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At least 163 records · Page 9

Delta wing surface pressures for high angle of attack maneuvers

A wind tunnel experiment was performed on a delta wing with a leading edge sweep of 70 deg. Unsteady pressures were measured on the suction surface of the wing as it was oscillated from 0-30 deg, and 2-60 deg angle-of-attack. Pressure coefficients were measured at different surface locations for two pitch rates. Static pressure measurements were also obtained for comparison with the dynamic results. The Reynolds number was fixed at 420,000, based on the centerline chord length. Pressure measurements were made from 35-90 percent of the chord, along a ray from the apex at 60 percent of the local semispan. Spanwise measurements were also made at a constant chord location, x/c = 75 percent from the apex. The unsteady pressure data over the 0-30 deg angle-of-attack range showed pressures fluctuating in phase with model motion, and little overshoot from the static values. The pressures for the large amplitude motion showed large overshoots from the static values. In addition, during the high angle-of-attack portion of the motion, the upstroke (angle of attack increasing) pressure coefficients were typically much lower than the downstroke values. For the lower pitch rate, there was little difference between upstroke and downstroke pressures at the low angles of attack.

Thompson, S. A.↗

Space shuttle: Static surface pressures of the 0.004 scale 049 orbiter in the launch configuration

Wing and lower body surface static pressure data for the space shuttle 049 orbiter while in the launch configuration were obtained. The purpose of the test was to determine the optimum incidence position of the orbiter relative to the hydrogen-oxygen (HO) tank and the optimum radial position of the solid rocket motors (SRM) on the HO tank. The orbiter was mounted on the HO tank at incidence angles of 0 and -1.5 degrees to determine the optimum incidence position. The SRM boosters were tested at radial positions of 75, 90, and 135 degrees on the HO tank to determine their optimum position with respect to the loads imposed on the orbiter. The test was conducted in the tunnel over a Mach number range of 0.6 to 4.96. Angle of attack was varied from -8 to +8 degrees at zero degree angle of sideslip, and at sideslip angles varying from -6 to +6 degrees at zero degree angle of attack.

Buchholz, R. E.↗

Rocket Engine Turbine Blade Surface Pressure Distributions Experiment and Computations

Understanding the unsteady aspects of turbine rotor flow fields is critical to successful future turbine designs. A technology program was conducted at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center to increase the understanding of unsteady environments for rocket engine turbines. The experimental program involved instrumenting turbine rotor blades with miniature surface mounted high frequency response pressure transducers. The turbine model was then tested to measure the unsteady pressures on the rotor blades. The data obtained from the experimental program is unique in two respects. First, much more unsteady data was obtained (several minutes per set point) than has been possible in the past. Also, an extensive steady performance database existed for the turbine model. This allowed an evaluation of the effect of the on-blade instrumentation on the turbine's performance. A three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes analysis was also used to blindly predict the unsteady flow field in the turbine at the design operating conditions and at +15 degrees relative incidence to the first-stage rotor. The predicted time-averaged and unsteady pressure distributions show good agreement with the experimental data. This unique data set, the lessons learned for acquiring this type of data, and the improvements made to the data analysis and prediction tools are contributing significantly to current Space Launch Initiative turbine airflow test and blade surface pressure prediction efforts.

Hudson, Susan T.↗

Prediction of unsteady rotor-surface pressure and heat transfer from wake passings

The research described in this paper is a numerical investigation of the effects of unsteady flow on gas turbine heat transfer, particularly on a rotor blade surface. The unsteady flow in a rotor blade passage and the unsteady heat transfer on the blade surface as a result of wake/blade interaction are modeled by the inviscid flow/boundary layer approach. The Euler equations which govern the inviscid flow are solved using a time-accurate marching scheme. The unsteady flow in the blade passage is induced by periodically moving a wake model across the passage inlet. Unsteady flow solutions in the passage provide pressure gradients and boundary conditions for the boundary-layer equations which govern the viscous flow adjacent to the blade surface. Numerical solutions of the unsteady turbulent boundary layer yield surface heat flow values which can then be compared to experimental data. Comparisons with experimental data show that unsteady heat flux on the blade suction surface is well predicted, but the predictions of unsteady heat flux on the blade pressure surface do not agree.

Tran, Le T.↗

OH density, flux and loss probability measurements in a room temperature atmospheric pressure surface discharge by microscopic laser induced fluorescence

Many applications involving atmospheric pressure plasma-substrate interactions are enabled by the large fluxes of short-lived reactive species such as OH radicals to the substrate, nonetheless, the accurate measurement of radical densities and fluxes at substrates at atmospheric pressure has received little attention to date, particularly for surface ionization waves. We report the measurement of the OH density distribution in a surface discharge on a fused silica (quartz) substrate generated by an impinging atmospheric pressure plasma jet in dry and humid helium. The OH density is measured by microscopic laser induced fluorescence with a spatial resolution of 10 µm in the direction perpendicular to the quartz substrate. The measured OH diffusive flux varied for the investigated experimental conditions by almost three orders of magnitude and had a maximum value of 1.7 × 10 15 cm -2 s -1 . The corresponding surface loss probability of OH on the quartz surface was determined to be ~0.01. The high spatial resolution was required to accurately resolve the near surface gradient of OH radicals.

plasma-surface interactions↗

Interaction between a normal shock wave and a turbulent boundary layer at high transonic speeds. Part 1: Pressure distribution. Part 2: Wall shear stress. Part 3: Simplified formulas for the prediction of surface pressures and skin friction

An asymptotic description is derived for the interaction between a shock wave and a turbulent boundary layer in transonic flow, for a particular limiting case. The dimensionless difference between the external flow velocity and critical sound speed is taken to be much smaller than one, but large in comparison with the dimensionless friction velocity. The basic results are derived for a flat plate, and corrections for longitudinal wall curvature and for flow in a circular pipe are also shown. Solutions are given for the wall pressure distribution and the shape of the shock wave. Solutions for the wall shear stress are obtained, and a criterion for incipient separation is derived. Simplified solutions for both the wall pressure and skin friction distributions in the interaction region are given. These results are presented in a form suitable for use in computer programs.

Adamson, T. C., Jr.↗

Effect of Transducer Flushness on Measured Surface Pressure Fluctuations in Flight

The procedure for investigating the effect of deviation from flush mounting of pressure transducers on the exterior of Tu-144LL in flight is described. Experimental data in the mach-number range 0.58 - 2.0 are presented for distortion of the measured wall-pressure fluctuation spectra of the turbulent boundary layer by recessed and protruding transducers. The results of flight experiments are compared with data of wind tunnel experiments. The distortion of measured turbulent boundary layer wall pressure fluctuations caused by transducer-surface deviation from the surrounding surface as a function of dimensionless parameters is predicted and presented on the basis of dimensional analysis.

Efimtsov, B. M.↗

Unsteady Surface Pressure Characterization on Launch Vehicle in Liftoff Configuration

Acquisition of unsteady pressure using remote scanners can provide practical advantages over making the same measurements directly using flush-mounted pressure transducers. However, pneumatic distortion of the signal is introduced by the tubing between the sensing module and surface port. This typically limits the usefulness of such measurements to averaged, steady data only, restricting the application of pressure scanners for unsteady pressure measurements in the wind tunnel and flight-testing applications. In this work, unsteady pressure on the surface of a 1.75%-scale model of the NASA Space Launch System Block 1B Cargo vehicle was remotely measured at the NASA Langley Research Center 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel using an ESP pressure scanner. Subsequent reconstruction using an empirically-tuned, Wiener-filtered inverse transfer function produced excellent agreement compared to nearby surface-mounted transducers within a usable bandwidth of approximately 500 Hz. Interactions between the launch vehicle and the support tower produced strong oscillations that were absent in the vehicle-alone configuration, and it is likely that the wake interaction leads to a resonant flow response when the launch tower is immediately downstream of the vehicle.

Unsteady pressure↗

Flight Wing Surface Pressure and Boundary-Layer Data Report from the F-111 Smooth Variable-Camber Supercritical Mission Adaptive Wing

Flight tests were conducted using the advanced fighter technology integration F-111 (AFTI/F-111) aircraft modified with a variable-sweep supercritical mission adaptive wing (MAW). The MAW leading- and trailing-edge variable-camber surfaces were deflected in flight to provide a near-ideal wing camber shape for the flight condition. The MAW features smooth, flexible upper surfaces and fully enclosed lower surfaces, which distinguishes it from conventional flaps that have discontinuous surfaces and exposed or semi-exposed mechanisms. Upper and lower surface wing pressure distributions were measured along four streamwise rows on the right wing for cruise, maneuvering, and landing configurations. Boundary-layer measurements were obtained near the trailing edge for one of the rows. Cruise and maneuvering wing leading-edge sweeps were 26 deg for Mach numbers less than 1 and 45 deg or 58 deg for Mach numbers greater than 1. The landing wing sweep was 9 deg or 16 deg. Mach numbers ranged from 0.27 to 1.41, angles of attack from 2 deg to 13 deg, and Reynolds number per unit foot from 1.4 x 10(exp 6) to 6.5 x 10(exp 6). Leading-edge cambers ranged from O deg to 20 deg down, and trailing-edge cambers ranged from 1 deg up to 19 deg down. Wing deflection data for a Mach number of 0.85 are shown for three cambers. Wing pressure and boundary-layer data are given. Selected data comparisons are shown. Measured wing coordinates are given for three streamwise semispan locations for cruise camber and one spanwise location for maneuver camber.

Powers, Sheryll Goecke↗

Surface pressure measurement by oxygen quenching of luminescence

Methods and compositions for measuring the pressure of an oxygen-containing gas on an aerodynamic surface, by oxygen-quenching of luminescence of molecular sensors is disclosed. Objects are coated with luminescent films containing a first sensor and at least one of two additional sensors, each of the sensors having luminescences that have different dependencies on temperature and oxygen pressure. Methods and compositions are also provided for improving pressure measurements (qualitative or quantitive) on surfaces coated with a film having one or more types of sensor.

Gouterman, Martin P.↗

Surface pressure measurement by oxygen quenching of luminescence

Methods and compositions for measuring the pressure of an oxygen-containing gas on an aerodynamic surface, by oxygen-quenching of luminescence of molecular sensors is disclosed. Objects are coated with luminescent films containing a first sensor and at least one of two additional sensors, each of the sensors having luminescences that have different dependencies on temperature and oxygen pressure. Methods and compositions are also provided for improving pressure measurements (qualitative or quantitive) on surfaces coated with a film having one or more types of sensor.

Gouterman, Martin P.↗

Unsteady blade surface pressures on a large-scale advanced propeller - Prediction and data

An unsteady three dimensional Euler analysis technique is employed to compute the flowfield of an advanced propeller operating at an angle of attack. The predicted blade pressure waveforms are compared with wind tunnel data at two Mach numbers, 0.5 and 0.2. The inflow angle is three degrees. For an inflow Mach number of 0.5, the predicted pressure response is in fair agreement with data: the predicted phases of the waveforms are in close agreement with data while the magnitudes are underpredicted. At the low Mach number of 0.2 (take-off) the numerical solution shows the formation of a leading edge vortex which is in qualitative agreement with measurements. However, the highly nonlinear pressure response measured on the blade suction surface is not captured in the present inviscid analysis.

Nallasamy, M.↗

Unsteady blade-surface pressures on a large-scale advanced propeller: Prediction and data

An unsteady 3-D Euler analysis technique is employed to compute the flow field of an advanced propeller operating at an angle of attack. The predicted blade pressure waveforms are compared with wind tunnel data at two Mach numbers, 0.5 and 0.2. The inflow angle is three degrees. For an inflow Mach number of 0.5, the predicted pressure response is in fair agreement with data: the predicted phases of the waveforms are in close agreement with data while the magnitudes are underpredicted. At the low Mach number of 0.2 (takeoff), the numerical solution shows the formation of a leading edge vortex which is in qualitative agreement with measurements. However, the highly nonlinear pressure response measured on the blade suction surface is not captured in the present inviscid analysis.

Nallasamy, M.↗

Blade surface pressure measurement on a pusher propeller in flight

Unsteady aerodynamics of a pusher propeller operating in the wake of a pylon is investigated through analysis of flight test data. Twenty-two surface-mounted miniature pressure transducers were installed at the 75 and 90 percent radius locations on a propeller blade on a test-bed aircraft. Twenty-six different flight conditions were flown to cover the range of speeds, rpm, altitudes, and flap positions encountered by an advanced turboprop general aviation aircraft. Preliminary analysis of the flight test data indicate a strong three-dimensionality to the perturbed flow at the 75 and 90 percent radii due to pylon wake encounter. Time-history of the pressure transducer waveforms recorded for 700 revolutions exhibit a one-per-cycle wave oscillation on the wake signature. No explanation is found for this behavior yet.

Farokhi, S.↗

An evaluation of Space Shuttle Orbiter forward fuselage surface pressures - Comparison with wind tunnel and theoretical predictions

In order for ground-based pressure distribution techniques to be verified by the actual performance of the Space Shuttle Orbiter in flight, a comparative study of flight pressure data and both wind tunnel and computational data is presented. The flight pressure data, obtained from measurements on the Orbiter's surface during atmospheric reentry, are part of the overall Orbiter flight data system designated Development Flight Instrumentation. Also given is an analysis of the Orbiter pressure data system, including its transducers, their behavior, and their calibration. The two analyses are the bases of an error assessment calculation for the flight data, as well as an explanation of any discrepancies between flight and ground-based data.

Bradley, P. F.↗

Two-dimensional cold-air cascade study of a film-cooled turbine stator blade. 1: Experimental results of pressure-surface film cooling tests

The effect of film coolant ejection from the pressure side of a stator blade was determined in a two-dimensional cascade. Stator exit surveys were made for each of six rows of coolant holes. Successive multirow tests were made with two, three, four, five, and six rows of coolant holes open. The results of the multirow tests are compared with the predicted multirow performance obtained by adding the single-row data. Results are presented in terms of stator primary-air efficiency as a function of coolant fraction.

Moffitt, T. P.↗

The measurement of boundary layers on a compressor blade in cascade. III - Pressure surface boundary layers and the near wake

A one-component laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) has been used to measure the two-dimensional periodic flow field about a double circular arc, compressor blade in cascade. Eleven boundary layer profiles were taken on both the pressure and suction surfaces of the blade, and two profiles were taken in the near wake. In this part of the study, the detailed LDV studies are described. The measurements indicate that the onset of transition occurs near 60 percent chord. The lack of a logarithmic region in the data measured at 97.9 percent chord indicates that transition is not complete. The thin laminar boundary layers near the leading edge led to some measurement problems, characterized by large turbulence intensities, in using the LDV.

Deutsch, Steven↗

F-18 high alpha research vehicle surface pressures: Initial in-flight results and correlation with flow visualization and wind-tunnel data

Pressure distributions measured on the forebody and the leading-edge extensions (LEX's) of the NASA F-18 high alpha research vehicle (HARV) were reported at 10 and 50 degree angles of attack and at Mach 0.20 to 0.60. The results were correlated with HARV flow visualization and 6-percent scale F-18 wind-tunnel-model test results. The general trend in the data from the forebody was for the maximum suction pressure peaks to first appear at an angle of attack (alpha) of approximately 19 degrees and increase in magnitude with angle of attack. The LEX pressure distribution general trend was the inward progression and increase in magnitude of the maximum suction peaks up to vortex core breakdown and then the decrease and general flattening of the pressure distribution beyond that. No significant effect of Mach number was noted for the forebody results. However, a substantial compressibility effect on the LEX's resulted in a significant reduction in vortex-induced suction pressure as Mach number increased. The forebody primary and the LEX secondary vortex separation lines, from surface flow visualization, correlated well with the end of pressure recovery, leeward and windward, respectively, of maximum suction pressure peaks. The flight to wind-tunnel correlations were generally good with some exceptions.

Fisher, David F.↗