Effect of diet and atmosphere on intestinal and skin flora. Volume II - Literature survey
Literature survey on microorganisms of human skin- bacteria, yeasts, molds, fungi, actinomycetes, and viruses
HUMAN BODY↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Ultraviolet microscopy aids in cytological and biomedical research
Ultraviolet microscopy is used by cytologists and biochemists to study the morphological and physiological changes in the living cell under varied culture conditions. The yeast cell is used because of its content of ultraviolet absorbing materials and its lack of motility.
Schlenk, F.↗
The inhibitory effect of light on growth of Prototheca Zopfii Kruger.
Inhibitory effect of light from cool white fluorescent lamps on growth of yeast, alga and protozoa
CELL DIVISION↗
Relative biological effectiveness and picture of radiation damage under the influence of ionizing radiations with various values for linear losses of energy
Biological effectiveness data for ionizing radiation induced sickness in mice and yeast cells
Antipov, V. V.↗
Suppression of uric acid formation from dietary nucleic acid with allopurinol
Human metabolic study showing effect of yeast RNA and allopurinol on serum and urinary uric acid formation
Bowering, J.↗
Dietary protein level and uric acid metabolism in normal man
Dietary protein and yeast RNA levels effect on ur acid metabolism in normal man
Bowering, J.↗
Suppression of uric acid formation from dietary nucleic acid with allopurinol
Suppression by allopurinol of uric acid formation in men fed yeast RNA
Bowering, J.↗
High-resolution X-ray diffraction patterns of crystalline transfer RNA that show helical regions
High resolution X ray diffraction patterns of yeast phenylalanyl transfer RNA crystals, discussing double helical regional distribution characteristics
Kim, S. H.↗
Analysis of fungal type isolates taken from a 90-day manned test of an advanced regenerative life support system
Fungal-like cultures isolated before, during, and after the 90-day test from samples of space station simulator (SSS) atmosphere, surfaces, subsystem componets, and crew dermal sites were identified to genus. Out of the original 525 isolates, approximately 80% were classified as bacteria. Laboratory methods (culture media, moisturization, and incubation temperatures) favored the recovery of medically significant bacteria rather than fungi. Therefore, fungal isolates were mostly, nonfastidious types which are ubiquitous in soil and air and commonly contaminate laboratory cultures of pathogens. Predominant isolates were species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Pullularia, Rhodotorula, and various yeasts. No instances of fungal proliferation were observed; test data reflect the survival of environmental types indigenous to the SSS pretests.
Sofios, M.↗
Aliphatic hydrocarbons of the fungi.
Review of studies of aliphatic hydrocarbons which have been recently detected in the spores of phytopathogenic fungi, and are found to be structurally very similar to the alkanes of higher plants. It appears that the hydrocarbon components of the few mycelial and yeast forms reported resemble the distribution found in bacteria. The occurence and distribution of these compounds in the fungi is discussed. Suggested functional roles of fungal spore alkanes are presented.
Weete, J. D.↗
Automatic microbial transfer
Device can transfer metabolites or inhibitory agents to broth cultures of bacteria, in various stages of growth, for study. It also has application in transfer of other micro-organisms, such as yeasts, and could be useful in clinical and research laboratories. Device has been used for wide variety of purposes in experimental situations.
Wilkins, J. R.↗
A study of phycophysiology in controlled environments
In an attempt to understand the responses of CHLORELLA to various quantities and qualities of light in space flight life support system, studies were designed to give the maximum rates of growth as well as maximum yields at different densities of algae under different light intensities, and under light of different wave lengths. The results of studies on the effects of light on algal growth revealed that the effect was not only positive, as had been assumed in the case of photosynthesis, but that light had a negative action also. Light at the blue end of the spectrum was clearly inhibitory to cell division and vegetative reproduction. Carbon dioxide also limited growth by inhibition of cell divisions in CHLORELLA as well as in the colorless yeast SACCHAROMYCES.
Krauss, R. W.↗
Crew microbiology (DTO 71-19)
States of microbial imbalance as a result of human altitude chamber confinement occurred, for the most part, only in those genera and species of bacteria, yeast, and fungi which are classified as transients and are not part of the true indigenous flora of the crewmembers. Inasmuch as no crew illness events occurred and only subtle changes in the indigenous flora were noted, it appears that confinement of 56-days in a Skylab simulated environment does not mediate toward shifts in bacterial populations which have obvious clinical significance.
Wooley, B. C.↗
The Apollo 16 microbial response to space environment experiment
The effect was evaluated of a particular space flight on the survival rate of nine different species. Although a reasonable variety of organisms (viruses, yeasts, filamentous fungi, bacteria, and an invertebrate) were tested under several different conditions, no statistically valid differences could be detected in the survival of flight samples when compared to corresponding ground-based controls. In general, these evaluations were based on multiple observations of from ten to thirty replicates of up to one million cells each. While the results conflict with those of certain other space flight investigations, it is observed that the conditions of a particular space flight cannot be exactly duplicated, and therefore results from different flights are not directly comparable.
Gerald R. Taylor↗
A comparison of certain extracting agents for extraction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from microorganisms for use in the firefly luciferase ATP assay
Firefly luciferase ATP assay is used in clinical and industrial applications, such as determination of urinary infection levels, microbial susceptibility testing, and monitoring of yeast levels in beverages. Three categories of extractants were investigated for their extracting efficiency. They were ionizing organic solvents, nonionizing organic solvents, and inorganic acids. Dimethylsulfoxide and formamide represented the ionizing organic solvents, while n-butanol, chloroform, ethanol, acetone, and methylene chloride were used for the nonionizing organic solvents. Nitric acid and perchloric acid were chosen for the inorganic acids category. Pathogens were tested with each solvent. They included: Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. These results are shown in graphic representations.
Knust, E. A.↗
Cell biology experiments conducted in space
A review of cell biology experiments conducted during the first two decades of space flight is provided. References are tabulated for work done with six types of living test system: isolated viruses, bacteriophage-host, bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, protozoans, and small groups of cells (such as hamster cell tissue and fertilized frog eggs). The general results of studies involving the survival of cells in space, the effect of space flight on growing cultures, the biological effects of multicharged high-energy particles, and the effects of space flight on the genetic apparatus of microorganisms are summarized. It is concluded that cell systems remain sufficiently stable during space flight to permit experimentation with models requiring a fixed cell line during the space shuttle era.
Taylor, G. R.↗
Methods for microbiological and immunological studies of space flight crews
Systematic laboratory procedures compiled as an outgrowth of a joint U.S./U.S.S.R. microbiological-immunological experiment performed during the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project space flight are presented. Included are mutually compatible methods for the identification of aerobic and microaerophilic bacteria, yeast and yeastlike microorganisms, and filamentous fungi; methods for the bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus; and methods for determining the sensitivity of S. aureus to antibiotics. Immunological methods using blood and immunological and biochemical methods using salivary parotid fluid are also described. Formulas for media and laboratory reagents used are listed.
Taylor, G. R.↗
Microbial metabolic activity in soil as measured by dehydrogenase determinations
The dehydrogenase technique for measuring the metabolic activity of microorganisms in soil was modified to use a 6-h, 37 C incubation with either glucose or yeast extract as the electron-donating substrate. The rate of formazan production remained constant during this time interval, and cellular multiplication apparently did not occur. The technique was used to follow changes in the overall metabolic activities of microorganisms in soil undergoing incubation with a limiting concentration of added nutrient. The sequence of events was similar to that obtained by using the Warburg respirometer to measure O2 consumption. However, the major peaks of activity occurred earlier with the respirometer. This possibly is due to the lack of atmospheric CO2 during the O2 consumption measurements.
Casida, L. E., Jr.↗