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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Coupling and Decoupling between Stickers and Backbones in Associating Polymers with Terminally Functionalized Side Chains

Associating polymers have recently attracted tremendous attention as self-healing polymers due to the dynamic reversibility of sticker association–dissociation processes. These sticker dynamics inevitably slow significantly as segmental dynamics decelerate below the glass transition temperature that limits the operational temperatures of associating polymers. Using broadband dielectric spectroscopy on a new set of associating polymers composed side chains of various lengths and terminal carboxylic-acid sticker functionality, we discovered an unexpected decoupling near the glass transition (T g ) between the slower backbone and fast sticker motions. These two motions have distinct activation energies for the motion of the sulfur linkage adjacent to the backbone (~22 to 26 kJ/mol) and the carboxylic acid groups (~5 to 8 kJ/mol). A second decoupling appears in the polymer with the longest side chain length at T g – 20 K, reflecting the dynamics of various carboxylic acid binding configurations. Furthermore, our findings open the door to design associating polymers with the capability of sticker association/dissociation at low temperatures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Investigating Morphology and Diffusion in Simulations of Precise Anion-Conducting Polymers

Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the morphology and transport properties of a new class of polymers which are functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups for use as anion exchange membranes. The polymers are precision polyolefins with either a trimethylammonium (p5CNMe3) or a dimethyl-hexyl ammonium (p5CNMe2Hx) pendant group at every fifth carbon along a polyethylene backbone. Simulations are performed at hydration levels of 5, 10, 15, and 20 water molecules per ammonium group. The hydrated polymers form nanoscale, percolated hydrophilic domains (water channels) in the hydrophobic polymer matrix that become wider with increasing water content. Water and hydroxide anion diffusion coefficients also increase with increasing water content. The morphology of the water domains is similar in both polymers, while the diffusion coefficients are somewhat lower in p5CNMe2Hx at fixed water content. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficients in both polymers fall on the same curve as a function of the fractal dimension of the percolated water channels, which appears to be a useful scalar measure of the effects of the nanoscale morphology on water and hydroxide anion transport.

Anion exchange membrane↗
DOE OSTI2026

Tuning Anion Composition and Mobility to Balance Ionic Conductivity and Cation Selectivity in Solid Polymer Electrolytes

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) offer a promising route toward safe and high-performance electrochemical energy storage, yet a fundamental challenge in SPEs involves improving ionic conductivity while maintaining selective cation transport. The hurdle exists because ion transport is typically coupled closely to polymer segmental dynamics. Herein, a glassy single-ion-conducting polymer, poly[lithium sulfonyl(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide methacrylate] (PLiMTFSI), in which the anions were tethered to the polymer, was blended with a flexible polymer, poly(oligo-oxyethylene methyl ether methacrylate) (POEM), and a series of small-molecule lithium salts, in which the anions were untethered [lithium bis(trifluoromethane­sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf), or lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 )]. The impact of salt anion volume and tethered-to-untethered anion ratio on the ion conduction behavior and thermal properties of blend electrolytes was investigated. In some cases, conductivity could be enhanced through this ternary blend approach. For example, a POEM-based polymer blend containing a bulky salt anion (TFSI⁻) and an equimolar mixture of PLiMTFSI and LiTFSI exhibited a Li + conductivity (4.8×10 -4 S/cm) an order of magnitude higher than that of a comparable POEM / LiTFSI system (6.3×10 -5 S/cm) at 100 °C. This enhancement was attributed to a more than ninefold increase in lithium transference number (0.66 in the ternary blend vs. 0.07 in POEM / LiTFSI). Overall, this study highlights the potential for tuning anion composition and mobility to achieve relatively high ionic conductivities and maintain selective cation transport in SPEs, offering a pathway to enable batteries that tolerate elevated temperatures.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Oil Wetting on Synthetic Polymer Substrates

Understanding the interaction of polymer surfaces with nonpolar, low surface tension liquids, or whether a substrate is oleophobic versus oleophilic, is critical for applications ranging from antifingerprint coatings to oil–water separation membranes and oil spill remediation. Despite its technological importance, the molecular mechanisms underpinning polymer–oil wetting are not well characterized. Here, we employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the behavior of n-hexadecane in contact with chemically distinct polymer surfaces, spanning eight constitutional unit chemistries as well as amorphous and crystalline morphologies. This permits a critical examination of both thermodynamic and dynamic descriptors of oleophobicity, including oil contact angle, dewetting free energy, interfacial diffusivity, and a proposed “ghost probe energy,” which does not require explicit simulation of oil–polymer interactions. We find that the oil contact angle does not reliably distinguish oleophobic behavior across polymer chemistries, whereas other metrics provide clearer and more consistent differentiation. Analysis of the results reveals that polymer–oil wetting behavior is primarily governed by interfacial van der Waals interactions and modulated by surface flexibility and morphology. Collectively, this work establishes a computational framework for characterizing oil wetting and provides additional insight into what molecular-level factors dictate trends in oleophobicity.

lipids↗
DOE OSTI2025

Revisiting the Role of Mobile Ion Size for the Activation Barrier of Charge Transport in Single Ion Conducting Polymers

The development of polymer electrolytes for energy storage and conversion technologies requires a fundamental understanding of the material parameters controlling the energy barriers for ion transport. In glassy polymers, these activation barriers are usually extracted by using Arrhenius procedures. However, our recent studies of single ion conducting polymers reveal that this traditional Arrhenius description provides anomalously small prefactors, an issue that is widely disregarded in the literature. Here, to address it, an alternative approach was introduced for extracting the effective activation barrier E by imposing a physically valid limit (∼10 –13 s) for the ion hopping attempt time. Two consequences of this recent approach are that in polymer electrolytes (i) E is significantly (∼30–40%) lower than the barrier estimated using traditional Arrhenius fits and (ii) E displays significant temperature dependence even in the glassy state. Under these circumstances, we are revisiting the role of ion size, glass transition temperature T g , and dielectric and elastic constants of the polymer matrix on the effective activation barriers for ion transport as extracted using the recently proposed approach and highlight the differences from the picture that previously emerged based on simplistic apparent Arrhenius analysis. To this end, we investigate cation transport in three families of single ion conducting trifluoromethane sulfonimide-based polyanions with varied T g . Our results indicate that E decreases with mobile cation size and is highly sensitive to changes in the dielectric permittivity of the matrix, even for large cations. These insights call for revisions of many earlier results based on apparent Arrhenius fits as the proposed approach can provide more accurate guidance for the design of polymer electrolytes with enhanced ionic conductivity.

energy barrier↗
DOE OSTI2025

What is the Role of Relative Humidity on Conductivity in Polymer Electrolytes?

Ion transport properties in polymer electrolytes have been widely studied under rigorously dry and highly water-swollen conditions. However, the transition between these extremes, i.e., the low hydration regime, is still poorly understood at the molecular level and relevant to applications ranging from battery electrolytes to electrophoretic separations. Here, in this study, we apply atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to probe the role of hydration on ion mobilities and conductivities in LiTFSI-doped polyethers at low water content (less than 10% water by volume), which corresponds to 0−80% relative humidity conditions. With increasing water content, Li + ions exhibit two distinct regimes in their mobilities. At low water content, the majority of the Li + ions are weakly hydrated (two or fewer water molecules per Li + ion), maintaining strong interactions with their polymer solvation cage, and therefore exhibit only a weak increase in mobility relative to dry conditions. As water content increases, Li + ions form complete hydration shells, residing within water-rich domains that promote faster mobilities. Further, Li + mobilities increase more significantly in polymer electrolytes composed of more hydrophilic polymers and higher salt concentrations due to the formation of larger water-rich domains. In contrast, TFSI − has comparatively weak interactions with both the polymer and water, exhibiting a monotonic increase in mobility as a function of water content. Overall, these results help clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying ionic mobilities and conductivities in polymer electrolytes at low water content.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Dynamic density functional theory of polymers with salt in electric fields

Here we present a dynamic density functional theory for modeling the effects of applied electric fields on the local structure of polymers with added salt (polymer electrolytes). Time-dependent equations for the local electrostatic potential and volume fractions of polymer, cation, and anion of added salt are developed using the principles of linear irreversible thermodynamics. For such a development, a field theoretic description of the free energy of polymer melts doped with salts is used, which captures the effects of local variations in the dielectric function. Connections of the dynamic density functional theory with experiments are established by relating the three phenomenological Onsager’s transport coefficients of the theory to the mutual diffusion of electrolyte, ionic conductivity, and transference number of one of the ions. The theory is connected with a statistical mechanical model developed by Bearman and Kirkwood [J. Chem. Phys. 28, 136 (1958)] after relating the three transport coefficients to friction coefficients. The steady-state limit of the dynamic density functional theory is used to understand the effects of dielectric inhomogeneity on the phase separation in polymer electrolytes. The theory developed here provides not only a way to connect with experiments but also to develop multi-scale models for studying connections between local structure and ion transport in polymer electrolytes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Quantum chemically calculated Abraham parameters for quantifying and predicting polymer hydrophobicity

The leakage and accumulation of plastic in the environment is a significant and growing problem with numerous detrimental impacts and has led to a push toward the design and development of more environmentally benign materials. To this end, we have developed a quantum chemistry-based model for predicting the mobility of polymer materials from molecular structure. Hydrophobicity is used as a surrogate for mobility given that hydrophobic interactions drive much of the partitioning of contaminants in and out of various environmentally relevant compartments. To model polymer hydrophobicity, we adjusted a previously developed Quantum Chemically Calculated Abraham Parameter model to calculate Abraham parameters of small molecules from molecular structure information. The resulting model predicted the octanol-water partition coefficient (K OW ) of polymer repeating units with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.48 (log scale). Additionally, the hydrophobicity of high molecular weight polymer materials was captured through solubility parameters and Nile red staining experiments from the literature and predicted with RMSEs of 1.21 (J/cc) 0.5 and 3.42 nm, respectively. Finally, to test the environmental applicability of the model, the relative adsorption capacity of three polymers was predicted and used to unify sorption isotherms across multiple sorbates and polymer sorbents.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Atomic layer deposition of nanofilms on porous polymer substrates: Strategies for success

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a versatile technique for engineering the surfaces of porous polymers, imbuing the flexible, high-surface-area substrates with inorganic and hybrid material properties. Previously reported enhancements include fouling resistance, electrical conductance, thermal stability, photocatalytic activity, hydrophilicity, and oleophilicity. However, there are many poorly understood phenomena that introduce challenges in applying ALD to porous polymers. In this paper, we address five common challenges and ways to overcome them: (1) entrapped precursor, (2) embrittlement, (3) film fracture, (4) deformation, and (5) pore collapse. These challenges are often interrelated and can exacerbate one another. To investigate these phenomena, we applied various ALD chemistries to porous polymers including polyethersulfone, polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polycarbonate track-etched membranes. Reaction-diffusion modeling revealed why certain precursors and processing conditions result in embrittling subsurface material growth, entrapment of unreacted precursors, and nongrowth. We quantify the limits of ALD processing temperatures that are dictated by thermal expansion mismatch and can lead to fractured ALD films. The results herein allow us to make recommendations to avoid, mitigate, or overcome the difficulties encountered when performing ALD and plasma-enhanced ALD on porous polymers. We intend this article to serve as a “lessons learned” guide informed by previous experience to provide a better understanding of the difficulties and limitations of ALD on porous polymers and knowledge-based guidelines for successful depositions. This knowledge can accelerate future research and help experimentalists navigate and troubleshoot as they expose porous polymers to reactive precursor vapors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Precision Synthesis of Conjugated Polymer Films by Surface-Confined Stepwise Sonogashira Cross-Coupling

Thin films of poly(arylene ethynylene)-conjugated polymers, including low-energy-gap donor–acceptor polymers, can be prepared via stepwise polymerization utilizing surface-confined Sonogashira cross-coupling. This robust and efficient polymerization protocol yields conjugated polymers with a precise molecular structure and with nanometer-level control of the organization and the uniform alignment of the macromolecular chains in the densely packed film. In addition to high stability and predictable and well-defined molecular organization and morphology, the surface-confined conjugated polymer chains experience significant interchain electronic interactions, resulting in dominating intermolecular π-electron delocalization which is primarily responsible for the electronic and spectroscopic properties of polymer films. The fluorescent films demonstrate remarkable performance in chemosensing applications, showing a turn-off fluorescent response on the sub-ppt (part per trillion) level of nitroaromatic explosives in water. This unique sensitivity is likely related to the enhanced exciton mobility in the uniformly aligned and structurally monodisperse polymer films.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Influence of Alkyl Spacers and Molecular Weight on the Charge Transport and Storage Properties of Oxy‐Bithiophene‐Based Conjugated Polymers

Abstract Conjugated polymers (CPs) with polar side chains can conduct electronic and ionic charges simultaneously, making them promising for bioelectronics, electrocatalysis and energy storage. Recent work showed that adding alkyl spacers between CP backbones and polar side chains improved electronic charge carrier mobility, reduced swelling and enhanced stability, without compromising ion transport. However, how alkyl spacers impact polymer backbone conformation and, subsequently, electronic properties remain unclear. In this work, we design two oxy‐bithiophene‐based CP series, each featuring progressively extended alkyl spacer lengths and two distinct molecular weight (MW) distributions. Using operando characterisations, we evaluate the (spectro)electrochemical and swelling properties of the polymer thin films, and their performance in organic field‐effect transistors and organic electrochemical transistors. Surprisingly, alkyl spacers negatively impact the hole mobility of our polymers, with higher MW amplifying this effect. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that it is thermodynamically favourable for adjacent non‐polar alkyl spacers to aggregate in polar electrolytes, leading to backbone twisting. Further spectroscopic measurements corroborate this prediction. Our findings demonstrate the active interactions between side chain structure, MW and electrolyte/solvent polarity in influencing polymer performance, underscoring the importance of considering solvation environment effects on polymer conformation when designing new mixed conducting CPs for electrochemical applications.

Yu, Hang [Department of Physics and Centre for Pro↗
DOE OSTI2024

Transient Covalent Polymers through Carbodiimide‐Driven Assembly

Biochemical systems make use of out-of-equilibrium polymers generated under kinetic control. Inspired by these systems, many abiotic supramolecular polymers driven by chemical fuel reactions have been reported. Conversely, polymers based on transient covalent bonds have received little attention, even though they have the potential to complement supramolecular systems by generating transient structures based on stronger bonds and by offering a straightforward tuning of reaction kinetics. In this study, we show that simple aqueous dicarboxylic acids give poly(anhydrides) when treated with the carbodiimide EDC. Transient covalent polymers with molecular weights exceeding 15,000 are generated which then decompose over the course of hours to weeks. Disassembly kinetics can be controlled using simple substituent effects in the monomer design. The impact of solvent polarity, carbodiimide concentration, temperature, pyridine concentration, and monomer concentration on polymer properties and lifetimes has been investigated. The results reveal substantial control over polymer assembly and disassembly kinetics, highlighting the potential for fine-tuned kinetic control in nonequilibrium polymerization systems.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Recent trends in all-organic polymer dielectrics for high-temperature electrostatic energy storage capacitors

Electrostatic energy storage (EES) capacitors are critical for renewable energy and high-power systems, driving the search for dielectric materials that combine superior electrical insulation, mechanical flexibility, low density, cost-effectiveness, and processability. Polymer-based dielectrics have emerged as leading candidates, particularly for high electric field applications. However, conventional polymers often fail to meet the demands of high-temperature environments due to increased electrical conductivity and reduced discharged energy density at elevated temperatures, resulting in energy loss and reduced performance. High glass transition temperature (T g) polymers show promise but require further optimization to enhance their energy storage capabilities under thermal and electrical stress. This review provides a comprehensive update on recent advancements in high-T g polymer-based dielectrics for EES capacitors, focusing on both intrinsic polymers and all-organic composites. It outlines key design principles, critical performance parameters, and innovative strategies—such as nanofiller doping, layered architectures, physical blending, and chemical crosslinking—to improve electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The review also highlights emerging trends, including the integration of machine learning algorithms to explore novel polymer structures and expand the chemical design space. By bridging the gap between academic research and industrial application, this review aims to accelerate the development of next-generation dielectric materials capable of balancing multiple performance metrics for high-temperature EES capacitors.

Xie, Zongliang↗
DOE OSTI2026

Impact of Cation Insertion on Semiconducting Polymer Thin Films toward Electrochemical Energy Conversion

Semiconducting polymers are being explored for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical energy transformation and storage applications. For these applications, it is critical to understand how ion insertion from the electrolyte into polymer electrodes modulates the polymer electronic structure and electron doping levels. Here, this study explores electrochemical cation insertion in the n-type conjugated redox polymer P90, composed of alternating naphthalene diimide (NDI) acceptor and bithiophene (T2) donor units, where the NDI units are functionalized with heptaethylene glycol (HEG, 90%) and 2-octyl dodecyl (OD, 10%) side chains. By combining in situ techniques (UV-vis absorption and Raman spectroscopies with electrochemistry), structural analysis using ex situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we reveal that dications enable negative polaron and bipolaron formation in the P90 at less reducing potentials while supporting more bipolaron formation than the monocations; moreover, larger dications with smaller hydrated radii increase the maximum P90 electron doping level. We also determine that the monocations lead to more thermodynamically stabilized polarons compared with the dications. These findings highlight the critical role of cation identity in tuning electrochemical charging, charge stabilization, and electronic structure of n-type conjugated redox polymers, providing guidance on the rational design of polymer-based (photo)electrochemical applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Dithieno[3,2-c:3′,2′‑ h ][2,6]naphthyridine-4,9(5H,10H)-dione-Based Conjugated Polymers for High Stable n‑Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Amide/imide-based conjugated polymers have been utilized as n-type OECT materials and have demonstrated promising device performance. However, their performance remains insufficient in terms of both efficiency and stability, which limits their practical applications. The development of conjugated polymers based on amide and imide groups represents a promising approach to address this issue. Here, in this study, we introduced dithieno­[3,2-c:3′,2′-h]­[2,6]­naphthyridine-4,9­(5H,10H)-dione (TVTDA) into the design of the OECT materials for the first time. By copolymerizing it with (E)-2,2′-(ethene-1,2-diyl)­bis­(thiophene-3-carbonitrile), we prepared two polymers, TVTDA-2CNTVT-ST and TVTDA-2CNTVT-BR, which contain linear or branched ethylene glycol side chains, respectively. OECT devices based on these polymers demonstrate n-type charge transport characteristics, achieving promising μC* values of 7.17 and 26.5 F cm –1 V –1 s –1 for TVTDA-2CNTVT-ST and TVTDA-2CNTVT-BR, respectively. The higher electron mobility and μC* of TVTDA-2CNTVT-BR can be attributed to its mixed edge-on and face-on stacking mode, larger crystalline coherence length, and larger domain size in the thin film. To our delight, the OECT devices based on both polymers exhibit good operational stability after operating in an aqueous solution for 2000 s, with current retention rates exceeding 93%, representing the high level among the OECT devices based on amide/imide-conjugated polymers. Our study demonstrates that the TVTDA unit holds great potential for constructing high-performance n-type OECT materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Overcoming misconceptions in lithium metal polymer electrolyte batteries

Uncovering the truth of lithium polymer batteries. Lithium metal is the holy grail of anodes due to its 10-fold higher gravimetric capacity than graphite. All-solid-state lithium polymer electrolyte batteries are receiving significant attention due to their increased flexibility compared to inorganic solid-state electrolytes, which enhances processability, accommodates cell swelling, and enables more homogeneous interphases. However, prototype solid-state lithium polymer electrolyte batteries have been limited in their usage due to the low ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, which limits their ability to cycle lithium metal at high rates. In this opinion, we provide alternative interpretations of high-rate capability lithium metal polymer electrolytes and breakthroughs in highly ionically conductive all-solid-state polymer electrolytes. In addition, we provide guidance on how to characterize and evaluate polymer electrolytes in lithium metal batteries.

Waugh, John B↗
DOE OSTI2026

Accelerating ion transport by dynamic asymmetry of alternating polymer electrolytes

Polymer based electrolytes allow the absence of volatile components in batteries thus increasing their safety. Yet, they exhibit drawbacks based on their low conductivity. We have used an alternating polymer consisting of dimethyl siloxane (DMS) and ethylene glycol (EG) blocks to circumvent known disadvantages of the usually used polyethylene glycol (PEG). Incorporating dimethyl siloxane lowers the glass-transition temperature and thus reduces the segmental relaxation time, by dynamic asymmetry or internal plasticization of the constituting polymer blocks. The alternating structure ensures miscibility of the different components and hinders crystallization. Furthermore, the pure polymer, P(DMS 3 -alt-EG 4 ), shows a segmental relaxation time well in the range needed for polymer electrolytes. Mixtures of LiClO 4 and P(DMS 3 -alt-EG 4 ) show a drastically reduced temperature dependence of their DC conductivity in comparison to PEG based systems, resulting in an increase by two orders of magnitude at T = 5 °C and even three to four orders of magnitude at T = 0 °C. Addition of coordinating (acetonitrile) or non-coordinating (toluene) solvent increases conductivity either via additional plasticization or by weakening the Li-binding yet looking at the dynamics at low concentrations of additional solvent the mobility of the polymer is reduced. In conclusion, the solvent addition leads only at higher solvent concentration to a reduction in relaxation time.

Jakobi, Bruno [Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge,↗
DOE OSTI2025

A single-ion-conducting polymer and high-entropy Li-garnet composite electrolyte with simultaneous enhancement in ion transport and mechanical properties

Enabling the lithium metal anode has been the holy grail for improving the energy density for the next generation advanced batteries. Developing electrolytes that will suppress Li dendrite growth and provide sufficient ionic conductivity remains a major challenge in this field. In this study, we develop a polymer–ceramic composite electrolyte for lithium metal batteries. The polymer matrix is a vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) based single-ion-conducting polymer electrolyte. The ceramic filler is a Li 7 La 3 Zr 0.5 Nb 0.5 Ta 0.5 Hf 0.5 O 12 high-entropy Li-garnet (HE Li-garnet) ceramic, which is less prone to surface Li 2 CO 3 formation compared to Al-doped Li garnets. The addition of HE Li-garnet leads to a 7-fold increase in the ionic conductivity (8.6 × 10 −5 S cm −1 at 30 °C) compared to the pure polymer, while maintaining a high Li + transference of 0.73. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and thermogravimetric analysis results suggest that the addition of HE Li-garnet results in a lower degree of polymerization of VEC, leaving more unpolymerized VEC monomers in the matrix, serving as the governing mechanism for conductivity enhancement. The favorable interactions between HE Li-garnet particles and the polymer matrix lead to a stable and well-mixed composite with 2-fold enhancement of storage modulus at 40 °C. The simultaneous ion transport and mechanical property enhancement significantly improves the composite electrolyte's dendrite resistance and cycle life in Li symmetric cells. This work highlights the positive role HE Li-garnet can play in improving polymer electrolytes to enable lithium metal anodes.

Ock, Ji-young [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL↗