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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9

CodeFlow: A Code Generation System for Flash-X Orchestration Runtime

We propose the CodeFlow toolchain for Flash-X that realizes the “recipe-to-source” code transformation for Flash-X simulations and that is necessary to achive performance portability. We design a high-level language to express operations of simulations in so-called recipes, which are given as input to the toolchain. The tools of the CodeFlow pipeline include code transformation with tree-based source code representation techniques and code orchestration and generation based on control flow graphs. The generated source code utilizes a new runtime, developed for Flash-X, that orchestrates dynamic and asynchronous data movement and task execution. The functionality of CodeFlow is demonstrated using a hydrodynamic problem with a strong shock.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

The Minos Computing Library: Efficient Parallel Programming for Extremely Heterogeneous Systems

Hardware specialization has become the silver bullet to achieve efficient high performance, from Systems-on-Chip systems, where hardware specialization can be ``extreme'', to large-scale HPC systems. As the complexity of the systems increases, so does the complexity of programming such architectures in a portable way. This work introduces the Minos Computing Library (MCL), as system software, programming model, and programming model runtime that facilitate programming extremely heterogeneous systems. MCL supports the execution of several multi-threaded applications within the same compute node, performs asynchronous execution of application tasks, efficiently balances computation across hardware resources, and provides performance portability. We show that code developed on a personal desktop automatically scales up to fully utilize powerful workstations with 8 GPUs and down to power-efficient embedded systems. MCL provides up to 17.5x speedup over OpenCL on NVIDIA DGX-1 systems and up to 1.88x speedup on single-GPU systems. In multi-application workloads, MCL dynamically resource allocation provides up to 2.43x performance improvement over manual, static allocation of computing resources.

Gioiosa, Roberto↗

LibPowerMon: A vendor-neutral system monitoring library

As power becomes an important resource to provision for modern HPC systems it becomes crucial to obtain deeper insights into application's power and thermal characteristics and to correlate application context with important system-level measurements. Existing profiling tools to monitor power and thermal measurements either operate at a granularity that is not fine enough to correlate with application-level events that describe application context or are not equipped to sample application-level events transparently. We introduce LibPowerMon, a lightweight, vendor-neutral user-level profiling framework to simultaneously sample user-specified application events and system-level metrics at up to 1 kHz sampling intervals. At the application level, LibPowerMon provides a source-level phase markup interface to capture application context. At runtime level, LibPowerMon records MPI and OpenMP events and can be extended to include other runtimes. At the system level, LibPowerMon samples power, thermal and relevant metrics, and provides an extensible interface to system's control capabilities. In this release, LibPowerMon supports monitoring and control functionalities on the Intel, IBM Power9 and Nvidia Volta architectures.

MARATHE, ANIRUDDHAP↗

HIPLZ: Enabling performance portability for exascale systems

While heterogeneous computing has emerged as a dominant trend in current and future High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems, it is also widely recognized that this shift has led to increased software complexity due to a proliferation of programming systems for different heterogeneous processors. One such example is the Heterogeneous-Compute Interface for Portability from AMD (HIP ), which is composed of a C Runtime API and C++ Kernel Language. Many HPC applications will likely use HIP on future exascale systems (e.g., Frontier and El Capitan), but HIP currently only targets AMD and NVIDIA processors. This limitation creates challenges for users who would also like to run their applications on exascale systems based on other architectures (e.g., Aurora, which is based on Intel hardware) that are currently not targeted by HIP . In this paper, we introduce the design and implementation of HIPLZ , a compiler and runtime system that uses the Intel Level Zero API to support HIP on Intel GPU architectures. We discuss the design of HIPLZ , derived from HIPCL (an implementation of HIP on top of OpenCL ), and portability issues that occur from using the Level Zero runtime as a backend. We evaluate our implementation by running several performance benchmarks and mini-apps written in HIP on Intel architectures using HIPLZ . Our results show that this approach provides competitive performance relative to Intel's OpenCL implementations on Intel Gen9 and UHD Graphics 770 GPUs, while providing good coverage of features needed by HPC applications. Overall, this approach is a promising demonstration of enabling performance portability for exascale systems.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Lightweight runtime checking of C programs with RTC

The C Programming Language is known for being an efficient language that can be compiled on almost any architecture and operating system. However the absence of dynamic safety checks and a relatively weak type system allows programmer oversights that are hard to spot. In this paper, we present RTC, a runtime monitoring tool that instruments unsafe code and monitors the program execution. RTC is built on top of the ROSE compiler infrastructure. RTC finds memory bugs and arithmetic overflows and underflows, and run-time type violations. Most of the instrumentations are directly added to the source file and only require a minimal runtime system. As a result, the instrumented code remains portable. In tests against known error detection benchmarks, RTC found 98% of all memory related bugs and had zero false positives. Finally, in performance tests conducted with well known algorithms, such as binary search and MD5, we determined that our tool has an average run-time overhead rate of 9.7× and memory overhead rate of 3.5×.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Optimizing checkpoint data placement with guaranteed burst buffer endurance in large-scale hierarchical storage systems

Non-volatile devices, such as SSDs, will be an integral part of the deepening storage hierarchy on large-scale HPC systems. These devices can be on the compute nodes as part of a distributed burst buffer service or they can be external. Wherever they are located in the hierarchy, one critical design issue is the SSD endurance under the write-heavy workloads, such as the checkpoint I/O for scientific applications. For these environments, it is widely assumed that checkpoint operations can occur once every 60 min and for each checkpoint step as much as half of the system memory can be written out. Unfortunately, for large-scale HPC applications, the burst buffer SSDs can be worn out much more quickly given the extensive amount of data written at every checkpoint step. One possible solution is to control the amount of data written by reducing the checkpoint frequency. However, a direct effect caused by reduced checkpoint frequency is the increased vulnerability window of system failures and therefore potentially wasted computation time, especially for large-scale compute jobs.

Computer Science↗

Importance Sampling Model-Based Diffusion for Trajectory Optimization

Trajectory optimization for robotic systems remains a challenging problem. This is especially true for robotic systems featuring nonlinear dynamics and many degrees of freedom. Data-based or model-free diffusion has recently been popularized in the fields of artificial intelligence and trajectory optimization. Model-Based Diffusion provides a data-free method of trajectory optimization, trained at runtime on a system dynamics model, suitable for high-dimensional models. This paper examines how importance sampling can enhance the performance of Model-Based Diffusion for trajectory optimization. Here, we quantify the benefits of importance sampling across three long horizon planning tasks. These results show as much as a 13x improvement in sample efficiency depending on environment and optimization parameters.

Golembeski, Seth [Georgia Institute of Technology,↗

Achieving balanced execution through runtime detection of performance variation

Systems, apparatuses, and methods for achieving balanced execution in a multi-node cluster through runtime detection of performance variation are described. During a training phase, performance counters and an amount of time spent waiting for synchronization is monitored for a plurality of tasks for each node of the multi-node cluster. These values are utilized to generate a model which correlates the values of the performance counters to the amount of time spent waiting for synchronization. Once the model is built, the values of the performance counters are monitored for a period of time at the start of each task, and these values are input into the model. The model generates a prediction of whether a given node is on the critical path. If the given node is predicted to be on the critical path, the power allocation of the given node is increased.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

CALORIE: A Constraint Language and Optimizing Runtime for Exascale Power Management (Final Report)

This final technical report summarizes the key accomplishments on the CALORIE project, a DOE Early Career award received by PI Henry Hoffmann at the University of Chicago. CALORIE’s main goal was to create principled methodologies, tools, and practices to help scientists and high-performance computing (HPC) operators maximize the performance and insights obtained from scientific computing applications in the face of exascale power constraints. The project accomplished these goals by completing the following objectives: • Designing a language for describing application goals (including constraints and objectives) and system capabilities. The application goals will include things like which simulations or simulations plus in situ analysis will be run together, what the power constraints are, and what requirements there are for in situ analysis (for example, a desired frame rate for visualization). The system capabilities include all components that can be adjusted to tradeoff power and performance. • Designing a runtime system that takes specified goals and capabilities and dynamically determines what capabilities to use to meet the goals. This runtime adapts to changes in goals, application behavior, or available capabilities to automatically maintain the goals despite unexpected disturbances. • Developing a foundational understanding of how power constraints affect the problem of scheduling applications in large-scale systems. This report provides an overview of the accomplishments related to each of these key objectives.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Integration of energy storage with diesel generation in remote communities

Highlights Battery energy storage may improve energy efficiency and reliability of hybrid energy systems composed by diesel and solar photovoltaic power generators serving isolated communities. In projects aiming update of power plants serving electrically isolated communities with redundant diesel generation, battery energy storage can improve overall economic performance of power supply system by reducing fuel usage, decreasing capital costs by replacing redundant diesel generation units, and increasing generator system life by shortening yearly runtime. Fast-acting battery energy storage systems with grid-forming inverters might have potential for improving drastically the reliability indices of isolated communities currently supplied by diesel generation. Abstract This paper will highlight unique challenges and opportunities with regard to energy storage utilization in remote, self-sustaining communities. The energy management of such areas has unique concerns. Diesel generation is often the go-to power source in these scenarios, but these systems are not devoid of issues. Without dedicated maintenance crews as in large, interconnected network areas, minor interruptions can be frequent and invasive not only for those who lose power, but also for those in the community that must then correct any faults. Although the immediate financial benefits are perhaps not readily apparent, energy storage could be used to address concerns related to reliability, automation, fuel supply concerns, generator degradation, solar utilization, and, yes, fuel costs to name a few. These ideas are shown through a case study of the Levelock Village of Alaska. Currently, the community is faced with high diesel prices and a difficult supply chain, which makes temporary loss of power very common and reductions in fuel consumption very impactful. This study will investigate the benefits that an energy storage system could bring to the overall system life, fuel costs, and reliability of the power supply. The variable efficiency of the generators, impact of startup/shutdown process, and low-load operation concerns are considered. The technological benefits of the combined system will be explored for various scenarios of future diesel prices and technology maintenance/replacement costs as well as for the avoidance of power interruptions that are so common in the community currently. Graphic abstract Discussion In several cases, energy storage can provide a means to promote energy equity by improving remote communities’ power supply reliability to levels closer to what the average urban consumer experiences at a reduced cost compared to transmission buildout. Furthermore, energy equity represents a hard-to-quantify benefit achieved by the integration of energy storage to isolated power systems of under-served communities, which suggests that the financial aspects of such projects should be questioned as the main performance criterion. To improve battery energy storage system valuation for diesel-based power systems, integration analysis must be holistic and go beyond fuel savings to capture every value stream possible.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

XPRESS: eXascale PRogramming Environment and System Software, Final Report

The University of Oregon (UO) was a partner in the XPRESS project together with Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Indiana University (IU), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL), Louisiana State University (LSU), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), University of Houston (UH), and University of North Carolina (RENCI). UO's objective in the project was to develop "APEX (Asynchronous Performance Environment for eXascale)": performance measurement, analysis, feedback and control infrastructure to asynchronous tasking runtimes, specifically HPX (LSU) and HPX-5 (IU). During the project period, our efforts focused on the need to measure complex tasking models where the traditional instrumentation methods would not work due to an absent/meaningless call-path context and runtime control of task pre-emption and resumption, usually on a different operating system thread. In addition to the challenges of performance measurement, we developed a framework to provide information from all levels of the stack (hardware, operating system, runtime, application) to a feedback & control mechanism for controlling concurrency, task granularity, networking parameters, and other aspects of execution in order to improve execution performance, throughput and/or efficiency. UO demonstrated these developments on leading edge HPC machines at large scale, including a 2017 Gordon Bell submission in which APEX was used to optimize key bottlenecks in an astrophysics application. The following final report summarizes our accomplishments during the XPRESS project.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

A Strawman for an HPC PowerStack

The landscape of High-Performance Computing (HPC) is changing as we enter the exascale era and power and energy management are key design points for any next generation of supercomputers. Efficiently utilizing procured power and optimizing performance of scientific applications under power and energy constraints is challenging due to several reasons including dynamic phase behavior, processor manufacturing variability and increasing heterogeneity of node-level components. Extending the scope from the node- and application-level up to the system-level introduces further challenges on top of power-unaware job scheduling, which is known to be NP-hard on its own. While there exists several individual efforts across the community to research automatic techniques for managing power and energy better, the majority of these techniques have been specialized to meet the needs of a specific HPC center or specific optimization goals and provide little support to connect them to each other. Some projects, most notably the PowerAPI efforts [1], discuss interfaces that form a good starting point for full stack integration, but these interfaces still need to be hooked up to the wide range of software components offered by academic partners, developers or vendors. Furthermore, a recent survey conducted by the EE HPC WG concluded that the majority of such techniques have lacked the application-awareness required to achieve the best system performance and throughput. Other observations were that each technique tended to target management of power and energy for a different subset of the site or system hardware and that the different techniques tended to perform management at different (and often conflicting) granularities. Unfortunately, the existing techniques have not been designed to coexist simultaneously on one site and cooperate on management in an integrated manner [2]. The lack of application-awareness, lack of coordinated management across different granularities, and the lack of widely accepted interfaces and consequent limited connectivity between modules, can result in substantially underutilized Watts and FLOPS. To address these gaps, the HPC community needs a holistic stack for power and energy management and none currently exists. In our view, a holistic stack is one that is extensible enough to support the present and anticipated future needs of various different HPC centers, one that achieves best system performance and throughput through application-awareness, one that is designed to coordinate management at different granularities, and one that enables the seamless integration of software components from different developers and vendors. In this seminar, our goal is bring together experts from academia, research laboratories, and industry in order to take stock of existing approaches, design points and power management concepts and requirements at the various participant’s institutions, and to design concepts for a holistic power and energy management stack, which we refer to as the HPC PowerStack. Further, we hope to take steps toward defining the interfaces necessary for providing a complete prototype shared among many groups. The intention is to align development and research efforts across the community so that we may share development resources, avoid duplicating effort, agree on common interfaces and reap the rewards together as a community. The intended final outcome of this collaboration will be a holistic, flexible and extensible concept of a software stack ecosystem that allows us to combine product-grade open-source software components to enable runtime optimization of system power, energy, and performance.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Clang UPC Compiler (Clang UPC) v3.9.1-1

Clang Unified Parallel C (Clang UPC) provides a compilation and execution environment for programs written in the UPC (Unified Parallel C) language. The Clang UPC compiler extends the capabilities of the Clang LLVM C compiler to comply with the UPC Language Specification version 1.3. It includes support for UPC collectives and a configurable pointer-to-shared representation. The compiler generates programs that run on a wide variety of systems ranging from workstations to leadership-class supercomputers, in conjunction with the Berkeley UPC runtime and GASNet communication system. This compiler generates assembly code / object code directly for Intel processors and IBM PowerPC.

Hargrove, Paul↗

Achieving Runtime State Verification Assurance in Critical Cyber-Physical Infrastructures

Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) are an essential backbone of national critical infrastructures. They help monitor and control crucial cyber-enabled services such as energy generation. Commonly ICPS monitors the physical process through Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. The SCADA ecosystem takes critical real-time and future system operational decisions based on the runtime state behavior of field sensors. Traditional SCADA systems use legacy and insecure communication protocols such as the Modbus protocol that lack adequate security mechanisms to provide robust runtime state behavior assurance of constrained field sensors. Therefore, constrained field sensors are commonly vulnerable to standard semantic attacks that gradually change the behavior state of infected devices. This paper discusses process integrity assurance techniques necessary to enhance the security of behavior-based protocols such as the Modbus protocol. The Runtime State Verification (RSV) protocol proposed in this paper aims to address semantic attacks in the SCADA ecosystem by integrating behavior-based Mandatory Results Automata (MRA) and a Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) network. The RSV protocol provides high process integrity assurance through enhanced behavior-based MRA suitable for the constrained field devices. A proof of concept of the RSV protocol has been evaluated in an emulated water-tube boiler. Preliminary evaluations of the RSV protocol aimed to measure the efficiency of the proposed protocol by monitoring an Combustion Efficiency (CE) process necessary to preserve optimal combustion, thus minimizing costs and future maintenance of water-tube boilers. We analyze the overall network overhead and latency of the proposed RSV protocol by evaluating the HLF network performance and comparing the proposed RSV protocol with the state-ofart BloSPAI protocol. Through the preliminary evaluations of the proposed RSV protocol, this paper demonstrates that the proposed RSV protocol overcomes the shortcomings and network overhead of the BloSPAI protocol by integrating behavior-based authentication through novel MRAs and HLF networks.

Rivera, Abel Gomez↗

Predicting runtime and resource utilization of jobs on integrated cloud and HPC systems

Recent advances in virtualization technologies used in cloud computing offer performance that closely approaches bare-metal levels. Combined with specialized instance types and high-speed networking services for cluster computing, cloud platforms have become a compelling option for high-performance computing (HPC). However, most current batch job schedulers in HPC systems are designed for homogeneous clusters and make decisions based on limited information about jobs and system status. Scientists typically submit computational jobs to these schedulers with a requested runtime that is often over- or under-estimated. More accurate runtime predictions can help schedulers make better decisions and reduce job turnaround times. Here, they can also support decisions about migrating jobs to the cloud to avoid long queue wait times in HPC systems.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗