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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

An Immunomodulatory Polysaccharide–Protein Complex Isolated from the Polypore Fungus Royoporus badius

Many wild edible polypore mushrooms have medicinal value. In this study, we investigate the potential medicinal properties of the wild polypore mushroom Royoporus badius collected from north-central British Columbia, Canada. Water extract from R. badius was found to exhibit potent immunomodulatory activity. The extract was purified using DEAE-Sephadex anion-exchange chromatography as well as Sephacryl S-500 and HPLC BioSEC5 size-exclusion chromatography, to yield a novel polysaccharide-protein complex (IMPP-Rb).IMPP-Rb has a peak maxima molecular weight (M p ) of 950 kDa. GC-MS analyses showed that IMPP-Rb is composed predominantly of glucose (49.2%), galactose (11.3%), mannose (10.8%), rhamnose (9.6%), and galacturonic acid (8.2%), with smaller amounts of xylose (5.2%), fucose (2.8%), N-acetyl glucosamine (1.8%), and arabinose (1.2%). IMPP-Rb has multiple linkages, with 4-Glcp, 4-Manp, 6-Manp, 3,4-Manp, 4-Xylp, and 2-Rhap being the most prominent. IMPP-Rb is capable of inducing many cytokines in vitro and the protein component is indispensable for its immunomodulatory activity. IMPP-Rb has potential application as an immuno-stimulatory agent with pharmaceutical value.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2002

Relative Amino Acid Concentrations as a Signature for Parent Body Processes of Carbonaceous Chondrites

Most meteorites are thought to have originated from objects in the asteroid belt. Carbonaceous chondrites, which contain significant amounts of organic carbon including complex organic compounds, have also been suggested to be derived from comets. The current model for the synthesis of organic compounds found in carbonaceous chondrites includes the survival of interstellar organic compounds and the processing of some of these compounds on the meteoritic parent body. The amino acid composition of five CM carbonaceous chondrites, two CIs, one CR, and one CV3 have been measured using hot water extraction-vapor hydrolysis, OPA/NAC derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total amino acid abundances in the bulk meteorites as well as the amino acid concentrations relative to glycine = 1.0 for beta-alanine, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and D-alanine were determined. Additional data for three Antarctic CM meteorites were obtained from the literature. All CM meteorites analyzed in this study show a complex distribution of amino acids and a high variability in total concentration ranging from approx. 15,300 to approx. 5800 parts per billion (ppb), while the CIs show a total amino acid abundance of approx. 4300 ppb. The relatively (compared to glycine) high AIB content found in all the CMs is a strong indicator that Strecker-cyanohydrin synthesis is the dominant pathway for the formation of amino acids found in these meteorites. The data from the Antarctic CM carbonaceous chondrites are inconsistent with the results from the other CMs, perhaps due to influences from the Antarctic ice that were effective during their residence time. In contrast to CMs, the data from the CI carbonaceous chondrites indicate that the Strecker synthesis was not active on their parent bodies.

Botta, Oliver↗
DOE OSTI2022

Poplar lignin structural changes during extraction in γ-valerolactone (GVL)

In this paper, we describe an approach for producing both high quality and high quantity of lignin through studying the structural change of lignin during treatment of poplar wood in γ-valerolactone (GVL) for a range of temperatures (from 80 to 120 °C) and reaction time at temperature (from 1 to 24 h). Throughout the study, various techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies (solution- and gel-state 1 H –13 C 2D HSQC and 31 P) and gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) were applied to characterize the lignin structures. As the GVL-extracted lignin yield increases, the level of β-ether units decreases and the level of condensation products increases. The β-ether content, the aliphatic hydroxyl group content, and the molecular weight of the GVL-extracted lignin fractions were close to the poplar lignin from other preparation methods (e.g., enzyme lignin). A two-step hydrolytic process (120 °C, 2 × 15 min) gave a higher lignin yield (56.5% vs. 54.8%) with three times higher β-ether content (31.9% vs. 10.6%) than lignin extracted from a single-step process at 120 °C for 1 h. The results demonstrate that multiple-step cycling of cosolvent-assisted hydrolysis can help preserve more of the virgin ether-bond structures of GVL-extracted poplar lignin. Such a strategy can also be applied to a fully continuous-flow reactor system in future research to further improve both the productivity and quality of GVL-extracted lignin.

2D HSQC NMR↗
NASA NTRS2008

[Stardust Amines]

We investigated the abundances of amino acids and amines, as well as their enantiomeric composition in water extracts of comet Wild 2 exposed aerogel and aluminum foils returned by Stardust using liquid chromatography with UV fluorescence detection and time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-FD/ToF-MS). A suite of amino acids and amines including glycine, L-alanine, methylamine (MA), and ethylamine (EA) were identified in the Stardust bulk aerogel. With the exception of MA and EA, all other primary amines detected in comet-exposed aerogels were also present in the aerogel witness tile that was not exposed to Wild 2, suggesting that most amines are terrestrial in origin. The enhanced abundances of MA, EA, and possibly glycine in comet-exposed aerogel compared to controls, coupled with MA to EA ratios (approx.1 to 2) that are distinct from preflight aerogels (approx.7 to lo), suggest that these amines were captured from Wild 2. The presence of cometary amines in Stardust material supports the hypothesis that comets were an important source of prebiotic organics on the early Earth. To better understand their origin, a systematic study of all these species with C, N, and H compound specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) via gas chromatography quadrupole mass spectrometry in with parallel with combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-QMS/IRMS) is being conducted. We will discuss our latest C-CSIA measurements and what they indicate about the origin of the amino acids extracted from Stardust samples.

Dworkin, Jason P.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evaluation of dried blood spot sampling for verification of exposure to chemical threat agents

Abstract Purpose Exposure to chemical threat agents (CTAs), including nerve agents, the vesicating agent sulfur mustard, and opioids, remains a significant threat to warfighter and civilian populations. Definitive analytical methods to verify exposure to CTAs require shipping refrigerated or frozen biomedical samples to reference laboratories for analysis. Logistical and financial burdens arise as the transport of biomedical samples is subject to strict restrictions and complex packaging, which, if done incorrectly, can lead to sample deterioration. The use of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling could provide operational improvements for collecting, storing, and shipping important forensic samples. Therefore, this effort focuses on developing DBS techniques with Mitra® 30-µL volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS®) devices for use in CTA exposure verification. Methods VAMS® devices were loaded and dried with human whole blood that was exposed to the metabolites pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMPA), ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA), 1,1’sulfonylbis[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethane] (SBMSE), norfentanyl, norcarfentanil, norsufentanil, and norlofentanil. Following extraction from the VAMS® devices, metabolites were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The methods were validated for performance by assessing sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Results These methods were sensitive to 1 ng/mL for SBMSE, 0.5 ng/mL for PMPA, EMPA, and norfentanyl; 0.1 ng/mL for norlofentanil, and 0.05 ng/mL for norsufentanil and norcarfentanil. All methods met acceptable precision and accuracy criteria with favorable recovery. Conclusions These results demonstrated the utility of VAMS® in stabilizing human whole blood and show promise as an improved collection method for verification of exposure to various CTAs.

Toxicology↗
DOE OSTI2022

A New Process for Small-Batch Purification of the Medical Isotope Molybdenum-99: Non-Technical Overview

The U.S. medical community depends on a reliable supply of the radioisotope molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) for nuclear medical diagnostic procedures. Mo-99's decay product, technetium-99m (Tc-99m), is used in over 40,000 medical procedures in the United States each day to diagnose heart disease and cancer, to study organ structure and function, and to perform other important medical applications. For example, patients undergoing a common procedure—the cardiac “stress test”—likely have benefited from Tc-99m. Historically, Mo-99 was primarily produced through the fission of uranium-235, in the form of highly enriched uranium (HEU) targets irradiated in research and test reactors. HEU is a proliferation-sensitive material that, if diverted or stolen, could be used as a component of a nuclear weapon. NNSA’s Office of Material Management and Minimization (M3) manages the Molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) Program as part of its mission to minimize the use of HEU in civilian applications. The Mo-99 Program assists global Mo-99 production facilities in converting to non-HEU processes and supports the establishment of domestic supplies of Mo-99 without the use of proliferation-sensitive HEU. As part of this program, M3 funds U.S. national laboratories to provide non-proprietary technical support to U.S. companies working to establish non-HEU-based Mo-99 production capabilities. The results of this research are published on OSTI.gov for the benefit of the Mo-99 community and the public. However, it can be difficult for readers without a scientific background to understand and interpret these publications. In order to increase public understanding of the work being done in M3’s Mo-99 Program, this paper aims to provide an overview of a key, recent national laboratory technical publication in terms that can be understood by readers without a technical background. To accomplish this, the paper first explains key scientific concepts—primarily related to chemistry—that provide a foundation for understanding research in this area. This includes chromatography, absorption vs. adsorption, dissolution and precipitation, and liquid-liquid extraction. Drawing on these concepts, the paper then provides an explanation for non-technical audiences of the Argonne National Laboratory publication entitled Recovery of High Specific Activity Molybdenum-99 from Accelerator-Induced Fission on Low-Enriched Uranium for Technetium-99m Generators (Brown, M.A. et al., 2021) and related article Separation and Purification of Mo-99 Produced from Natural U3O8 Targets via Photo-Fission (Brown, M.A. et al., 2021).

Stamler, Bradley↗
NASA NTRS2000

Amino Acid Chemistry as a Link Between Small Solar System Bodies and Carbonaceous Chondrites

Establishing chemical links between meteorites and small solar system bodies, such as comets and asteroids, provides a tool for investigating the processes that occurred during the formation of the solar system. Carbonaceous meteorites are of particular interest, since they may have seeded the early Earth with a variety of prebiotic organic compounds including amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, which are thought to be necessary for the origin of life. Here we report the results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based amino acid analyses of the acid-hydrolyzed hot water extracts from pristine interior pieces of the CI carbonaceous chondrites Orgueil and Ivuna and the CM meteorites Murchison and Murray. We found that the CI meteorites Orgueil and Ivuna contained high abundances of beta-alanine and glycine, while only traces of other amino acids like alanine, alpha-amino-n-butryic acid (ABA) and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) were detected in these meteorites. Carbon isotopic measurements of beta-alanine and glycine in Orgueil by gas chromatography combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry clearly indicate an extraterrestrial origin of these amino acids. The amino acid composition of Orgueil and Ivuna was strikingly different from the CM chondrites Murchison and Murray. The most notable difference was the high relative abundance of B-alanine in Orgueil and Ivuna compared to Murchison and Murray. Furthermore, AIB, which is one of the most abundant amino acids found in Murchison and Murray, was present in only trace amounts in Orgueil and Ivuna. Our amino acid data strongly suggest that the CI meteorites Orgueil and Ivuna came from a different type of parent body than the CM meteorites Murchison and Murray, possibly from an extinct comet. It is generally thought that carbonaceous meteorites are fragments of larger asteroidal bodies delivered via near Earth objects (NEO). Orbital and dynamic studies suggest that both fragments of main belt asteroids and comets replenish the NEO population, therefore extinct comets may contribute up to half of all NEO's. A comparison of an amino acid analysis of a returned NEO sample to CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites would help establish a link between small solar system bodies and meteorites. Based on our amino acid measurements of CI and CM chondrites, amino acid chemistry can be included as an additional set of criteria to constrain the nature of meteorite parent bodies.

Glavin, Daniel P.↗
DOE OSTI2023

SPRUCE Climate Warming and Elevated CO2 Rapidly Alter Peatland Soil Carbon Sources and Stability: Supporting Data

This data set reports a suite of complementary biogeochemical analyses of peat samples from the SPRUCE (Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments) experiment. Results were collected using quantitative molecular analysis of bulk soil carbon to assess the stability of soil organic carbon following whole-ecosystem warming and exposure to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations (eCO2). Targeted soil organic carbon components include solvent-extractable compounds (alkanoic acids, alkanols, alkanes, steroids, and terpenoids), ester-bound hydrolysable biopolymers (cutin and suberin markers), lignin phenols, and pyrogenic carbon. Bulk peat samples were analysed by Soxhlet extraction and solid phase separation for solvent-extractable compounds, alkaline hydrolysis to extract hydrolysable biopolymers, copper (II) oxide oxidation to extract lignin phenols and benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs) as an approximation of pyrogenic carbon. Samples were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and compound identification was performed on GC coupled to mass selective detector (MS) for solvent-extractable compounds, ester-bound hydrolysable biopolymers and lignin phenols, and high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) for pyrogenic carbon. Results are presented in Ofiti et al. (accepted). The experimental work was conducted on samples collected in August 2018 at the SPRUCE climate manipulation experiment in northern Minnesota, 40 km north of Grand Rapids, in the USDA Forest Service Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF). Samples were collected and later analysed in a 10 cm increments over 0 to 50 cm depth and 25 cm intervals from 50 to 75 cm. Samples were analyzed for lignin phenols over 0 to 30 cm depth. This data set contains one file in comma separate (*.csv) format. This dataset contains data used to produce: Ofiti, N.O.E., Schmidt, M.W.I., Abiven, S., Hanson, P.J., Iversen, C.M., Wilson, R.M., Kostka, J.E., Wiesenberg, G.L.B., Malhotra, A. 2023. Climate warming and elevated CO2 rapidly alter peatland soil carbon sources and stability. Nat Commun 14, 7533. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43410-z.

SPRUCE experiment, Marcell Experimental Forest, so↗
NASA NTRS1986

A new technique for collection, concentration and determination of gaseous tropospheric formaldehyde

This article describes an improved technique for making in situ measurements of gaseous tropospheric formaldehyde (CH2O). The new technique is based on nebulization/reflux principles that have proved very effective in quantitatively scrubbing water soluble trace gases (e.g., CH2O) into aqueous mediums, which are subsequently analyzed. Atmospheric formaldehyde extractions and analyses have been performed with the nebulization/reflux concentrator using an acidified dinitrophenylhydrazine solution that indicate that quantitative analysis of CH2O at global background levels (about 0.1 ppbv) is feasible with 20-min extractions. Analysis of CH2O, once concentrated, is accomplished using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet photometric detection. The CH2O-hydrazone derivative, produced by the reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in H2SO4 acidified aqueous solution, is detected as CH2O.

Cofer, W. R., III↗
NASA NTRS1986

Amino acids of the Murchison meteorite. III - Seven carbon acyclic primary alpha-amino alkanoic acids

All of the eighteen possible seven-carbon acyclic primary alpha-amino alkanoic acids have been positively identified in a hot-water extract of the Murchison meteorite by the combined use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, ion exchange chromatography and reversed-phase chromatography. None of these amino acids has previously been found in meteorites or in any other natural material. They range in concentration from less than or equal to 0.5 to 5.3 nmol/g. Configuration assignments were made for 2-amino-3,4-dimethylpentanoic acid and allo-2-amino-3,4-dimethylpentanoic acid and the diasteromer ratio was determined. Fifty-five amino acids have now been positively identified in the Murchison meteorite, 36 of which are unknown in terrestrial materials. This unique suite of amino acids is characterized by the occurrence of all structural isomers within the two major classes of amino acids represented, by the predominance of branched chain isomers, and by an exponential decline in amount with increasing carbon chain length within homologous series. These characteristics of the Murchison amino acids are suggestive of synthesis before incorporation into a parent body.

Cronin, John R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Determination of low molecular weight thiols using monobromobimane fluorescent labeling and high-performance liquid chromatography

Methods are described for the preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of monobromobimane derivatives of low molecular weight thiols in extracts of biological samples. Typical problems encountered in the development and application of these methods are discussed. Analysis of mung bean extract is used as an example.

Fahey, Robert C.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Phenols in hydrothermal petroleums and sediment bitumen from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

The aliphatic, aromatic and polar (NSO) fractions of seabed petroleums and sediment bitumen extracts from the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal system have been analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (free and silylated). The oils were collected from the interiors and exteriors of high temperature hydrothermal vents and represent hydrothermal pyrolyzates that have migrated to the seafloor by hydrothermal fluid circulation. The downcore sediments are representative of both thermally unaltered and thermally altered sediments. The survey has revealed the presence of oxygenated compounds in samples with a high degree of thermal maturity. Phenols are one class of oxygenated compounds found in these samples. A group of methyl-, dimethyl- and trimethyl-isoprenoidyl phenols (C27-C29) is present in all of the seabed NSO fractions, with the methyl- and dimethyl-isoprenoidyl phenols occurring as major components, and a trimethyl-isoprenoidyl phenol as a minor component. A homologous series of n-alkylphenols (C13-C33) has also been found in the seabed petroleums. These phenols are most likely derived from the hydrothermal alteration of sedimentary organic matter. The n-alkylphenols are probably synthesized under hydrothermal conditions, but the isoprenoidyl phenols are probably hydrothermal alteration products of natural product precursors. The suites of phenols do not appear to be useful tracers of high temperature hydrothermal processes.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS2010

Parent Body Influences on Amino Acids in the Tagish Lake Meteorite

The Tagish Lake meteorite is a primitive C2 carbonaceous chondrite with a mineralogy, oxygen isotope, and bulk chemical. However, in contrast to many CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites, the Tagish Lake meteorite was reported to have only trace levels of indigenous amino acids, with evidence for terrestrial L-amino acid contamination from the Tagish Lake meltwater. The lack of indigenous amino acids in Tagish Lake suggested that they were either destroyed during parent body alteration processes and/or the Tagish Lake meteorite originated on a chemically distinct parent body from CI and CM meteorites where formation of amino acids was less favorable. We recently measured the amino acid composition of three different lithologies (11h, 5b, and 11i) of pristine Tagish Lake meteorite fragments that represent a range of progressive aqueous alteration in order 11h < 5b < 11i as inferred from the mineralogy, petrology, bulk isotopes, and insoluble organic matter structure. The distribution and enantiomeric abundances of the one- to six-carbon aliphatic amino acids found in hot-water extracts of the Tagish Lake fragments were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection and time of flight mass spectrometry coupled with OPA/NAC derivatization. Stable carbon isotope analyses of the most abundant amino acids in 11h were measured with gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

Glavin, D. P.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Characteristics of In Situ Fine Fraction Aerosol Spectra from 300-700 nm Observed Around the Korean Peninsula During KORUS-OC

In situ aerosol extinction and absorption spectra covering the 300-700 nm range at ≤ 1 nm spectral resolution were measured aboard the R/V Onnuri during the Korea U.S. – Ocean Color (KORUS-OC) cruise around the Korean Peninsula from May 21 through June 3, 2016. Total absorption spectra were obtained from aerosols collected on glass fiber filters and subsequently placed in the center of an integrating sphere (Labsphere DRA-CA-30) attached to a dual beam spectrophotometer (Cary 100 Bio UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, 0.2 nm spectral resolution). Absorption spectra from methanol and deionized water extracts of aerosols collected on Teflon filters were measured in a liquid waveguide capillary cell (World Precision Instruments LWCC- 3100, ~0.4 nm spectral resolution). Extinction spectra were measured with a custom built instrument (SpEx, ~0.8 nm spectral resolution). The measurements were obtained at a height of ~10 m above the sea surface with an inlet that limited the measured aerosols to diameters ≤ 1.3 µm. All four sets of spectra exhibit curvature in log-log space with 2nd order polynomials providing a better fit to the measured spectra than power law fits. The deionized water extracts were also analyzed with an ion chromatograph (Dionex ICS-3000 Ion Chromatography System) and with an aerosol mass spectrometer (Aerodyne Research, Inc. HR-ToF High Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer) to examine chemical composition. These data indicate the optical spectra are sensitive to differing chemical properties of the measured ambient aerosols and suggest differing sources and/or atmospheric processes influence the observed optical signatures. The measured suite of spectra are combined to examine the spectral characteristics of single scattering albedo, as well as to examine the contribution of soluble absorbing chromophores to the total absorption spectra. Additional measurements made during the affiliated Korea U.S. - Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign will be used to provide further insight on the observed spectral characteristics.

Jordan, Carolyn E↗
DOE OSTI2021

Rapid extraction of short-lived isotopes from a buffer gas cell for use in gas-phase chemistry experiments, Part II: On-line studies with short-lived accelerator-produced radionuclides

We report a novel combination of advanced gas-chromatography and detection systems coupled to a buffer-gas cell was characterized on-line to allow gas-phase chemical studies of accelerator-produced short-lived α -decaying mercury, francium, and astatine isotopes. These were produced in 40 Ar- and 48 Ca-induced nuclear fusion–evaporation reactions, subsequently isolated in the recoil separators MARS at Texas A&M University, USA, and TASCA at GSI Darmstadt, Germany, before being thermalized in a buffer-gas-stopping cell. From the latter, the nuclear reaction products were extracted into gas-phase chromatographic systems, suitable for registering α-decaying short-lived radionuclides, such as isotopes of superheavy elements. Efficiencies of 21(3)% for 204-209 Fr were reached for the extraction into the optimized miniCOMPACT gas-chromatography setup, indicating that this technique enables the identification of isotopes of volatile as well as non-volatile elements. These studies guide the path towards chemical investigations of superheavy elements beyond flerovium, which are out of reach with currently used setups.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Rapid quantification of whole seed fatty acid amount, composition, and shape phenotypes from diverse oilseed species with large differences in seed size

Seed oils are widely used in the food, biofuel, and industrial feedstock industries, with their utility and value determined by total oil content and fatty acid composition. Current high throughput seed oil analysis methods either lack accuracy in total fatty acid profiling or require extensive labor for lipid extraction prior to derivatization to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and quantification by gas chromatography (GC). Alternatively, direct whole seed FAME production methods have been developed for the very small seeds in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana but these have generally not been adapted to larger seeds of most oilseed crops. High-throughput direct whole seed FAME production methods were optimized for seeds up to 5 mg each utilizing acid-catalyzed esterification. For the oilseed species Camelina sativa, Thlaspi avernse (pennycress), Cuphea viscosissima, and Brassica napus (var. Canola), the total seed fatty acid content and composition from direct seed esterification to FAME matched that of lipid extract derivatization demonstrating the accuracy of the methods. In combination with seed phenotyping using GridFree, this approach enabled the development of a rapid pipeline for simultaneous seed weight, count, size/shape phenotyping, and oil analysis. For the larger and tougher seeds produced by Limnanthes alba (Meadowfoam) and Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) the whole seed acid-based method proved insufficient, and prior laborious homogenization of seeds was required. Therefore, a rapid one-tube bead homogenization and base catalyzed-esterification method was developed. Base-derived fatty acid esterification cannot derivatize free fatty acids leading to slightly lower total seed fatty acid than acid-catalyzed methods, however the seed oil content and fatty acid composition that is valuable for screening large numbers of samples in research populations was accurately measured. New rapid whole seed fatty acid esterification and phenotyping protocols were developed to accurately assess oilseed lipid content. These methods are particularly valuable in oilseed research, breeding, and engineering applications where efficient analysis of large numbers of samples and accurate oil fatty acid profiling is essential. While having been developed for current and emerging oilseed crops, these methods also provide a foundation from which protocols might be established for new and emerging crop species.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Novel Zwitterionic Chromatography to Separate Lithium from Unconventional Resources

Since lithium (Li) is a key element for clean energy technologies, the global lithium demand is anticipated to increase rapidly. As a result, efficient lithium extraction technologies that allow the exploitation of unconventional lithium resources, such as geothermal brines and inland brine streams, are essentially needed to meet the Li demand and keep supply chains stable. However, because of low Li concentration, low ratio of Li/Mg or Li/Ca, and complex feed compositions in these feedstocks, using conventional hydrometallurgy or current Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) processes are often chemical-intensive, requiring substantial amounts of reagent chemicals to recover Li at scale, resulting in large chemical footprints. Therefore, we developed a novel Zwitterionic Chromatography (ZIC) process to separate Li from these resources. Because Li can be partitioned from divalent salts on ZIC under water elution without using chemicals, exploiting the unconventional resources via a ZIC approach can be environmentally benign and sustainable. In this work, we will present the development of the ZIC process for DLE applications. Simulation studies for the Li separation mechanism in ZIC and the demonstration of a continuous ZIC process to separate Li from domestic inland brine and mining wastewater will be presented. Finally, the chemical and energy footprints of ZIC in comparison to other DLE processes will be discussed.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗