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At least 163 records · Page 9

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NASA NTRS1978

Parameterization of surface temperature retrieval for remote sensing experiments

The paper describes a parameterization procedure for determining the actual surface temperature from the effective brightness temperature measured radiometrically in the 11-micron window region. The algorithm permits computation of the atmospheric correction without performing detailed radiative transfer calculations, and corrections for atmospheric water vapor and for variations of surface emittance are explained. The parameterization is based on model calculations performed with a line-by-line radiative transfer program, and the sensitivity of the retrieved surface temperature to uncertainties concerning the water vapor and the surface emittance is examined.

Tiwari, S. N.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Parameterization of the thermal relaxation rate in the stratosphere

The thermal relaxation rate of large vertical scale disturbances in the stratosphere is parameterized in terms of the Newtonian cooling rate, the heating rate, and a transmission function that represents opacity effects. The parameterization is based on Strobel's photochemical model for ozone (1978).

Strobel, D. F.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Parameterized convection within the moon and the terrestrial planets

For a fluid layer or a self-gravitating fluid sphere uniformly heated from within, the internal temperature can be parameterized in terms of the appropriate Rayleigh number. The heat generation term includes both radioactive heat release and transient heating or cooling. This parameterization has been verified by comparisons with laboratory experiments. Thermal history calculations have been carried out for the earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury, and the moon. The results for the earth and Venus indicate that two scales of convection are occurring, one including the surface plates and the second occurring beneath the surface plates. In all cases the present heat flows are between seven and twelve per cent greater than the values obtained assuming a steady state balance between heat flow and internal heat generation.

Turcotte, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS1981

A parameterization of effective soil temperature for microwave emission

A parameterization of effective soil temperature is discussed, which when multiplied by the emissivity gives the brightness temperature in terms of surface (T sub o) and deep (T sub infinity) soil temperatures as T = T sub infinity + C (T sub o - T sub infinity). A coherent radiative transfer model and a large data base of observed soil moisture and temperature profiles are used to calculate the best-fit value of the parameter C. For 2.8, 6.0, 11.0, 21.0 and 49.0 cm wavelengths. The C values are respectively 0.802 + or - 0.006, 0.667 + or - 0.008, 0.480 + or - 0.010, 0.246 + or - 0.009, and 0,084 + or - 0.005. The parameterized equation gives results which are generally within one or two percent of the exact values.

Choudhury, B. J.↗

NASA NTRS1980

The role of polar regions in global climate, and a new parameterization of global heat transport

The effects of the transport of heat between polar regions and other latitudes on climate sensitivity and stability are examined within the framework of simple energy balance models. New heat transport parameterizations adjust radiative equilibrium distributions of temperature with latitude on the basis of Hadley cells and baroclinically unstable eddies; including the effects of static stability changes with latitude eliminates the possible error in estimating the pole-equator temperature difference. It is found that climate sensitivity and stability for the new transport parameterizations can differ from other models, and is capable of simulating the sensitivity required by existing climate data.

Lindzen, R. S.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Parameterization of subgridscale mixing based on quasi-geostrophic turbulence theory

A parameterization of subgridscale mixing based on quasi-geostrophic turbulence theory is presented. In this parameterization, not only the horizontal diffusion coefficients for momentum and heat, but also the vertical diffusion coefficients for momentum and heat are uniquely determined. A form of the mixing is derived which simulates the subgridscale mixing process in the inertial subrange of enstrophy cascade.

Tokioka, T.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Parameterization of IR cooling in a middle atmosphere dynamics model. I - Effects on the zonally averaged circulation

A computationally efficient two-stream parameterization of IR cooling is developed for a middle atmosphere dynamics model. The parameterization combines the monochromatic feature of an emissivity formulation with the computational simplicity of a single spatial integral to evaluate the monochromatic transfer equation. Calculations show strong radiative control of the mesopause region and the need for substantial deceleration of the mean zonal winds. Calculated temperatures show good agreement in the summer hemisphere where planetary wave activity is negligible, but in the polar night of the winter hemisphere they are about 30 K too cold, which suggests planetary wave heating must make up the deficit. With observed ozone densities, globally averaged radiative equilibrium temperatures in the 65-75 km region are too cold and an additional heat source about 1 K/day is required.

Apruzese, J. P.↗

NASA NTRS1982

A parameterized model for global insolation under partially cloudy skies

A simple and efficient parameterization of insolation under partially cloudy skies is discussed and compared with a set of exact radiative transfer results for clear skies, an empirical equation and observations. The parameterization is physically based and requires, as input variables, the ozone path length, precipitable water, Angstrom turbidity, surface air pressure and albedo, fractional cloud-cover and cloud thickness. Multiple reflection between the surface and the overlying atmosphere, and clouds are considered. The albedo of the earth-atmosphere system is also formulated and compared with a set of exact radiative transfer results. As compared to the exact radiative transfer results, the errors in the insolations are generally less than 1 percent, and in the albedo of the earth-atmosphere system less than 10 percent. The errors in the calculated insolations using climatological data are 2-3 percent when compared with many years averaged observations at Maudheim (Antarctica) and at Rockville (U.S.A.). A parametric equation for calculating directly the daily total insolation is also given.

Choudhury, B.↗

NASA NTRS1983

A parameterization of the absorption in the 15 micron CO2 spectral region with application to climate sensitivity studies

A technique for quantifying the absorption that takes place in the 15 micron CO2 band in the atmosphere is developed as a function of the scaled CO2 content. A spectrally averaged transmission function is defined and a scaling approximation for the absorption coefficient is calculated, as is the width of the absorption band. An assessment is made of the accuracies of the parameterized atmospheric transmittance and cooling rate. The resulting radiation parameterization is applied in a climate sensitivity study. The model is concluded useful in examining atmospheres with a variable CO2 content, with the highest accuracies being available in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. CO2 doubling the earth's atmosphere is projected to cause a 20 percent warming in the surface temperatures and a 30 percent warming for the tripling of the CO2 content, provided the spectral range for CO2 absorption is extended from 580-760 to 540-800/cm.

Chou, M.-D.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Lidar observations of mixed layer dynamics - Tests of parameterized entrainment models of mixed layer growth rate

Ground based lidar measurements of the atmospheric mixed layer depth, the entrainment zone depth and the wind speed and wind direction were used to test various parameterized entrainment models of mixed layer growth rate. Six case studies under clear air convective conditions over flat terrain in central Illinois are presented. It is shown that surface heating alone accounts for a major portion of the rise of the mixed layer on all days. A new set of entrainment model constants was determined which optimized height predictions for the dataset. Under convective conditions, the shape of the mixed layer height prediction curves closely resembled the observed shapes. Under conditions when significant wind shear was present, the shape of the height prediction curve departed from the data suggesting deficiencies in the parameterization of shear production. Development of small cumulus clouds on top of the layer is shown to affect mixed layer depths in the afternoon growth phase.

Boers, R.↗

NASA NTRS1983

A parameterization for downward longwave radiation from satellite meteorological data

An accurate and efficient parameterization is developed which computes clear-atmosphere downward longwave flux in terms of the water vapor burden and water-vapor-weighted average temperature of the surface-700 mb region. The parameterization is based on detailed radiative transfer calculations performed for a wide meteorological data base, consisting of 180 atmospheric models generated from climatological data and 106 radiosonde-measured models. The standard error of the computed fluxes was found to be about 4 percent of the mean value. It is also pointed out that strong heating or cooling of the surface, as shown by many TOVS data sets, caused larger errors in the computed fluxes.

Gupta, S. K.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Tracer transport by planetary waves - A comparison of explicit and parameterized models

A two-dimensional stratospheric tracer transport parameterization is developed using the theory of small-amplitude generalized Lagrangian means and tested by two experiments. The first tests the parameterization for mean climatological winter conditions without wave transience; the second tests it in the presence of transience and critical layers, when nonacceleration conditions are strongly violated. Tracer transport by Eulerian velocity, the residual velocity, and the nondivergent mean meridional Lagrangian velocity are compared.

Hess, P. G.↗

NASA NTRS1985

A parameterization technique for nonlinear spectral models

An objective parameterization technique is developed for general nonlinear hydrodynamical systems. The typical structure of hydrodynamical systems, regardless of their complexity, is one in which the rates of change of the dependent variables depend on homogeneous quadratic and linear forms, as well as on inhomogeneous forcing terms. As a prototype of the generic problem containing this typical structure, the parameterization technique is applied to various three component subsets of a five component nonlinear spectral model of forced, dissipative quasi-geostrophic flow in a channel. The results obtained lead to specification of the necessary data coverage requirements for applying the technique in general.

Gelaro, R.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Advances in parameterization of cumulus convection in numerical models

Observational studies over the last decade have revealed new sources of difficulty in the already complex problem of parameterization of precipitating cumulus convection in large scale numerical weather prediction models. The structure of mesoscale updrafts and downdrafts and the difficulties they present for cumulus parameterization is reviewed. An approach is proposed which follows Kuo (1974) but includes cumulus and mesoscale downdrafts in the vertical distributions of heating and moistening. The development of a realistic life cycle behavior in the numerical prediction of a mesoscale convective complex will be shown.

Molinari, J.↗

NASA NTRS1985

A radiative parameterization of stratocumulus cloud fields

A parameterization scheme is presented which allows the calculation of radiative reflected fluxes from a stratocumulus cloud field. The scheme is based upon plane-parallel calculations, such as delta-Eddington, and a simple procedure is outlined by which the plane-parallel fluxes may be transformed to those of the broken cloud case. This parameterization scheme has been tested for optical thicknesses ranging from tau = 3 to 49, solar zenith angles ranging from theta sub 0 = 0 to 72.5 deg, and all values of cloud cover. Plane-parallel calculations become increasingly more accurate as optical depth decreases. This suggests that calculations including broken cloudiness effects such as shadowing are probably unnecessary in thin cirrus or aerosol layers over water.

Welch, R. M.↗

NASA NTRS1986

A parameterization technique for nonlinear spectral models

Gelaro, R.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Parameterized materials and dynamic response characterizations in unidirectional composites

The values of phase velocities of ultrasonic waves in transversely isotropic media are presented in terms of the fiber volume fraction of a unidirectional fiberglass epoxy composite with constant matrix properties and the ratio between extensional moduli in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the composite when the properties of the fibers are changed, at a constant fiber volume fraction. The model of a homogeneous transversely isotropic medium is adopted to describe the relations between elastic properties and velocities. The displacements due to an oscillatory point source in an infinite medium are used as one measure of comparison of the behavior of the unidirectional composite according to the variations of the parameters, as described above. Values of phase velocities, elastic moduli, Poisson's ratios and displacements due to a point source can be read from the parameterized plots for a known fiber volume fraction or a known ratio between extensional moduli of the composite. Alternatively fiber volume fraction and the ratio between extensional moduli can be inferred from the plots when the values of the phase velocities are known; for example from experimental measurements. Therefore, such parameterized curves may be useful in nondestructive mechanical property and material degradation characterizations.

Williams, J. H., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1985

A new scheme for the parameterization of the turbulent planetary boundary layer in the GLAS fourth order GCM

Methods being used to increase the horizontal and vertical resolution and to implement more sophisticated parameterization schemes for general circulation models (GCM) run on newer, more powerful computers are described. Attention is focused on the NASA-Goddard Laboratory for Atmospherics fourth order GCM. A new planetary boundary layer (PBL) model has been developed which features explicit resolution of two or more layers. Numerical models are presented for parameterizing the turbulent vertical heat, momentum and moisture fluxes at the earth's surface and between the layers in the PBL model. An extended Monin-Obhukov similarity scheme is applied to express the relationships between the lowest levels of the GCM and the surface fluxes. On-line weather prediction experiments are to be run to test the effects of the higher resolution thereby obtained for dynamic atmospheric processes.

Helfand, H. M.↗