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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1984

A comparison of the usefulness of canonical analysis, principal components analysis, and band selection for extraction of features from TMS data for landcover analysis

Three feature extraction methods, canonical analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and band selection, have been applied to Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data in order to evaluate the relative performance of the methods. The results obtained show that CA is capable of providing a transformation of TMS data which leads to better classification results than provided by all seven bands, by PCA, or by band selection. A second conclusion drawn from the study is that TMS bands 2, 3, 4, and 7 (thermal) are most important for landcover classification.

Boyd, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Effect of swim exercise training on human muscle fiber function

The effect of swim exercise training on the human muscle fiber function was investigated in swimmers trained in a typical collegiate swim-training program followed by an intensified 10-day training period. The measured parameters included the peak tension (P0), negative log molar Ca(2+) concentration (pCa)-force, and maximal shortening speed (Vmax) of the slow-twitch type I and fast-twitch type II fibers obtained by biopsy from the deltoid muscle. The P0 values were found to be not altered after either the training or the 10-day intensive program. The type I fibers from the trained swimmers showed pCa-force curves shifted to the right, such that higher free Ca(2+) levels were required to elicit a given percent of P0. The training program significantly increased the Vmax in the type I fibers and decreased that of the type II fibers, and the 10-day intensive training produced a further significant decrease of the type II fibers.

Fitts, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Post-flare effects in the lower ionosphere of middle latitudes

Beginning in the 1960s, records were made of noise from the region around the Polar Star on 29 MHz (Krivsky and Tlamicha, 1960) at the Ondrejov Observatory near Prague. Since the aerial characteristic was not too narrow, radio bursts were received of solar origin (of flares) at the noise level, SCNA effects (sudden cosmic noise absorption) at the time of intensive flare X-emission and in some rare cases, after large proton flares, small absorption effects of a few hours duration (Krivsky, 1969). These post-flare absorption effects in cosmic noise are evidently analogous with PCA effects (polar cap absorption) and are connected with ionospheric absorption of radio cosmic noise, caused by fast particles of subcosmic radiation. The recording of long term absorption effects after large particle flares at European midlatitudes was reported at the beginning of the 1960s. It was then usual to record radio cosmic noise with riometers at frequencies of about 18 MHz in the polar or subpolar regions in an effort to record PCA effects of subcosmic radiation (Hakura, 1968). An attempt was made to record the complex of emissions mentioned as well as the effects in a new frequency range (30 MHz), which did not agree with the ideas of the contemporaneous representatives of the Ionospheric Department of the Geophysical Institute in Prague. In recent years radio cosmic noise has been recorded at the Upice Observatory. These long term after flare effects of cosmic radio noise absorption (AF-CNA) at middle latitudes are reported to the geophysical and ionospheric community for the first time.

Krivsky, L.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Modeling personnel turnover in the parametric organization

A model is developed for simulating the dynamics of a newly formed organization, credible during all phases of organizational development. The model development process is broken down into the activities of determining the tasks required for parametric cost analysis (PCA), determining the skills required for each PCA task, determining the skills available in the applicant marketplace, determining the structure of the model, implementing the model, and testing it. The model, parameterized by the likelihood of job function transition, has demonstrated by the capability to represent the transition of personnel across functional boundaries within a parametric organization using a linear dynamical system, and the ability to predict required staffing profiles to meet functional needs at the desired time. The model can be extended by revisions of the state and transition structure to provide refinements in functional definition for the parametric and extended organization.

Dean, Edwin B.↗
NASA NTRS1995

An Electronic Workshop on the Performance Seeking Control and Propulsion Controlled Aircraft Results of the F-15 Highly Integrated Digital Electronic Control Flight Research Program

Flight research for the F-15 HIDEC (Highly Integrated Digital Electronic Control) program was completed at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center in the fall of 1993. The flight research conducted during the last two years of the HIDEC program included two principal experiments: (1) performance seeking control (PSC), an adaptive, real-time, on-board optimization of engine, inlet, and horizontal tail position on the F-15; and (2) propulsion controlled aircraft (PCA), an augmented flight control system developed for landings as well as up-and-away flight that used only engine thrust (flight controls locked) for flight control. In September 1994, the background details and results of the PSC and PCA experiments were presented in an electronic workshop, accessible through the Dryden World Wide Web (http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/dryden.html) and as a compact disk.

Powers, Sheryll Goecke↗
NASA NTRS1995

An overview of integrated flight-propulsion controls flight research on the NASA F-15 research airplane

The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center has been conducting integrated flight-propulsion control flight research using the NASA F-15 airplane for the past 12 years. The research began with the digital electronic engine control (DEEC) project, followed by the F100 Engine Model Derivative (EMD). HIDEC (Highly Integrated Digital Electronic Control) became the umbrella name for a series of experiments including: the Advanced Digital Engine Controls System (ADECS), a twin jet acoustics flight experiment, self-repairing flight control system (SRFCS), performance-seeking control (PSC), and propulsion controlled aircraft (PCA). The upcoming F-15 project is ACTIVE (Advanced Control Technology for Integrated Vehicles). This paper provides a brief summary of these activities and provides background for the PCA and PSC papers, and includes a bibliography of all papers and reports from the NASA F-15 project.

Burcham, Frank W., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Propulsion controlled aircraft research

The NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility has been conducting flight, ground simulator, and analytical studies to investigate the use of thrust modulation on multi-engine aircraft for emergency flight control. Two general methods of engine only control have been studied; manual manipulation of the throttles by the pilot, and augmented control where a computer commands thrust levels in response to pilot attitude inputs and aircraft motion feedbacks. This latter method is referred to as the Propulsion Controlled Aircraft (PCA) System. A wide variety of aircraft have been investigated. Simulation studies have included the B720, F-15, B727, B747 and MD-11. A look at manual control has been done in actual flight on the F15, T-38, B747, Lear 25, T-39, MD-11 and PA-30 Aircraft. The only inflight trial of the augmented (PCA) concept has been on an F15, the results of which will be presented below.

Fullerton, C. Gordon↗
NASA NTRS1997

RXTE observations of AGN

The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observed three active galaxies during its in-orbit verification phase: NGC 4151; NGC 4945, and MCG 8-11-11. All three were detected from 2 keV to more than 100 keV by a combination of the proportional counter array (PCA) and the high energy X-ray timing experiment (HEXTE). The PCA contains five, xenon/methane, multilayer, multiwire, gas proportional counters covering the 2 to 60 keV range, while HEXTE is an array of eight NaI/CsI phoswich scintillation counters covering the 15 to 250 keV range. The three active galaxies represent the classes of Seyfert 1, Seyfert 2 and intermediate Seyfert galaxies. The results of the fitting of various models containing partial covering fractions, Compton reflection components and high energy spectral breaks are discussed.

Rothschild, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Diagnostics and Active Control of Aircraft Interior Noise

This project deals with developing advanced methods for investigating and controlling interior noise in aircraft. The work concentrates on developing and applying the techniques of Near Field Acoustic Holography (NAH) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the aircraft interior noise dynamic problem. This involves investigating the current state of the art, developing new techniques and then applying them to the particular problem being studied. The knowledge gained under the first part of the project was then used to develop and apply new, advanced noise control techniques for reducing interior noise. A new fully active control approach based on the PCA was developed and implemented on a test cylinder. Finally an active-passive approach based on tunable vibration absorbers was to be developed and analytically applied to a range of test structures from simple plates to aircraft fuselages.

Fuller, C. R.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Consolidated RXTE Observing Grants on Observation of Neutron Stars and Black Holes in Binaries

This final report is a study of neutron stars and black holes in binaries. The activities focused on observation made with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer. The following areas were covered: long term observations of accreting binary pulsars with the All-Sky Monitor (ASM); observations of Centaurus X-3 with the Proportional Counter Array (PCA) and the High-Energy X-ray Timing Experiment (HEXTE); observations of accreting pulsars with the PCA and HEXTE; studies of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPO); and investigations of accreting black-hole candidates.

Prince, Thomas A.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Coordinated XTE Observations of Coronal Structure and Flares on the Rs CVn Binary Sigma(sup 2) CrB

This NASA grant supported my RXTE observing and data analysis during AO2. The research involved a 100 kilosecond observation of the active RS CVn binary sigma(sup 2) CrB obtained on 1997 March 11-13. This observation covered two orbits of the binary (2.5 days elapsed time) as part of a coordinated satellite and ground-based study of coronal structure and flaring within this system. Simultaneous data was obtained from the ASCA X-ray satellite and the Very Large Array radio telescope. The one month of effort funded for the PI was used to calibrate and analyze the RXTE data. Additional research effort on this project to lead to a final publication has been provided from LTSA and GSRP grants. An initial attempt was made to calibrate the RXTE data in May 1997 but the results were disappointing with poor background subtraction leading to a relatively noisy PCA light curve. Subsequently major improvements have been made in the calibration techniques for low count rate PCA data and we returned to Goddard Space Flight Center in February 1999 when we were able to produce vastly better calibrated data. The RXTE results are currently being integrated with the ASCA and VLA data and a paper should be submitted by the end of summer 1999.

Brown, Alexander↗
NASA NTRS1999

Development of An Intelligent Flight Propulsion Control System

The initial design and demonstration of an Intelligent Flight Propulsion and Control System (IFPCS) is documented. The design is based on the implementation of a nonlinear adaptive flight control architecture. This initial design of the IFPCS enhances flight safety by using propulsion sources to provide redundancy in flight control. The IFPCS enhances the conventional gain scheduled approach in significant ways: (1) The IFPCS provides a back up flight control system that results in consistent responses over a wide range of unanticipated failures. (2) The IFPCS is applicable to a variety of aircraft models without redesign and,(3) significantly reduces the laborious research and design necessary in a gain scheduled approach. The control augmentation is detailed within an approximate Input-Output Linearization setting. The availability of propulsion only provides two control inputs, symmetric and differential thrust. Earlier Propulsion Control Augmentation (PCA) work performed by NASA provided for a trajectory controller with pilot command input of glidepath and heading. This work is aimed at demonstrating the flexibility of the IFPCS in providing consistency in flying qualities under a variety of failure scenarios. This report documents the initial design phase where propulsion only is used. Results confirm that the engine dynamics and associated hard nonlineaaities result in poor handling qualities at best. However, as demonstrated in simulation, the IFPCS is capable of results similar to the gain scheduled designs of the NASA PCA work. The IFPCS design uses crude estimates of aircraft behaviour. The adaptive control architecture demonstrates robust stability and provides robust performance. In this work, robust stability means that all states, errors, and adaptive parameters remain bounded under a wide class of uncertainties and input and output disturbances. Robust performance is measured in the quality of the tracking. The results demonstrate the flexibility of the IFPCS architecture and the ability to provide robust performance under a broad range of uncertainty. Robust stability is proved using Lyapunov like analysis. Future development of the IFPCS will include integration of conventional control surfaces with the use of propulsion augmentation, and utilization of available lift and drag devices, to demonstrate adaptive control capability under a greater variety of failure scenarios. Further work will specifically address the effects of actuator saturation.

Calise, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS2000

XTE J1946+274 = GRO J1944+26 Observations with RXTE and BATSE

XTE J1946+274 = GRO J1944+26 is a 15.8 second transient X-ray pulsar discovered simultaneously with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) and Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) onboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) during an outburst in September 1998. Since its discovery, XTE J1946+274 has undergone 7 regularly spaced outbursts, that were observed with BATSE and the RXTE All-Sky Monitor (ASM). The pulse frequency and pulsed flux measurements with BATSE suggest that XTE J1946+274 is in an about 170 day orbit and is outbursting twice per orbit. The first outburst, which was brighter and longer than subsequent outbursts, was also observed with the RXTE Proportional Counter Array (PCA). We present histories of pulse frequency, pulsed flux, and total flux measured in the 20-50 keV band with BATSE and a history of the 2-10 keV total flux measured with the RXTE ASM. From the first outburst, we present energy and power spectra and pulse profiles from RXTE PCA observations.

Wilson, Colleen A.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Principal Component Analysis of Arctic Solar Irradiance Spectra

During the FIRE (First ISCPP Regional Experiment) Arctic Cloud Experiment and coincident SHEBA (Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean) campaign, detailed moderate resolution solar spectral measurements were made to study the radiative energy budget of the coupled Arctic Ocean - Atmosphere system. The NASA Ames Solar Spectral Flux Radiometers (SSFRs) were deployed on the NASA ER-2 and at the SHEBA ice camp. Using the SSFRs we acquired continuous solar spectral irradiance (380-2200 nm) throughout the atmospheric column. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to characterize the several tens of thousands of retrieved SSFR spectra and to determine the number of independent pieces of information that exist in the visible to near-infrared solar irradiance spectra. It was found in both the upwelling and downwelling cases that almost 100% of the spectral information (irradiance retrieved from 1820 wavelength channels) was contained in the first six extracted principal components. The majority of the variability in the Arctic downwelling solar irradiance spectra was explained by a few fundamental components including infrared absorption, scattering, water vapor and ozone. PCA analysis of the SSFR upwelling Arctic irradiance spectra successfully separated surface ice and snow reflection from overlying cloud into distinct components.

Rabbette, Maura↗
NASA NTRS2002

Continuum Fitting HST QSO Spectra

The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method which we are using to fit and describe QSO spectra relies upon the fact that QSO continuum are generally very smooth and simple except for emission and absorption lines. To see this we need high signal-to-noise (S/N) spectra of QSOs at low redshift which have relatively few absorption lines in the Lyman-a forest. We need a large number of such spectra to use as the basis set for the PCA analysis which will find the set of principal component spectra which describe the QSO family as a whole. We have found that too few HST spectra have the required S/N and hence we need to supplement them with ground based spectra of QSOs at higher redshift. We have many such spectra and we have been working to make them suitable for this analysis. We have concentrated on this topic since 12/15/01.

Tytler, David↗
NASA NTRS2001

Oleoresin, Chemistry and Spectral Reflectance in "Stressed" Lodgepole and White Bark Pine, Mammoth Mountain, California

Development of methods to identify the physical and chemical character of materials on the earth's surface is one of the foci of hyperspectral remote sensing activities. Enhancing the ability to elucidate changes in foliar chemistry that relate to the health of a plant is a benefit to plant physiologists, foresters, and plant ecologists, as well as geologist and environmental scientists. Vegetation covers the landscape throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the earth. The existence of vegetation in these areas presents special problems to remote sensing systems since geologic bedrock and alteration zones are masked. At times, however, alterations in the soil/sediment geochemical environment result in foliar chemical changes that are detectable via remote sensing. Examples include monitoring of chlorophyll reflectance/fluorescence and equivalent water thickness indices as indicators of drought-induced plant stress. Another processing and interpretation approach used with hyperspectral data has been principal components analysis (PCA). Rowan et al. used PCA to identify absorption feature patterns obtained from vegetated areas with discrete bedrock geology or mineralization as the substrate. Many researchers highlight the need to advance our ability for hyperspectral imaging in vegetated areas as a near-term priority.

Hickey, James C.↗
NASA NTRS2002

XTE J1946+274: An Enigmatic X-Ray Pulsar

XTE J1946+274 = GRO J1944+26 is a 15.8-s X-ray pulsar discovered simultaneously by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) and the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) in September 1998. Follow-up optical/IR observations resulted in the discovery of a Be star companion. Our pulse timing analysis of BATSE and RXTE data indicates that the orbital period is approximately 169 days. Since its discovery in 1998, XTE J1946+274 has undergone 13 outbursts. These outbursts axe not regularly spaced. They occur approximately twice per orbit and are not locked in orbital phase, unlike most Be/X-ray transient systems. A possible explanation for this is a global-one armed oscillation or density perturbation propagating rapidly in the Be star's disk. We will investigate radial velocity variations in the central peak of the H-alpha line to look for evidence of such a perturbation. From 2001 March-September, we regularly monitored XTE J1946+274 with the RXTE PCA. We will demonstrate that the spectrum appears to be varying with orbital phase, based on the 2001 and 1998 RXTE PCA observations. We will also present histories of pulsed frequency and flux.

Wilson, Colleen A.↗
NASA NTRS2002

General Aviation Interior Noise: Source/Path Identification - Part 1

There were two primary objectives of the research effort reported herein. The first objective was to identify and evaluate noise source/path identification technology applicable to single engine propeller driven aircraft that can be used to identify interior noise sources originating from structure-borne engine/propeller vibration, airborne propeller transmission, airborne engine exhaust noise, and engine case radiation. The approach taken to identify the contributions of each of these possible sources was first to conduct a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of an in-flight noise and vibration database acquired on a Cessna Model 182E aircraft. The second objective was to develop and evaluate advanced technology for noise source ranking of interior panel groups such as the aircraft windshield, instrument panel, firewall, and door/window panels within the cabin of a single engine propeller driven aircraft. The technology employed was that of Acoustic Holography (AH). AH was applied to the test aircraft by acquiring a series of in-flight microphone array measurements within the aircraft cabin and correlating the measurements via PCA. The source contributions of the various panel groups leading to the array measurements were then synthesized by solving the inverse problem using the boundary element model.

Unruh, James F.↗