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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9

Transfer of polarized radiation in self-absorbed synchrotron sources. II - Treatment of inhomogeneous media and calculation of emergent polarization

As an extension of previous treatments of polarized radiation transfer in homogeneous synchrotron sources, a transfer procedure is derived, based on the coupled-wave formulation, which allows consideration of inhomogeneous sources. It is shown that plasma characteristic wave eccentricities in a source must be fairly large unless Faraday rotation per absorption depth is very large, and that coupling between characteristic waves can be strong in inhomogeneous self-absorbed sources. Calculations are made of the polarized radiation emergent from a source with a boundary of finite thickness. It is found that neglect of propagation effects in the source boundary introduces no significant errors at optically thin frequencies, but that below the self-absorption turnover the emergent polarization may depend significantly upon such effects. In particular, the sign of the circular polarization and the linear polarization position angle depend upon the absorption depth in the boundary region.

Jones, T. W.↗

Experimental investigation of the visual field dependency in the erect and supine positions

The increasing utilization of simulators in many fields, in addition to aeronautics and space, requires the efficient use of these devices. It seemed that personnel highly influenced by the visual scene would make desirable subjects, particularly for those simulators without sufficient motion cues. In order to evaluate this concept, some measure of the degree of influence of the visual field on the subject in necessary. As part of this undertaking, 37 male and female subjects, including eight test pilots, were tested for their visual field dependency or independency. A version of Witkin's rod and frame apparatus was used for the tests. The results showed that nearly all the test subjects exhibited some degree of field dependency, the degree varying from very high field dependency to nearly zero field dependency in a normal distribution. The results for the test pilots were scattered throughout a range similar to the results for the bulk of male subjects. The few female subjects exhibited a higher field dependency than the male subjects. The male subjects exhibited a greater field dependency in the supine position than in the erect position, whereas the field dependency of the female subjects changed only slightly.

Lichtenstein, J. H.↗

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Cooperative 3d–5d Magnetism in Rock Salt Type Li 4 NiOsO 6 and Li 3 Ni 2 OsO 6

Two new transition metal oxides with the nominal chemical compositions of Li 4 NiOsO 6 and Li 3 Ni 2 OsO 6 were successfully synthesized. Both compounds crystallize in an ordered rock salt structure type in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The crystal structures were determined using both synchrotron X-ray and time-of-flight neutron, powder diffraction data. In both phases, Ni2+ ions are present while oxidation states of osmium are +6 and +5 in Li 4 NiOsO 6 and Li 3 Ni 2 OsO 6 , respectively. Ni2+ ions in the hypothetical fully ordered phase form a honeycomb arrangement in the ab crystallographic plane and these hexagons are centered by osmium ions. Furthermore, the magnetic layers are separated along the c axis by the octahedra, which are centered by Li+ (or Li+/Ni 2+ , depending on the chemical compositions). Crystal structure refinements reveal that there is some degree of mixed occupancy in cationic positions. Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility data for both phases show ferrimagnetic transitions with predominant antiferromagnetic (AFM) interactions among 3d electrons of nickel and Sd electrons of osmium. Iso-thermal magnetization loops as a function of the applied magnetic field below the transition temperatures confirm the ferrimagnetic nature in magnetic transitions. Temperature dependent heat capacity data, however, did not exhibit any anomaly in either phase, indicating the absence of long-range magnetic ordering. The lack of long-range order for both Os 5+ and Os 6+ -based compounds was also confirmed by low temperature neutron diffraction data down to 10 K. Temperature dependent AC magnetic susceptibility data in various frequencies for both samples indicate that Li 4 NiOsO 6 exhibits spin-glass-like behavior, while the transition temperature for Li 3 Ni 2 OsO 6 is nearly frequency independent.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Single-photoelectron collection efficiency in 4D ultrafast electron microscopy

In femtosecond (fs) 4D ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), a tradeoff is made between photoelectrons per packet and time resolution. One consequence of this can be longer-than-desirable acquisition times for low-density packets, and particularly for low repetition rates when complete photothermal dissipation is required. Thus, gaining an understanding of photoelectron trajectories in the gun region is important for identifying factors that limit collection efficiency (CE; fraction of photoelectrons that enter the illumination system). Here, we continue our work on the systematic study of photoelectron trajectories in the gun region of a Thermo Fisher/FEI Tecnai Femto UEM, focusing specifically on CE in the single-electron regime. Using General Particle Tracer, calculated field maps, and the exact architecture of the Tecnai Femto UEM, we simulated the effects of fs laser parameters and key gun elements on CE. The results indicate CE strongly depends upon the laser spot size on the source, the (unbiased) Wehnelt aperture diameter, and the incident photon energy. The CE dispersion with laser spot size is found to be strongly dependent on aperture diameter, being nearly dispersionless for the largest apertures. A gun crossover is also observed, with the beam-waist position being dependent on the aperture diameter, further illustrating that the Wehnelt aperture acts as a simple, fixed electrostatic lens in UEM mode. This work provides further insights into the operational aspects of fs 4D UEM.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

On the analytic lunar and solar perturbations of a near earth satellite

The disturbing function of the moon (sun) is expanded as a sum of products of two harmonic functions, one depending on the position of the satellite and the other on the position of the moon (sun). The harmonic functions depending on the position of the perturbing body are developed into trigonometric series with the ecliptic elements l, l', F, D, and Gamma of the lunar theory which are nearly linear with respect to time. Perturbation of elements are in the form of trigonometric series with the ecliptic lunar elements and the equatorial elements omega and Omega of the satellite so that analytic integration is simple and the results accurate over a long period of time.

Estes, R. H.↗

On the analytic lunar and solar perturbations of a near earth satellite

The disturbing function of the moon (sun) is expanded as a sum of products of two harmonic functions, one depending on the position of the satellite and the other on the position of the moon (sun). The harmonic functions depending on the position of the perturbing body are developed into trigonometric series with the ecliptic elements l, l prime, F, D and Gamma of the lunar theory which are nearly linear with respect to time. Perturbation of elements are in the form of trigonometric series with the ecliptic lunar elements and the equatorial elements omega and Omega of the satellite, so that analytic integration is simple and the results are accurate over a long period of time.-

Estes, R. H.↗

Positive spin Hall magnetoresistance in single-crystalline Pt/CoO(001) bilayers

Here, the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) effect in single-crystalline Pt/CoO(001) bilayers has been systematically investigated. X-ray magnetic linear dichroism measurements prove that CoO antiferromagnetic (AFM) spins can be switched into the direction orthogonal to the applied field. We find the SMR signal is comprised of two components related to either the switching of CoO AFM Néel order or the applied strong field effect. Both SMR components show a “positive” angular dependence with $R_{∥} > R_{⊥}$, while $R_{∥} (R_{⊥})$ is defined as the resistance with the applied in-plane field parallel (perpendicular) to the current. The observed positive SMR is mainly attributed to the uncompensated spins at the Pt/CoO interface, instead of the CoO AFM spins. Our study may attract a great deal of interest to understand the complicated SMR effect in AFM spintronics materials.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

The position of the magnetotail neutral sheet in the near-earth region

The position of the near-earth neutral sheet throughout the nightside region between R = 5 R(E) and R = 8.8 R(E) is examined statistically using magnetic field data from AMPTE/CCE. As has been demonstrated previously, the latitudinal position of the neutral sheet is primarily controlled by the dipole tilt angle. The position also depends on local time, radial distance, and magnetic activity. These dependencis may be represented by the empirical formula MLAT = - (0.14 Kp + 0.69) /cos(Phi)/exp 1/3 (0.065 R exp 0.8 - 0.16) DTA, where MLAT is the position in degrees of the neutral sheet relative to the magnetic equator, Kp is the 3-hourly magnetic activity index, Phi is the magnetic local time in degrees (midnight = 0 deg), R is the radius in R(E), and DTA is the dipole tilt angle in degrees.

Lopez, Ramon E.↗

Temperature dependence of the hydrogen atom abstraction reactions of Cl/+/ and HCl/+/ with H2

Rate constants are reported for the reactions of Cl(+) and HCl(+) with H2 over the temperature range 150-400 K. The Cl(+) reaction has a positive temperature dependence that follows the Arrhenius form k1 = A exp(-169/T). The reaction of HCl(+) has a negative temperature dependence that follows the form k2 = AT to the -0.6 power. The implication of these results for interstellar chemistry is commented on. Schematic potential surfaces for the reactions are suggested.

Cates, R. D.↗

Multi-Factor Impact Analysis of Agricultural Production in Bangladesh with Climate Change

Diverse vulnerabilities of Bangladesh's agricultural sector in 16 sub-regions are assessed using experiments designed to investigate climate impact factors in isolation and in combination. Climate information from a suite of global climate models (GCMs) is used to drive models assessing the agricultural impact of changes in temperature, precipitation, carbon dioxide concentrations, river floods, and sea level rise for the 2040-2069 period in comparison to a historical baseline. Using the multi-factor impacts analysis framework developed in Yu et al. (2010), this study provides new sub-regional vulnerability analyses and quantifies key uncertainties in climate and production. Rice (aman, boro, and aus seasons) and wheat production are simulated in each sub-region using the biophysical Crop Environment REsource Synthesis (CERES) models. These simulations are then combined with the MIKE BASIN hydrologic model for river floods in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) Basins, and the MIKE21Two-Dimensional Estuary Model to determine coastal inundation under conditions of higher mean sea level. The impacts of each factor depend on GCM configurations, emissions pathways, sub-regions, and particular seasons and crops. Temperature increases generally reduce production across all scenarios. Precipitation changes can have either a positive or a negative impact, with a high degree of uncertainty across GCMs. Carbon dioxide impacts on crop production are positive and depend on the emissions pathway. Increasing river flood areas reduce production in affected sub-regions. Precipitation uncertainties from different GCMs and emissions scenarios are reduced when integrated across the large GBM Basins' hydrology. Agriculture in Southern Bangladesh is severely affected by sea level rise even when cyclonic surges are not fully considered, with impacts increasing under the higher emissions scenario.

Ruane, Alex C.↗

Kinetics of the Temperature-Dependent e aq - and ·OH Radical Reactions with Cr(III) Ions in Aqueous Solutions

The reactivity of chromium(III) species with the major oxidizing and reducing radiolysis products of water was investigated in aqueous solutions at temperatures up to 150 °C. The reaction between the hydrated electron (e aq - ) and Cr(III) species showed a positive temperature dependence over this temperature range. The reaction was also studied in pH 2.5 and 3.5 solutions for the first time. This work also studied the reaction between acidic Cr(III) species and the hydroxyl radical (·OH). It was found that Cr 3+ did not react significantly with the ·OH radical, but the first hydrolysis species, Cr(OH) 2+ , did with a rate coefficient of k= (7.2±0.3)×10 8 M -1 s -1 at 25 °C. The oxidation of Cr(OH) 2+ by the ·OH radical formed an absorbing product species that ultimately oxidized to give Cr(VI). In conclusion, these newly measured reaction rates allow for the development of improved models of aqueous chromium speciation for the effective remediation of liquid high-level nuclear waste via vitrification processes.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

Kinetics of the benzyl + HO 2 and benzoxyl + OH barrierless association reactions: fate of the benzyl hydroperoxide adduct under combustion and atmospheric conditions

Radical–radical association reactions are challenging to address theoretically due to difficulties finding the bottleneck that variationally minimizes the reactive flux. For this purpose, the variable reaction coordinate (VRC) formulation of the variational transition state theory (VTST) represents an appropriate tool. Here, we revisited the kinetics of two radical–radical association reactions of importance in combustion modelling and poly-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) chemistry by performing VRC calculations: benzyl + HO 2 and benzoxyl + OH, both forming the adduct benzyl hydroperoxide. Our calculated rate constants are significantly lower than those previously reported based on VTST calculations, which results from a more efficient minimization of the reactive flux through the bottleneck achieved by the VRC formulation. Both reactions show different trends in the variation of their rate constants with temperature. We observed that if the pair of single occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs) of the associating radicals show a similar nature, i.e. similar character, and thereby a small energy gap, a highly stabilized transition state structure is formed as the result of a very efficient SOMO–SOMO overlap, which may cancel out the free energy bottleneck for the formation of the adduct and result in large rate constants with a negative temperature dependence. This is the case of the benzoxyl and OH radical pair, whose SOMOs show O 2p nature with an energy gap of 20.2 kcal mol –1 . On the other hand, the benzyl and HO 2 radical pair shows lower rate constants with a positive temperature dependence due to the larger difference between both SOMOs (a 28.9 kcal mol –1 energy gap) as a consequence of the contribution of the multiple resonance structures of the benzyl radical. The reverse dissociation rate constants were also calculated using multi-structural torsional anharmonicity partition functions, which were not included in previous work, and the results show a much slower dissociation of benzyl hydroperoxide. Our work may help to improve kinetic models of interest in combustion and PAH formation, as well as to gain further understanding of radical–radical association reactions, which are ubiquitous in different environments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Inductive Non-Contact Position Sensor

Optical hardware has been developed to measure the depth of defects in the Space Shuttle Orbiter's windows. In this hardware, a mirror is translated such that its position corresponds to the defect's depth, so the depth measurement problem is transferred to a mirror-position measurement problem. This is preferable because the mirror is internal to the optical system and thus accessible. Based on requirements supplied by the window inspectors, the depth of the defects needs to be measured over a range of 200 microns with a resolution of about 100 nm and an accuracy of about 400 nm. These same requirements then apply to measuring the position of the mirror, and in addition, since this is a scanning system, a response time of about 10 ms is needed. A market search was conducted and no sensor that met these requirements that also fit into the available housing volume (less than one cubic inch) was found, so a novel sensor configuration was constructed to meet the requirements. This new sensor generates a nearly linearly varying magnetic field over a small region of space, which can easily be sampled, resulting in a voltage proportional to position. Experiments were done with a range of inductor values, drive voltages, drive frequencies, and inductor shapes. A rough mathematical model was developed for the device that, in most aspects, describes how it operates and what electrical parameters should be chosen for best performance. The final configuration met all the requirements, yielding a small rugged sensor that was easy to use and had nanometer resolution over more than the 200-micron range required. The inductive position sensor is a compact device (potentially as small as 2 cubic centimeters), which offers nanometer-position resolution over a demonstrated range of nearly 1 mm. One of its advantages is the simplicity of its electrical design. Also, the sensor resolution is nearly uniform across its operational range, which is in contrast to eddy current and capacitive sensors whose sensitivity is dependent upon position.

Youngquist, Robert↗

Exact Landau Level Description of Geometry and Interaction in a Flatband

Flatbands appear in many condensed matter systems, including the two-dimensional electron gas in a high magnetic field, correlated materials, and moiré heterostructures. They are characterized by intrinsic geometric properties such as the Berry curvature and Fubini-Study metric. The influence of the band geometry on electron-electron interaction is difficult to understand analytically because the geometry is in general nonuniform in momentum space. In this work, we study the topological flatband of Chern number C = 1 with a momentum-dependent but positive definite Berry curvature that fluctuates in sync with Fubini-Study metric. We derive an exact correspondence between such ideal flatbands and Landau levels and show that the band geometry fluctuation gives rise to a new type of interaction in the corresponding Landau levels that depends on the center of mass of two particles. We characterize such interactions by generalizing the usual Haldane pseudopotentials. This mapping gives exact zero-energy ground states for short-ranged repulsive generalized pseudopotentials in flatbands, in analogy to fractional quantum Hall systems. Driving the center-of-mass interactions beyond the repulsive regime leads to a dramatic reconstruction of the ground states towards gapless phases. The generalized pseudopotential could be a useful basis for future numerical studies.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Ion chemistry in interstellar space

The temperature dependence of the bimolecular reactions of Cl(+), HCl(+), CH(+), CH2(+), N(+), NH(+), and NH2(+) reacting with H2 have been investigated. For Cl(+) and HCl(+) rate constants have been determined over the temperature range of 150 to 400 K. Preliminary data have been obtained for the other systems. The Cl(+)/H2 system shows a weak, but significant positive temperature dependence that could be important in interstellar modeling studies. The HCl(+)/H2 system shows a substantial negative temperature dependence with the rate constant approaching the collision rate at low temperatures. The association reaction CH3(+) + HCN yields CH3 HCN(+) has been theoretically modeled using statistical phase space theory. Both radiative and collisional stabilization have been included. The results are compared with experiment with good agreement obtained over wide variations in T and p. This system is potentially important in the mechanism of large molecule synthesis in interstellar space.

Bowers, M. T.↗

On the signal-to-noise ratio in IUE high-dispersion spectra

An observational and data reduction technique for fixed pattern noise (FPN) and random noise (RN) in fully extracted IUE high-dispersion spectra is described in detail, along with actual empirical values of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) achieved. A co-addition procedure, involving SWP and LWR cameras observations of the same spectrum at different positions in the image format, provides a basis to disentangle FPN from RN, allowing each average amplitude, within a given wavelength interval, to be estimated as a function of average flux number. Empirical curves, derived with the noise algorithm, make it possible to estimate the S/N in individual spectra at the wavelengths investigated. The average S/N at the continuum level in well-exposed stellar spectra varies from 10 to 20, for the orders analyzed, depending on position in the spectral format. The co-addition procedure yields an improvement in S/N by factors ranging from 2.3 to 2.9. Direct measurements of S/N in narrow, line-free wavelength intervals of individual and co-added spectra for weak-lined stars yield comparable, or in some cases somewhat higher, S/N values and improvement factors.

Leckrone, David S.↗

The reaction of atomic hydrogen with germane - Temperature dependence of the rate constant and implications for germane photochemistry in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn

Studies of the formation and loss processes for GeH4 are required in order to provide data to help determine the major chemical form in which germanium exists in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. The reaction of hydrogen atoms with germane is one of the most important of these reactions. The absolute rate constant for this reaction as a function of temperature and pressure is studied. Flash photolysis of dilute mixtures of GeH4 in argon, combined with time-resolved detection of H atoms via Lyman alpha resonance fluorescence, is employed to measure the reaction rate. The reaction is shown to be moderately rapid, independent of total pressure, but possessing a positive temperature dependence.

Nava, David F.↗

Using Transponders on the Moon to Increase Accuracy of GPS

It has been proposed to place laser or radio transponders at suitably chosen locations on the Moon to increase the accuracy achievable using the Global Positioning System (GPS) or other satellite-based positioning system. The accuracy of GPS position measurements depends on the accuracy of determination of the ephemerides of the GPS satellites. These ephemerides are determined by means of ranging to and from Earth-based stations and consistency checks among the satellites. Unfortunately, ranging to and from Earth is subject to errors caused by atmospheric effects, notably including unpredictable variations in refraction. The proposal is based on exploitation of the fact that ranging between a GPS satellite and another object outside the atmosphere is not subject to error-inducing atmospheric effects. The Moon is such an object and is a convenient place for a ranging station. The ephemeris of the Moon is well known and, unlike a GPS satellite, the Moon is massive enough that its orbit is not measurably affected by the solar wind and solar radiation. According to the proposal, each GPS satellite would repeatedly send a short laser or radio pulse toward the Moon and the transponder(s) would respond by sending back a pulse and delay information. The GPS satellite could then compute its distance from the known position(s) of the transponder(s) on the Moon. Because the same hemisphere of the Moon faces the Earth continuously, any transponders placed there would remain continuously or nearly continuously accessible to GPS satellites, and so only a relatively small number of transponders would be needed to provide continuous coverage. Assuming that the transponders would depend on solar power, it would be desirable to use at least two transponders, placed at diametrically opposite points on the edges of the Moon disk as seen from Earth, so that all or most of the time, at least one of them would be in sunlight.

Penanen, Konstantin↗