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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9

CatTestHub: A benchmarking database of experimental heterogeneous catalysis for evaluating advanced materials

The ability to quantitatively compare newly evolving catalytic materials and technologies is hindered by the widespread availability of catalytic data collected in a consistent manner. While certain catalytic chemistries have been widely studied across decades of scientific research, quantitative comparisons based on literature information is hindered by variability in reaction conditions, types of reported data, and reporting procedures. Here, we present CatTestHub, an open-access database dedicated to benchmarking experimental heterogeneous catalysis data. Combining systematically reported catalytic activity data for selected probe chemistries, with relevant material characterization and reactor configuration information, the database provides a collection of catalytic benchmarks for distinct classes of active site functionality. Through key choices in data access, availability, and traceability, CatTestHub seeks to balance the fundamental information needs of chemical catalysis and the FAIR data design principles. Details of the database architecture and the means through which to navigate it are presented, highlighting examples of catalytic insights readily drawn from the available benchmarking data. In its current iteration, CatTestHub spans over 250 unique experimental data points, collected over 24 solid catalysts, that facilitated the turnover of 3 distinct catalytic chemistries. Here, a roadmap is presented through which to expand the open-access platform that serves as a community wide benchmark, primarily through continuous addition of kinetic information on select catalytic systems by members of the heterogeneous catalysis community at large.

Benchmark↗

PySpawn: Software for Nonadiabatic Quantum Molecular Dynamics

The ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method enables nonadiabatic quantum molecular dynamics simulations in an arbitrary number of dimensions, with potential energy surfaces provided by electronic structure calculations performed on-the-fly. However, the intricacy of the AIMS algorithm complicates software development, deployment on modern shared computer resources, and post-simulation data analysis. PySpawn is a nonadiabatic molecular dynamics software package that addresses these issues. Here, the program is designed to be easily interfaced with electronic structure software, and an interface to the TeraChem software package is described here. PySpawn introduces a task-based reorganization of the AIMS algorithm, allowing fine-grained restart capability and setting the stage for efficient parallelization in a future release. PySpawn includes a user-friendly and interactive Python analysis module that will enable novice users to painlessly adopt AIMS. As a demonstration of PySpawn’s simulation capability and analysis module, we report complete active space self-consistent field–based AIMS simulations of the 1,2- dithienyl-1,2-dicyanoethene molecule, a promising molecular photoswitch.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Ethanol Upgrading with N,N,N -Pincer-Based Ru Catalysts: Delineating Key Factors Governing Catalyst Evolution and Stability

The 5-CH 3 -bpi (bpi = 1,3-bis(2'-pyridylimino)isoindolate) ruthenium catalyst is among the most active catalysts to generate higher order alcohols from ethanol, via the Guerbet reaction, yet the reason(s) for this beneficial CH 3 -subsitution position (5- relative to 4- and 6-) were not known. To understand the influence of this unique positional activity, we report a mechanistic investigation of the N,N,N-pincer Ru(bpi)(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl catalyst. In situ IR and ex situ NMR/ESI-MS analyses of catalytic reactions identified a series of Ru carbonyl species generated during catalysis. Here, we find that the primary decomposition pathway is via hydrogenolysis of the bpi ligands and that incorporating a methyl group at the 5-position disfavors this deactivation pathway.

(de)hydrogenation↗

Tuning the interfacial spin-orbit coupling with ferroelectricity

Detection and manipulation of spin current lie in the core of spintronics. Here we report an active control of a net spin Hall angle, θ SHE (net), in Pt at an interface with a ferroelectric material PZT (PbZr 0.2 Ti 0.8 O 3 ), using its ferroelectric polarization. The spin Hall angle in the ultra-thin Pt layer is measured using the inverse spin Hall effect with a pulsed tunneling current from a ferromagnetic La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 electrode. The effect of the ferroelectric polarization on θ SHE (net) is enhanced when the thickness of the Pt layer is reduced. When the Pt layer is thinner than 6 nm, switching the ferroelectric polarization even changes the sign of θ SHE (net). This is attributed to the reversed polarity of the spin Hall angle in the 1 st -layer Pt at the PZT/Pt interface when the ferroelectric polarization is inverted, as supported by the first-principles calculations. These findings suggest a route for designing future energy efficient spin-orbitronic devices using ferroelectric control.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Interconnected nanoconfining pore networks enhance catalyst CO 2 interaction in electrified reactive capture

Systems that sequentially capture and upgrade CO 2 from air to fuels/fuel-intermediates, such as syngas and ethylene, rely on an energy-intensive CO 2 release process. Electrified reactive capture systems transform CO 2 obtained directly from carbonate capture liquid into products. Previous reactive capture systems show a decline in Faradaic efficiencies (FE) at current densities above 200 mA/cm 2 . Here we show the chemical origins of this problem, finding that prior electrocatalyst designs failed to arrest, activate, and reduce in situ-generated CO 2 (i-CO 2 ) before it traversed the catalyst layer and entered the tailgas stream. We develop a templated synthesis to define pore structures and the sites of Ni single atoms, and find that carbon-nitrogen-based nanopores are effective in accumulating i-CO 2 via short-range, non-electrostatic interactions between CO 2 molecules and the nanochannel walls. These interactions confine and enrich i-CO 2 within the pores, enhancing its binding and activation. We report as a result carbonate electrolysis at 300 mA/cm 2 with FE to CO of 50% ± 3%, and with <1% CO 2 in the tailgas outlet stream. This corresponds to a projected energy efficiency (EE) to 2:1 syngas of 46% at 300 mA/cm 2 when H 2 is added using a water electrolyzer.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Spontaneous self-propulsion and nonequilibrium shape fluctuations of a droplet enclosing active particles

Active particles, such as swimming bacteria or self-propelled colloids, spontaneously assemble into large-scale dynamic structures. Geometric boundaries often enforce different spatio-temporal patterns compared to unconfined environment and thus provide a platform to control the behavior of active matter. Here, we report collective dynamics of active particles enclosed by soft, deformable boundary, that is responsive to the particles’ activity. We reveal that a quasi two-dimensional fluid droplet enclosing motile colloids powered by the Quincke effect (Quincke rollers) exhibits strong shape fluctuations with a power spectrum consistent with active fluctuations driven by particle-interface collisions. A broken detailed balance confirms the nonequilibrium nature of the shape dynamics. We further find that rollers self-organize into a single drop-spanning vortex, which can undergo a spontaneous symmetry breaking and vortex splitting. The droplet acquires motility while the vortex doublet exists. Our findings provide insights into the complex collective behavior of active colloidal suspensions in soft confinement.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Protein coating composition targets nanoparticles to leaf stomata and trichomes

Plant nanobiotechnology has the potential to revolutionize agriculture. However, the lack of effective methods to deliver nanoparticles (NPs) to the precise locations in plants where they are needed impedes these technological innovations. Here, model gold nanoparticles (AuNP) were coated with citrate, bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a protein control, or LM6-M, an antibody with an affinity for functional groups unique to stomata on leaf surfaces to deliver the AuNPs to stomata. One-month-old Vicia faba leaves were exposed via drop deposition to aqueous suspensions of LM6-M-coated AuNPs and allowed to air dry. After rinsing, Au distribution on the leaf surface was investigated by enhanced dark-field microscopy and X-ray fluorescence mapping. While citrate-coated AuNPs randomly covered the plant leaves, LM6M-AuNPs strongly adhered to the stomata and remained on the leaf surface after rinsing, and BSA-AuNPs specifically targeted trichome hairs. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of active targeting of live leaf structures using NPs coated with molecular recognition molecules. Finally, this proof-of-concept study provides a strategy for future targeted nanopesticide delivery research.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Global Experiences with HPC Operational Data Measurement, Collection and Analysis

As we move into the exascale era, supercomputers grow larger, denser, more heterogeneous, and ever more complex. Operating such machines reliably and efficiently requires deep insight into the operational parameters of the machine itself as well as its supporting infrastructure. To fulfill this need, early adopter sites have started the development and deployment of Operational Data Analytics (ODA) frameworks allowing the continuous monitoring, archiving, and analysis of near realtime performance data from the machine and infrastructure levels, providing immediately actionable information for multiple operational uses. To understand their ODA goals, requirements, and use cases, we have conducted a survey among eight early adopter sites from the US, Europe, and Japan that operate top 50 high-performance computing systems. We have assessed the technologies leveraged to build their ODA frameworks, identified use cases and other push and pull factors that drive the sites' ODA activities, and report on their operational lessons.

Ott, Michael↗

A High Specific Output Gasoline Low Temperature Combustion Engine

This report summarizes activities conducted in support of the project “A High Specific Output Gasoline Low Temperature Combustion Engine” under COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NUMBER DE-EE0007788. This cooperative agreement was structured as a 51%/49% recipient/DOE NETL cost share with two Go / no-Go decision gates spanning three budget periods. The primary objective of the program is the development and demonstration of a downsized boosted, lean, low temperature gasoline combustion engine system capable of demonstrating a 15-17% fuel economy improvement relative to a contemporary naturally aspirated stoichiometric combustion engine consistent with relevant emissions constraints and the use of marketplace gasolines. The program focused on maximizing internal combustion engine fuel economy potential by combining the benefits of downsized boosted engine technology with next generation gasoline lean-burn, low temperature combustion and novel low temperature plasma ignition. The project achieved a 20.5% improvement from hot FTP cycle test and 18.9% improvement from cold FTP cycle test while meeting stringent SULEV30 emissions regulation for both test cycles (HOT FTP: 15.37 mg of NOx+HC; 0.16 g/mile of CO, COLD FTP: 23.1 mg of NOx+HC; 0.33 g/mile of CO).

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

Closeout of Department of Energy Grant – DE-FG02-91CH10493

A Federal Facility Interagency Agreement (lAG), dated February 28,1992, was executed by the State of New York, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to address contamination of operations at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) National Priorities List (NPL) site (site). Section XXXII of the IAG permits New York State to recover expenses for providing administrative and technical services pertaining to the site. The initial mechanism for recovery of State expenses was a DOE grant, identified as DE-FG02-91CH10493, which was established on September 30, 1991. Due to administrative requirements at DOE, the grant was no longer extended and was terminated on May 31, 2020. A Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) was executed on June 1, 2020, to facilitate reimbursement of State expenses moving forward. The grant contained closeout requirements, which included the submission of a report summarizing activities performed by the State of New York. The following sections present the site history and activities performed by New York State as well as the findings and conclusions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Phosgene Neutralization Chemistry for the Explosive Destruction System (EDS)

This report summarizes activities at Sandia National Laboratories as part of the Explosive Destruction System (EDS) Phase 3 (P3) System design. An exploration of chemical neutralization strategies of phosgene was conducted for safe disposal of recovered mortars and M79 1000 lb. bombs filled with carbonyl dichloride "phosgene" or "CG agent" (molecular formula = COCl 2 ). The incumbent strategy utilized aqueous sodium hydroxide was found to be the worst-case scenario, producing enough CO 2 gas that would cause an unacceptable pressure and temperature spike. Several chemical neutralization strategies were evaluated based on criteria set by the operating envelope of the P3 design. In the end, it was determined that a pure solution of N-methyl ethanolamine (MeEA) or 90% monoethanolamine (MEA)(aqueous) provided the best balance reaction profile, cost, and safety.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

FY2021 Progress Report on BISON Metallic Fuel Model Development and V&V Using EBR-II Legacy Data

In this report, the activities and achievements made by Argonne National Laboratory for the Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) BISON code metallic fuel validation and verification project in FY2021 are summarized. The cladding degradation model based on the FCCI/CCCI wastage calculations has been developed and implemented into BISON. A comprehensive evaluation of the cladding degradation model was performed based on FIPD data of the IFR experiment X447. BISON objects were also developed to enable direct use of time-varying cladding outer surface temperature profile as temperature boundary conditions, which proved to provide more accurate temperature predictions for the metallic fuel pins irradiated in EBR-II. Additionally, a new BISON object was implemented to enable direct comparison between BISON predicted data and FIPD-based post-irradiation examination (PIE) results, which would significantly facilitate BISON metallic fuel verification and validation (V&V) activities. These new BISON-FIPD integration features were used in the establishment of a low-burnup fuel swelling evaluation framework as demonstration. The framework was successfully used to evaluate current fuel swelling models based on the IFR experiment X423.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Verification and validation of developed short-term forecasting models

Recent advancements in machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies provide an opportunity for leveraging data-driven algorithms to predict future nuclear power plant (NPP) operating conditions by using recorded plant process data. Successfully implementing these models can lead to cost-reducing, conditioned-based predictive maintenance through optimized maintenance schedules and a reduction of unnecessary maintenance activities. This report discusses the verification and validation of short-term forecasting processes (i.e., data cleaning, feature selection, model optimization, and forecasting) developed in previous reports. The verification and validation (V&V) process demonstrates the expected precision and accuracy when the ML model encounters new datasets from different systems. Shapley additive explanations were used as the primary means of feature selection across these different data set. Individual models were trained for each data set, then validated through a cross-validation procedure. In this report, two different ML models were tasked to predict variables from three different plant process data sets with varying prediction horizons. The results indicate that support vector regression (SVR) outperformed long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks in regard to each data set and each prediction horizon in this study, but further tuning and optimization could improve long short-term memory results. However, each forecasting model showed reduced performance as the prediction horizon was extended from 1 hour to 1 day ahead. Research is ongoing to evaluate the optimal input variable space, which is based on a given set of process parameters, to further improve forecasting accuracy.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Resilience Assessment: Cape Cod National Seashore

The NPS partnered with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in 2019 to develop resilience plans at specific high-risk parks as well as a resilience planning guide to inform resilience planning decisions by NPS and other federal land management agencies. The purpose of this project is to further examine the vulnerability of coastal park infrastructure specific to energy, communications, transportation, and water systems, for future operational resilience across the NPS portfolio. Leveraging previously compiled vulnerability assessments and renewable energy analyses, NREL has completed resilience plans at specific high-risk pilot parks to serve as a foundation for more comprehensive assessments and resilience planning activities. This report is a summary of the efforts at Cape Cod National Seashore (CACO), which outlines the methodology used and the results of the analysis, with the intention of serving as a case study for other parks interested in replicating the process.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center (08/01/2009-07/31/2018) and renamed Center for Light Energy Activated Redox Processes (LEAP) (Final Report)

In 2009-2014 the ANSER Center focused on understanding how molecules, materials, and systems can use sunlight to generate charges that drive catalysts for solar fuels formation and directly power photovoltaic cells. We addressed a common set of fundamental questions that must be answered in both contexts to successfully utilize sunlight as a renewable energy source for fuels and electricity. By attacking the common questions intrinsic to solar fuels and electricity in the same research center, ANSER provided opportunities for cross-cutting solutions not possible by addressing only fuels or electricity alone.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Enabling Predictive Scale-Bridging Simulations through Active Learning (Institutional Computing Annual Report (Project w21_alscalebridging)) [Slides]

The goal of this project was to develop, demonstrate, and provide a new capability to achieve greater physical fidelity in large-scale simulations, rather than the usual brute-force increases in the number of mesh elements or particles. Transport in nanoporous media, critical to hydrocarbon extraction from tight shale formations, is affected by molecular-level interactions. Several coarse-scale Lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) parameters cannot be directly computed, so instead we calibrate them to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, by building emulators that mimic MD and LBM behavior and then training an upscaler. The resulting machine learning (ML)-based scale-bridging framework is up to 7 orders of magnitude faster than direct MD.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Initiating Event Rates at U.S. Nuclear Power Plants, 2021 Update

Analyzing initiating event rates is important because it indicates trends and patterns of plant performance and provides inputs to several U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) risk-informed regulatory activities. This report presents an analysis of initiating event frequencies at U.S. commercial nuclear power plants from calendar year 1988 through 2021, as reported in licensee event reports. Engineers with nuclear power plant experience reviewed each event report since the last update to this report to categorize and characterize reactor trips. To be included in this study, an event had to meet all of the following criteria: (1) the event included an unplanned reactor trip (not a scheduled reactor trip on the daily operations schedule), (2) the sequence of events started when the reactor was critical and at or above the point of adding heat, (3) the event occurred at a U.S. commercial nuclear power plant (excluding Fort St. Vrain and LaCrosse), and (4) the event was reported by a licensee event report. Sixteen initiating event groupings are trended and displayed. For some of the categories, relevant events are plotted separately for boiling-water reactors (BWR) and pressurized-water reactors (PWR). P-values are given for the possible presence of a trend over the most recent 10 years. The following trends were identified for the most recent 10 years (2012–2021): • A highly statistically significant decreasing trend was identified for Loss of Offsite Power (p-value = 0.002) • A statistically significant decreasing trend was identified for BWR general transients (p-value = 0.025) • A statistically significant decreasing trend was identified for PWR general transients for the second year in a row (p-value = 0.038).

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Proposed Products to Support Shelter-Evacuation Decision Making in the Event of a Nuclear Detonation

Response strategies implemented in the first few hours to days after a nuclear detonation on the US homeland may save more than 100,000 lives. Effective planning and pre-event capability development can increase the response efficacy and so the number of lives saved. During such an event, the US Department of Defense, Joint Task Force Civil Support (DoD JTF-CS) provides command and control for the DoD forces supporting civil authority response operations. Among other activities, JTF-CS expects to support FEMA as well as State and local agencies in shelter and evacuation response activities. JTF-CS currently uses a manual method to generate evacuation decision making products. This method compares the dose that would be (a) acquired remaining at a given location to that (b) acquired during evacuation along a small number of routes. In these products, evacuation may be warranted when the projected “remain” dose is greater than the “evacuate” dose. This method only provides a limited consideration of the protection buildings provide their occupants. To inform the JTF-CS nuclear detonation response, the DoD Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) has tasked Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to design a set of planning and response products to support shelter-evacuation activities. This report documents these products to facilitate DTRA and JTF-CS planning efforts. To provide context, we also provide appendices that summarize US planning guidance response zones, early (<72 h) response strategies, and other key topics.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗