missions, and a corresponding structural weight. An analysis of the Space Shuttle external tank is included in this paper as a validation and benchmark case of the system.

Bush, Lance B.↗

Fastener load tests and retention systems tests for cryogenic wind-tunnel models

A-286 stainless steel screws were tested to determine the tensile load capability and failure mode of various screw sizes and types at both cryogenic and room temperature. Additionally, five fastener retention systems were tested by using A-286 screws with specimens made from the primary metallic alloys that are currently used for cryogenic models. The locking system effectiveness was examined by simple no-load cycling to cryogenic temperatures (-275 F) as well as by dynamic and static loading at cryogenic temperatures. In general, most systems were found to be effective retention devices. There are some differences between the various devices with respect to ease of application, cleanup, and reuse. Results of tests at -275 F imply that the cold temperatures act to improve screw retention. The improved retention is probably the result of differential thermal contraction and/or increased friction (thread-binding effects). The data provided are useful in selecting screw sizes, types, and locking devices for model systems to be tested in cryogenic wind tunnels.

Wallace, J. W.↗

Acoustically Tailored Composite Rotorcraft Fuselage Panels

A rotorcraft roof sandwich panel has been redesigned to optimize sound power transmission loss (TL) and minimize structure-borne sound for frequencies between 1 and 4 kHz where gear meshing noise from the transmission has the most impact on speech intelligibility. The roof section, framed by a grid of ribs, was originally constructed of a single honeycomb core/composite face sheet panel. The original panel has coincidence frequencies near 700 Hz, leading to poor TL across the frequency range of 1 to 4 kHz. To quiet the panel, the cross section was split into two thinner sandwich subpanels separated by an air gap. The air gap was sized to target the fundamental mass-spring-mass resonance of the double panel system to less than 500 Hz. The panels were designed to withstand structural loading from normal rotorcraft operation, as well as 'man-on-the-roof' static loads experienced during maintenance operations. Thin layers of VHB 9469 viscoelastomer from 3M were also included in the face sheet ply layups, increasing panel damping loss factors from about 0.01 to 0.05. Measurements in the NASA SALT facility show the optimized panel provides 6-11 dB of acoustic transmission loss improvement, and 6-15 dB of structure-borne sound reduction at critical rotorcraft transmission tonal frequencies. Analytic panel TL theory simulates the measured performance quite well. Detailed finite element/boundary element modeling of the baseline panel simulates TL slightly more accurately, and also simulates structure-borne sound well.

Hambric, Stephen↗

Tribological measurements on a Charnley-type artificial hip joint

A total hip simulator was used to determine the friction and wear properties of Charnley-type (316L stainless steel balls and sterile ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene cups) hip prostheses. Three different sets of specimens were tested to 395,000, 101,500 and 233,000 walking cycles, respectively. All tests were run unlubricated, at ambient conditions (22 to 26 C, 30 to 50 percent relative humidity), at 30 walking cycles per minute, under a dynamic load simulating walking. Polyethylene cup wear rates ranged from 1.4 to 39 ten billions cu m which corresponds to dimensional losses of 4.0 to 11 microns per year. Although these wear rates are lower than those obtained from other hip simulators and from in vivo X-ray measurements, they are comparable when taking run-in and plastic deformation into account. Maximum tangential friction forces ranged from 93 to 129 N under variable load (267 to 3090 N range) and from 93 to 143 N under a static load of 3090 N. A portion of one test 250,000 walking cycles) run under dry air ( 1 percent relative humidity) yielded a wear rate almost 6 times greater than that obtained under wet air ( 70 percent relative humidity) conditions.

Jones, W. R., Jr.↗

Tests of Lead-bronze Bearings in the DVL Bearing-testing Machine

The lead-bronze bearings tested in the DVL machine have proven themselves very sensitive to load changes as in comparison with bearings of light metal. In order to prevent surface injuries and consequently running interruptions, the increase of the load has to be made in small steps with sufficient run-in time between steps. The absence of lead in the running surface, impurities in the alloy (especially iron) and surface irregularities (pores) decreases the load-carrying capacity of the bearing to two or three times that of the static load.

Fischer, G↗

Improved Techniques for Measuring Static Ground Wind Loads on the NASA Space Launch System Mobile Launcher 2

Vertical distribution of static ground wind loads was directly measured on Mobile Launcher ground support hardware to the NASA Space Launch System (SLS) at 1.75% scale in the Langley Research Center 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel. Low-speed wind tunnel testing in the liftoff phase of flight was conducted for the SLS Block 1B family of rockets with their associated ground support systems. Improved methods for measuring and estimating static ground wind loads on the launch tower assembly are introduced in detail. A novel, distributed loads measurement technique is introduced and compared against lower-fidelity, previously utilized methods.

Ground Wind Loads↗

NASTRAN use for cyclic response and fatigue analysis of wind turbing towers

A procedure is described which uses NASTRAN coupled with fatigue criteria via a postprocessor to determine the cyclic response and to assess the fatigue resistance (fatigue life) of wind turbine generator towers. The cyclic loads to which the tower may be subjected are entered either in a quasi-static approach though static load subcases (Rigid Format 1) or through the direct dynamic response (Rigid Format 9) features of NASTRAN. The fatigue criteria are applied to NASTRAN output data from either rigid format through an externally written user program embedded in a postprocessor.

Chamis, C. C.↗

Impact tests on fibrous composite sandwich structures

The effect of low velocity impact on the strength of laminates fabricated from graphite/epoxy and Kevlar 49/epoxy composite materials was studied. The test laminates were loaded statically either in uniaxial tension or compression when impact occurred to evaluate the effect of loading on the initiation of damage and/or failure. Typical aircraft service conditions such as runway debris encountered during landing were simulated by impacting 1.27-cm-diameter projectiles normal to the plane of the test laminates at velocities between 5.2 and 48.8 m/s.

Rhodes, M. D.↗

Load cell verification of the uprated high pressure oxygen turbopump for the Space Shuttle Main Engine

The high pressure turbomachinery of the Space Shuttle Main Engine has the highest power-to-weight ratio of any operational machine known. Subsynchronous rotor whirl of the high pressure oxygen turbopump occurred in development testing at full-power level (109 percent thrust). The means by which the turbopump was successfully uprated is presented herein. The subsynchronous motion was determined to be driven by impeller destabilizing forces in combination with low net damping and bearing degradation. The degradation resulted from ball wear due primarily to an excessive loading condition of operating too near the lightly damped rotor second critical speed while under a large static load and, secondarily, from reverse bearing loading or loss of internal clearance and coolant during simulated flight conditions. The rotor response was reduced by stiffening the shaft and supports, optimizing the stiffness and damping of annular seals, and increasing the bearing deadband. The uprated oxygen turbopump configuration was verified by converting the pump and bearing support into a load cell for the purpose of systematically quantifying the load reduction benefits relative to baseline turbopumps. The damped second critical speed margin and the load sharing have been substantially improved which has resulted in reduced bearing loads for improved service life of the machine at full-power level.

Beatty, R. F.↗

Growian rotor blades: Production development, construction and test

Development and construction of three 50 m rotor blades for a 3 MW wind turbine are described. A hybrid concept was chosen, i.e., a load carrying inflexible steel spar and a glass fiber reinforced plastic skin. A test blade was constructed and static loading tests, dynamic vibration tests and fatigue tests on critical welds as well as at the connection between spar and blade skin were performed. All test results show good accordance with calculated values, and were taken into consideration during the construction of two rotor blades.

Thiele, H. M.↗