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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Oxide Reinforced Composites for Lightning Strike Protection of Composite Structures

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) composites have become the primary materials in the aerospace industry. Future transportation means, such as urban air mobility (UAM), will be employing CFRP structures. However, lightning strike damage on composite structures is a serious concern. CFRP composites possess low through-thickness electrical conductivity (≈ 1 S/m), which can cause extreme resistive heat in the event of lightning strikes. Research on polymeric lightning strike protection has gained momentum in the past few years. Researchers have studied various conductive fillers to improve the CFRP performance against lightning strikes. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) have been studied as future lightning Strike Protection (LSP) materials the most. The use of CNT and GO-based composites has shown improved mechanical properties and improved electrical conductivity of the composites. Researchers investigated CNTs and GO as the fillers to the matrix system, sizing the carbon fibers and the surface coating on top of the CFRP surface. This chapter highlights the remarkable improvement in the lightning damage suppression of CNT and GO-based composites and their structural applications. Special attention is given to their potential use as LSP material in future aircraft.

Kumar, Vipin↗
DOE OSTI2026

NH 3 -Mediated Reactive Capture and Conversion: Integrating CO 2 Absorption from Flue Gas with CO Production via NH 4 HCO 3 Electrolysis

Efficient carbon capture and utilization require strategies that minimize energy penalties of CO 2 regeneration and compression. Reactive capture and conversion (RCC) address this challenge by integrating capture with direct electrochemical conversion. Here, we show an NH3-mediated tandem RCC system that couples capture of CO 2 from simulated flue gas (10% v/v CO 2 in N 2 ) with electroreduction of NH 4 HCO 3 to CO over a Ni single-atom catalyst (Ni-SAC). Speciation modeling and capture experiments revealed that a deep CO 2 capture with C/N ratio of 0.65 was achieved using 2.5 M NH 3 from simulated flue gas. Electrolysis of the resulting NH 4 HCO 3 on the Ni- SAC delivered an 85% CO Faradaic efficiency at 100 mA/cm 2 with excellent tolerance to NH 3 /NH 4 + as confirmed by DFT calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Further, the technoeconomic analysis established a levelized total cost of CO manufacturing of $25.43/kmol, gauging the practical viability. Overall, this study holds great potential to decarbonize the chemical manufacturing industry while reducing synthetic production costs.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

Photodissociation dynamics of methyl vinyl ketone oxide: A four-carbon unsaturated Criegee intermediate from isoprene ozonolysis

The electronic spectrum of methyl vinyl ketone oxide (MVK-oxide), a four-carbon Criegee intermediate derived from isoprene ozonolysis, is examined on its second π* ← π transition, involving primarily the vinyl group, at UV wavelengths (λ) below 300 nm. A broad and unstructured spectrum is obtained by a UV-induced ground state depletion method with photoionization detection on the parent mass (m/z 86). Electronic excitation of MVK-oxide results in dissociation to O ( 1 D) products that are characterized using velocity map imaging. Electronic excitation of MVK-oxide on the first π* ← π transition associated primarily with the carbonyl oxide group at λ > 300 nm results in a prompt dissociation, and yields broad total kinetic energy release (TKER) and anisotropic angular distributions for the O ( 1 D) + methyl vinyl ketone products. By contrast, electronic excitation at λ ≤ 300 nm results in bimodal TKER and angular distributions, indicating two distinct dissociation pathways to O ( 1 D) products. Furthermore, one pathway is analogous to that at λ > 300 nm, while the second pathway results in very low TKER and isotropic angular distributions indicative of internal conversion to the ground electronic state and statistical unimolecular dissociation.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Perspective—The Role of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in Our Carbon-Neutral Future

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) offer the potential for compelling value propositions in stationary and transportation applications through their high efficiency and fuel flexibility—two critical characteristics that will allow them to facilitate our transition to a carbon neutral economy. This paper describes the overall integration synergies that can be realized in hybrid systems comprised of an SOFC and an engine bottom-cycle. The development to date is reviewed, and application-specific value propositions are explored. Finally, the environmental impact of hybrid systems are discussed, and key challenges to overcome are examined for this highly efficient conversion technology to achieve commercial success.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Performance of a Natural Gas Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System With and Without Carbon Capture

The fuel cell program at the United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is focused on the development of low-cost, highly efficient, and reliable fossil-fuel-based solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power systems that can generate environmentally-friendly electric power with at least 90 percent carbon capture. NETL’s SOFC technology development roadmap is aligned with near-term market opportunities in the distributed generation sector to validate and advance the technology while paving the way for utility-scale natural gas (NG)- and coal-derived synthesis gas-fueled applications via progressively larger system demonstrations. The present study represents a part of a series of system evaluations being carried out at NETL to aid in prioritizing technological advances along research pathways to the realization of utility-scale SOFC systems, a transformational goal of the fuel cell program. In particular, the system performance of utility-scale NG fuel cell (NGFC) systems with and without carbon dioxide (CO2) capture is presented. The NGFC system analyzed features an external auto-thermal reformer (ATR) feeding the fuel to the SOFC system consisting of planar anode-supported SOFC with separated anode and cathode off-gas streams. In systems with CO2 capture, an air separation unit (ASU) is used to provide the oxygen for the ATR and for the combustion of unutilized fuel in the SOFC anode exhaust along with a CO2 purification unit to provide a nearly pure CO2 stream suitable for transport for usage in enhanced oil recovery operations or for storage in underground saline formations. Remaining thermal energy in the exhaust gases is recovered in a bottoming steam Rankine cycle while supplying any process heat requirements. A reduced order model (ROM) developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is used to predict the SOFC performance. The ROM, while being computationally effective for system studies, provides other detailed information about the state of the stack, such as the internal temperature gradient, generally not available from simple performance models often used to represent the SOFC. Such additional information can be important in system optimization studies to preclude operation under off-design conditions that can adversely impact overall system reliability. The NGFC system performance was analyzed by varying salient system parameters, including the percent of internal (to the SOFC module) NG reformation—ranging from 0 to 100 percent—fuel utilization, and current density. The impact of advances in underlying SOFC technology on electrical performance was also explored.

solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), natural gas fuel cel↗
DOE OSTI2025

Redox Poise during Rhodospirillum rubrum Phototrophic Growth Drives Large-scale Changes in Macromolecular Synthesis Pathways

During photoheterotrophic growth on organic substrates, purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria like Rhodospirillum rubrum can acquire electrons by multiple means, including oxidation of organic substrates, oxidation of inorganic electron donors (e.g., H2), and by reverse electron flow from the photosynthetic electron transport chain. These electrons are stored as reduced electron-carrying cofactors (e.g., NAD(P)H and ferredoxin). The overall ratio of oxidized to reduced cofactors (e.g., NAD(P)+:NAD(P)H), or ’redox poise’, is difficult to understand or predict, as are the cellular processes for dissipating these reducing equivalents. Using physics-based models that capture mass action kinetics consistent with the thermodynamics of reactions and pathways, a range of redox conditions for heterophototrophic growth are evaluated, from conditions in which the NADP+/NADPH levels approach thermodynamic equilibrium to conditions in which the NADP+/NADPH ratio is far above the typical physiological values. Modeling predictions together with experimental measurements indicate that the redox poise of the cell results in large-scale changes in the activity of biosynthetic pathways and, thus, changes in cell macromolecule levels (DNA, RNA, proteins, and fatty acids). Furthermore, modeling predictions indicate that during phototrophic growth, reverse electron flow from the quinone pool is a minor contributor to the production of reduced cofactors (e.g., NAD(P)H) compared to other oxidative processes (H2 and carbon substrate oxidation). Instead, the quinone pool primarily operates to aid ATP production. The high level of ATP, in turn, drives reduction processes even when NADPH levels are relatively low compared to NADP+ by coupling ATP hydrolysis to the reductive processes. The model, in agreement with experimental measurements of macromolecule ratios of cells growing on different carbon substrates, indicates that the dynamics of nucleotide versus lipid and protein production is likely a significant mechanism of balancing oxidation and reduction in the cell.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Elucidating Gas Reduction Effects of Organosilicon Additives in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with nonaqueous liquid electrolytes are prone to gas generation at elevated voltages and temperatures, degrading battery performance and posing serious safety risks. Organosilicon (OS) additives are an emerging candidate solution for gassing problems in LIBs, but a detailed understanding of their functional mechanisms remains elusive. In this work, we present a combined computational and experimental study to elucidate the gasreducing effects of OS additives. Cell volume measurements and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry reveal that OS additives can substantially reduce gas evolution in LIBs, particularly CO 2 regardless of source. Through density functional theory calculations, we identify multiple plausible pathways for CO 2 evolution, including (1) nucleophile-induced ring-opening of ethylene carbonate (EC) and the subsequent electro-oxidation and (2) direct electro-oxidation of lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ). Correspondingly, we find that OS additives function via two primary mechanisms: (1) scavenging of nucleophiles such as superoxide (O 2 •– ), peroxide (O 2 2– ), and carbonate ion (CO 3 2– ); (2) oligomerization with ethylene carbonate oxide ion and ethylene dicarbonate ion. Moreover, we discover that OS additives possess strong lithium coordination affinity, which helps further reduce the nucleophilic reaction energies and hence increases their nucleophile-scavenging efficiency. Finally, we provide a mechanistic interpretation for the enhanced gasreduction effects observed with fluorinated OS compounds, corroborated by surface analysis results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our study offers the first molecular-level insights into how OS additives contribute to reduced gas formation in LIBs, paving the way for improved safety and performance of LIBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Deep root activity overprints weathering of petrogenic organic carbon in shale

The oxidation of organic carbon in sedimentary bedrock (petrogenic OC, OC petro ) is increasingly recognized as a potential source of CO 2 to the atmosphere. Recent studies provide evidence for the mobilization and oxidation of OC petro in sedimentary bedrock during rock weathering. However, the mechanisms and rates remain uncertain, particularly where overlying soils and vegetation drive contemporaneous oxidation of recently fixed organic carbon. Here, in this study, we quantify OC petro weathering across a 16 m shale depth profile in a steep, rapidly eroding forested hillslope in the Northern California Coast Ranges. We report solid and gas phase radiocarbon and stable isotope analyses of samples extracted from specialized in-situ samplers, and a supporting laboratory incubation experiment of the shale regolith. OC petro is removed from the weathered bedrock at a rate of approximately 0.12 gC/m 3 yr, which is orders of magnitude lower than the rate of OC petro oxidation we achieved in the laboratory with crushed samples (557.1 gC/m 3 yr). This disparity occurs despite high O 2(g) content across the depth profile, indicating that physical accessibility of OC petro can regulate oxidative weathering. There is no direct radiocarbon evidence of OC petro oxidation in CO 2(g) across the upper 13 m of the weathering profile during both wet and dry seasons. Instead, vadose zone CO 2(g) production at the site is dominated by respiration of recently fixed carbon associated with deep rooting. OC petro is clearly mobilized across the vadose zone during weathering in this rapidly eroding, oxygen-rich, biologically dynamic hillslope, but at rates far below what can be measured given the contribution of root-derived CO 2(g) .

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Electrically Accelerated Mechanochemical Film Formation by a Phosphonium Phosphate Ionic Liquid: An In Situ Chemical Kinetics Investigation

Powertrains in electric vehicles are exposed to stray currents that accelerate wear and cause failure of mechanical components. These durability issues are further aggravated when using low-viscosity lubricants, which are desired for energy efficiency but create harsher contact conditions at sliding interfaces. This study investigates a phosphonium phosphate ionic liquid as a performance-enhancing additive in a low-viscosity base oil for lubricating electrified sliding interfaces. Ionic liquids can adsorb and react on contact interfaces via stress-assisted chemical reactions, generating nanometric tribofilms that provide protection against wear. However, the effect of electric fields on the mechanochemistry of ionic liquids is poorly understood, hindering their adoption in lubricants for electrified powertrains. This article reports an in situ optical interferometry study of ionic liquid derived tribofilm growth kinetics at stressed sliding/rolling interfaces under direct currents. The application of electric currents accelerated tribofilm formation up to a critical current density (∼1.4 A/mm 2 ), beyond which pitting-induced wear dominated. The tribofilms were composed of iron phosphates, iron oxides, and carbon species, with iron oxides becoming predominant under applied currents. These tribofilms prevented the scuffing failure of steel surfaces under electrified conditions. Based on the results, a kinetic model is proposed that integrates electric current effect into the classical stress-assisted thermal activation framework to allow prediction of tribofilm growth at electrified sliding contacts. This framework provides crucial guidance for designing next-generation lubricants for electrified transportation and power generation systems.

additives↗
DOE OSTI2022

Year-round trace gas measurements in the central Arctic during the MOSAiC expedition

Despite the key role of the Arctic in the global Earth system, year-round in-situ atmospheric composition observations within the Arctic are sparse and mostly rely on measurements at ground-based coastal stations. Measurements of a suite of in-situ trace gases were performed in the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition. These observations give a comprehensive picture of year-round near-surface atmospheric abundances of key greenhouse and trace gases, i.e., carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, dimethylsulfide, sulfur dioxide, elemental mercury, and selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Redundancy in certain measurements supported continuity and permitted cross-evaluation and validation of the data. This paper gives an overview of the trace gas measurements conducted during MOSAiC and highlights the high quality of the monitoring activities. In addition, in the case of redundant measurements, merged datasets are provided and recommended for further use by the scientific community.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Effects of carbon treating on piperazine oxidation in pilot plant testing of PZAS™

From February to June 2019, a pilot plant campaign was run for 2100 h at the National Carbon Capture Center (NCCC) using moderately degraded 5 m PZ with simulated flue gas equivalent to a 0.64 MW natural gas combined cycle. Piperazine with the Advanced Stripper™ (PZAS™) and a baghouse were used, and N 2 sparging was applied at the bottom of the absorber. A carbon bed was activated and showed beneficial effects in removing degradation products and reducing the oxidation rate. The cumulative NH 3 production was 180 mmol/k, indicating a PZ oxidation rate of 0.07 mmol/kg/h (0.3 kg PZ/tonne of CO 2 ). The total formate before turning on the carbon bed was 41 mmol/kg, and the total Fe was 0.1 mmol/kg. Carbon treating reduced NH3 production from 0.1 mmol/kg/h to 0.056 mmol/kg/h after 400 h of operation, reduced the UV-Vis absorbance of the samples at 320 nm, and caused a decrease of dissolved Cr. Bench-scale experiments were performed using the NCCC solvent and the same type of carbon. In bench-scale experiments, the UV-Vis absorbance and the concentration of Fe, Mn, and Cr all decreased. Finally, a linear equilibrium relationship was observed between the UV-Vis absorbance and the carbon loading.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Heterogeneous Growth of UiO-66-NH 2 on Oxidized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to Form “Beads-on-a-String” Composites

In this work we demonstrate a facile synthesis of UiO-66-NH 2 metal-organic framework (MOF)/oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes (ox-SWCNTs) composite at room temperature. Acetic acid (HAc) was used as a modulator to manipulate the morphology of the MOF in these composites. With zirconium oxide-cluster (Zr) to 2-aminoteraphthalate linker (ATA) 1:1.42 ratio and acetic acid modulator, we achieved predominately heterogeneous MOF growth on the sidewalls of CNTs. Understanding the growth mechanism of these composites was facilitated by conducting DFT calculations to investigate the interactions between ox-SWCNTs and the MOF precursors. The synthesized composites combine both micro-porosity of the MOF and electrical conductivity of the SWCNTs. Gas sensing tests demonstrated higher response for UiO-66-NH 2 /ox-SWCNT hybrid toward dry air saturated with dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) vapor compared to oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes (ox-SWCNTs) alone.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Method for the generation of power

Disclosed herein is a method comprising heating a strontium-containing compound using radiation in a first reactor; decomposing the strontium-containing compound into an oxide and carbon dioxide as a result of heat generated by the exposure to the radiation; reacting the oxide and the carbon dioxide in a second reactor; where the oxide and carbon dioxide react to produce heat; heating a working fluid using the heat produced in the second reactor; and driving a turbine with the heated working fluid to generate energy. Disclosed herein too is a composition comprising strontium carbonate; and strontium zirconate; where the mass ratio of strontium carbonate to strontium zirconate 2:8 to 8:2.

Klausner, James F.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Copper-Doped Tin Oxides Supported on Mesoporous Carbon Xerogel for Boosting the Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2 to Formate in Bicarbonate Solution Coupled with CO 2

The electrochemical reduction of CO 2 into valuable products at mild reaction conditions and using cheap renewable electrical energy are goals to sustain a low-carbon economy. Among the various CO 2 reduction reaction products, formic acid (FA) has received significant attention because of its low Gibbs free energy input requirement and the simple reduction reaction involving the transfer of 2 electrons and 2 protons. In this work, a copper-doped tin oxide catalyst supported on a mesoporous carbon xerogel was shown to enhance the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to formate in a bicarbonate solution coupled with CO 2 . We observed that the synergistic SnCu oxides enhance the selectivity toward formate from 58.6% for Sn oxide and 28.7% for Cu oxide to over 71.2% for the SnCu oxides. The observed rate of formate production with SnCu oxide was 2.8 times higher compared to the rate of Cu oxide and about 1.5 times higher than with the Sn oxide catalyst. Our results reveal that selectivity for formate comes partly from the electrolysis of the bicarbonate solution and partly from continuous CO 2 gas purged into the solution. The contribution from the electrolysis of bicarbonate solution ranges from 15% to 40% when the concentration of bicarbonate solution ranges from 100 mM to 1 M. Chronoamperometric measurements for stability revealed that Cu oxide and Sn oxide showed stable current density for less than 30 h while under the same conditions, the stable current density was observed for more than 50 h with SnCu oxide catalyst. Additionally, the selectivity toward formate increased by 6% when the reactor pressure was increased from near ambient pressure to 4 psig. Our lab-scale electrochemical cell with SnCu oxide supported on the mesoporous carbon xerogel enhances the CO 2 solubility, minimizes the precipitation of salts that can degrade the catalytic performance, and suppresses the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, demonstrating the feasibility of using our catalyst and system for the electrochemical conversion of CO 2 into formate with high selectivity, productivity, and stability. Furthermore, this could have significant implications for the mitigation of CO 2 emissions and the development of a sustainable chemical industry.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Redox poise in R. rubrum phototrophic growth drives large-scale changes in macromolecular pathways

During photoheterotrophic growth on organic substrates, purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria like Rhodospirillum rubrum can acquire electrons by multiple means, including oxidation of organic substrates, oxidation of inorganic electron donors (e.g., H 2 ), and by reverse electron flow from the photosynthetic electron transport chain. These electrons are stored as reduced electron-carrying cofactors (e.g., NAD(P)H and ferredoxin). The overall ratio of oxidized to reduced cofactors (e.g., NAD(P)+:NAD(P)H), or ’redox poise’, is difficult to understand or predict, as are the cellular processes for dissipating these reducing equivalents. Using physics-based models that capture mass action kinetics consistent with the thermodynamics of reactions and pathways, a range of redox conditions for heterophototrophic growth are evaluated, from conditions in which the NADP+/NADPH levels approach thermodynamic equilibrium to conditions in which the NADP+/NADPH ratio is far above the typical physiological values. Modeling predictions together with experimental measurements indicate that the redox poise of the cell results in large-scale changes in the activity of biosynthetic pathways and, thus, changes in cell macromolecule levels (DNA, RNA, proteins, and fatty acids). Furthermore, modeling predictions indicate that during phototrophic growth, reverse electron flow from the quinone pool is a minor contributor to the production of reduced cofactors (e.g., NAD(P)H) compared to other oxidative processes (H 2 and carbon substrate oxidation). Instead, the quinone pool primarily operates to aid ATP production. The high level of ATP, in turn, drives reduction processes even when NADPH levels are relatively low compared to NADP+ by coupling ATP hydrolysis to the reductive processes. The model, in agreement with experimental measurements of macromolecule ratios of cells growing on different carbon substrates, indicates that the dynamics of nucleotide versus lipid and protein production is likely a significant mechanism of balancing oxidation and reduction in the cell.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Thermo-Catalytic Decomposition Comparisons: Carbon Catalyst Structure, Hydrocarbon Feed and Regeneration

Thermo-catalytic decomposition (TCD) activity and stability depend upon the initial carbon catalyst structure. However, further transitions in the carbon structure depend on the carbon material (structure and composition) originating from the TCD process. In this article, reaction data are presented that illustrates the time-dependent TCD activity as TCD-formed carbon contributes and then dominates conversion. A variety of initial carbon catalysts are compared, including sugar char, a conductive carbon black (AkzoNobel Ketjenblack), a rubber-grade carbon black (Cabot R250), and its graphitized analogue as formed and partially oxidized. Regeneration of carbon catalysts by partial oxidation is evaluated using nascent carbon black as a model, coupled with subsequent comparative TCD performance relative to the nascent, non-oxidized carbon black. Activation energies for TCD with nascent and oxidized carbons are evaluated by a leading-edge analysis method applied to TCD. Given the correlation between nanostructure and active sites, two additional carbons, engine soots, are evaluated for regeneration and dependence upon nanostructure. Active sites are quantified by oxygen chemisorption, followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The structure of carbon catalysts is assessed pre- and post-TCD by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Last, energy dispersive X-ray analysis mapping (EDS) is carried out for its potential to visualize oxygen chemisorption.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Vapor–Fed Electrolyzers for Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using Tandem Electrocatalysts: Cuprous Oxide Coupled with Nickel–Coordinated Nitrogen–Doped Carbon

We report ethylene is particularly attractive due to its major importance as a feedstock for various applications including the polymer industry. As such, catalyst and electrolyzer developments are crucial to achieve industrially relevant ethylene production and efficiency levels. In this work, a tandem electrocatalyst composed of copper nanocubes and nickel-coordinated nitrogen-doped carbon (NiNC) is presented, which is integrated into gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for direct conversion of vapor-fed CO 2 into ethylene. Evaluation of tandem GDEs in the vapor-fed flow electrolyzer shows significantly increased ethylene selectivity in terms of faradaic efficiency and C 2 H 4 /CO ratio compared to a non-tandem copper GDE. The enhancements are attributed to the increased local CO availability near the copper surface via effective CO 2 to CO conversion on neighboring NiNC. The experimental results are validated by 3D resolved continuum simulations, which show increased flux of higher-order prod-ucts with the added CO flux from NiNC. The practical viability of Cu/NiNC catalyst is further evaluated in a membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer, achieving 40% FE toward ethylene at 150 mA cm -2 and 3.2 V. These find-ings highlight the high selectivity and formation rate of ethylene achieved by successful device integration of the Cu/NiNC catalyst, demonstrating the potential for implementation in large-scale sustainable CO 2 electrolyzers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Carbon material supported hollow metal oxide nanoparticles, methods and applications

A method for preparing a material composition comprising a hollow transition metal oxide nanoparticle supported upon a carbon material support includes a solution impregnation process step, followed by a thermal reduction process step and finally a thermal oxidation process step. The material composition, an electrode and an electrical component such as but not limited to a battery are all predicated at least in-part upon the material composition prepared in accord with the foregoing method. The foregoing material composition, electrode, battery and method may ultimately provide a LIB with enhanced performance.

Yu, Yingchao↗