Initial TOS launching scheduled February 2
Tiros operational satellite weather forecasting system based on environmental survey data from Delta-launched Essa I
TIROS OPERATIONAL SATELLITE SYSTEM↗
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Early orbit and attitude determination plan and prelaunch analysis for the satellite TOS-B
Prelaunch early orbit and attitude determinations, and prelaunch analysis for Tiros Operational Satellite B
Source record↗
Early satellite program developments
A historical overview of the pioneer projects for the development of meteorological satellites is given. In addition, the parallel development of the responsible space agencies and panels is addressed. The Vanguard 2 satellite, the first Earth radiation experiment, and the vidicon equipped TIROS-1 satellite are discussed.
Kellogg, W. W.↗
EVALUATION OF TIROS INFRARED DATA
Comparison of tiros ii satellite infrared measurements with the outgoing flux computed from atmospheric models
ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION↗
Evaluation of TIROS-N and NOAA-6 satellite data: Comparisons of colocated soundings and analyses for a January case
An early January 1980 synoptic situation was used in evaluating the performance of TIROS-N and NOAA-6 operational temperature soundings. Visual and statistical comparisons of temperature and thickness fields were employed to determine the effects of manual screening of the satellite soundings and measure the accuracy of both the satellite soundings and analyses derived from them. Comparisons between the performance of TIROS-N and NOAA-6 were emphasized. Both satellites were able to correctly position the major troughs and ridges. Gradients were underestimated though, with troughs markedly too warm and ridges slightly too cold. The poorest data occurred near the surface and tropopause as reflected by larger standard deviations in those layers. The performance of TIROS-N was slightly superior to that of NOAA-6.
Schmidt, B. D.↗
The Laboratory for Oceans Computing Facility
The first VAX computer in the Laboratory for Oceans Computing Facility (LOCF) was installed and the facility was largely expanded. The growth is not only in hardware and software, but also in the number of users and in supporting research and development projects. The LOCF serves as a general purpose computing facility for: ocean color research projects, sea ice research projects, processing of the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner data set, real time ingest and analysis of TIROS-N satellite data, study of the Synthetic Aperture Radar data, study of LANDSAT data, and many others. The physical space and the electrical power layout of the computing room were modified to accommodate all the equipment. The LOCF has several image processing stations which include two International Imaging Systems (IIS) model 75 processors and one Adage processor. The facility has the capability of ingesting the TIROS-N HRPT satellite data on a real time basis. More than 30 software packages were installed on the systems. System software packages, network software, FORTRAN and C compilers, database management software, image processing software, graphics, mathematics and statistics packages, TAE, Catalog Manager, GEMPAK, LAS and many other software developed on the LOCF computers such as SEAPAK have greatly advanced the capability of the LOCF.
Kao, R.↗
A quasi-global analysis of tropospheric water vapor content from Tiros IV radiation data
Global satellite measurements of thermal radiation from tropospheric water vapor
SATELLITE MEASUREMENT↗
Tiros VII infrared radiation coverage of the 1963 Atlantic hurricane season with supporting television and conventional meteorological data
Infrared radiation data analyzed from Tiros VII SATELLITE coverage of North Atlantic hurricanes during 1963
INFRARED RADIATION↗
Nimbus 7 SMMR observations of the Bering Sea ice cover during March 1979
Sea ice concentration contour maps derived from the 0.81 cm wavelength channels on the Nimbus 7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) are compared with surface and aircraft data and with sea ice charts derived from the TIROS-N satellite imagery. The regional ice and weather data and the derivation of the TIROS ice charts are discussed, and the Nimbus 7 SMMR data and the physical basis of the algorithm used to retrieve ice concentrations are described. A detailed comparison of the SMMR imagery with all available surface, satellite, and meteorological data for two days in March, 1979 is made. The results show that the ice concentration maps derived from the 0.81 cm wavelength SMMR radiances provide accurate information on both the ice edge position and the location of low and high ice concentration regions within the Bering Sea pack ice.
Cavalieri, D. J.↗
Tropical Pacific moisture variability: Its detection, synoptic structure and consequences in the general circulation
Satellite data analysis tools are developed and implemented for the diagnosis of atmospheric circulation systems over the tropical Pacific Ocean. The tools include statistical multi-variate procedures, a multi-spectral radiative transfer model, and the global spectral forecast model at NMC. Data include in-situ observations; satellite observations from VAS (moisture, infrared and visible) NOAA polar orbiters (including Tiros Operational Satellite System (TOVS) multi-channel sounding data and OLR grids) and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR); and European Centre for Medium Weather Forecasts (ECHMWF) analyses. A primary goal is a better understanding of the relation between synoptic structures of the area, particularly tropical plumes, and the general circulation, especially the Hadley circulation. A second goal is the definition of the quantitative structure and behavior of all Pacific tropical synoptic systems. Finally, strategies are examined for extracting new and additional information from existing satellite observations. Although moisture structure is emphasized, thermal patterns are also analyzed. Both horizontal and vertical structures are studied and objective quantitative results are emphasized.
Mcguirk, James P.↗
The ATLAS-1 mission
Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS)-1 was launched on March 24, 1992, carrying an international payload of 14 investigations, and conducted a successful series of experiments and observations over the subsequent 9 days. The objectives included: measuring the solar irradiance at high precision; remote sensing of the composition of the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere using techniques for wavelengths from 300 A to 5 mm; and inducing auroras by means of 1.2 amp electron beams. A subset of these instruments will subsequently be flown in a series of shuttle missions at roughly 1-year intervals over an 11-year solar cycle. The frequent recalibration opportunities afforded by such a program allows the transfer of calibrations to longer duration orbiting observatories. The ATLAS-1 mission occurred at the same time as the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), TIROS-N, and ERB satellites were in operation, and correlative measurements were conducted with these. In all, the mission was most successful in achieving its objectives and a unique and important database was acquired, with many scientific firsts accomplished. This paper provides the mission overview for the series of papers that follow.
Torr, Marsha R.↗
The TIROS II Radiation Experiment
The TIROS II meteorological satellite was placed into orbit on November 23, 1960. It contains two television cameras and equipment for a family of electromagnetic radiation experiments, including a medium resolution radiometer. The medium resolution radiometer is a cluster of five sensors which have their optical axes inclined 45 deg. to the spin axis of the satellite. The spin of TIROS II provides the scanning motion. The five radiometer channels are sensitive to the following spectral bands: 6 to 6.5; 8 to 12; 0.2 to 6; 8 to 30; and 0.55 to 0.75 microns.
Hanel, R. A.↗
First in new environmental spacecraft series to be launched
A series of operational meteorological monitoring satellites (TIROS-N) is described. Emphasis is placed on environmental monitoring instruments onboard the satellites that provide technological advances over previous sensors. Benefits in the areas of weather forecasting, oceanography, water resource management, and flood forecasting are discussed along with the operational capability to collect and transmit environmental data from platforms on land, at sea, and airborne, and to track stations motion. The participation of Canada, Great Britain, and France is mentioned and a description of the launch vehicle is included.
Source record↗
Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Temperature from Earth Satellites
Techniques for measuring sea surface temperature using remote sensors in earth orbiting satellites are discussed. Specific reference is made to the infrared sensors carried by the TIROS Operational Satellite. The development of a method to examine a large number of measurements in order to differentiate the temperature effects of clouds is described. It is stated that the system used is completely objective and minimizes the influence of atmospheric absorption, cloud contamination, and instrumental noise on the inferred sea surface temperatures.
Rao, P. K.↗
United States weather satellites
Performance characteristics, attitude stabilization systems, power sources and optical systems of Tiros, TOS and Nimbus weather satellites
TIROS SATELLITE↗
Meteorological satellite data: A tool to describe the health of the world's agriculture
Local area coverage data acquired aboard the TIROS-N satellite family by the advanced very high resolution radiometer systems was examined to determine the agricultural information current. Albedo differences between channel 2 and channel 1 of the advanced very high resolution radiometer LAC (called EVI) are shown to be closely correlated to the Ashburn vegetative index produced from LANDSAT multispectral scanner data which have been shown to vary in response to "greenness", soil moisture, and crop production. The statistical correlation between the EVI and the Ashburn Vegetative Index (+ or - 1 deg) is 0.86.
Gray, T. I., Jr.↗
Ice reconnaissance by satellite
The paper describes the significant milestones in the use of satellites for snow and ice monitoring. The feasibility of such monitoring was demonstrated by the Tiros 2 satellite in 1961. Nimbus 1 showed that breaks in the sea ice can be easily monitored during continuous nighttime conditions; Nimbus 3 showed the practicality of delineating regions of active melting of ice and snow in temperate areas. Landsat data have been found to be particularly useful for monitoring and studying glaciers and their attendant surface features. Ice concentration can be determined with reasonable accuracy from a sequence of electronically scanned microwave radiomenter images made aboard Nimbus 5. In the future we can expect improved sensors and spacecraft systems with longer operating lives.
Gloersen, P.↗
International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Product in Native (NAT) Format (ISCCP_TOVS_NAT)
Since 1983 an international group of institutions has collected and analyzed satellite radiance measurements from up to five geostationary and two polar orbiting satellites to infer the global distribution of cloud properties and their diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations. The primary focus of the first phase of the project (1983-1995) was the elucidation of the role of clouds in the radiation budget (top of the atmosphere and surface). In the second phase of the project (1995 onwards) the analysis also concerns improving understanding of clouds in the global hydrological cycle. [Location=GLOBAL] [Temporal_Coverage: Start_Date=1983-07-01; Stop_Date=] [Spatial_Coverage: Southernmost_Latitude=-90; Northernmost_Latitude=90; Westernmost_Longitude=-180; Easternmost_Longitude=180] [Data_Resolution: Latitude_Resolution=280 degree; Longitude_Resolution=280 degree; Temporal_Resolution=Daily - < Monthly].
PRECIPITABLE WATER PROFILES↗