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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,621 records · Page 90
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

The reaction π{sup −}p → π{sup −}π{sup −}π{sup +}p: Development of the analysis methods and selected results

We present the description of the analysis methods and results of applying them to the exclusive diffractive reaction π{sup −}p → π{sup −}π{sup −}π{sup +}p of 50 · 10{sup 6} events measured with COMPASS detector. The large statistics of π{sup −}π{sup −}π{sup +} events enables the two-dimensional partial-wave analysis independently in 100 bins of m(3π) with 0.5 < m(3π) < 2.5 GeV/c{sup 2} and in 11 intervals of squared momentum transfer with 0.1 < t′ < 1 GeV{sup 2}/c{sup 2}. The partial-wave analysis sub-density matrix is the subject to further mass-dependent fits describing the data in terms of resonances in 3π system and coherent background contributions. The novel approach of extracting J{sup PC} = 0{sup ++}(π{sup +}π{sup −}){sub S} isobar amplitudes as model-free functions, different for several J{sup PC} 3π states, is used. It demonstrates the presence of processes π(1800) → f{sub 0}(980)π and π(1800) → f{sub 0}(1500)π as well as π{sub 2}(1880) → f{sub 0}(980)π and new narrow signal a{sub 1}(1420) → f{sub 0}(980)π, without any established shapes used for (π{sup +}π{sup −}){sub S} isobars. The presented analysis is subject to further development and refinements which currently take place.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Triple differential cross sections for electron-impact ionization of methane at intermediate energy

We report an experimental and theoretical investigation of electron-impact single ionization of the highest occupied molecular orbital 1 t 2 and the next highest occupied molecular orbital 2 a 1 states of CH 4 at an incident electron energy of 250 eV. Triple differential cross sections measured in two different laboratories were compared with results calculated within the molecular 3-body distorted wave and generalized Sturmian function theoretical models. For ionization of the 1 t 2 state, the binary peak was observed to have a single maximum near the momentum transfer direction that evolved into a double peak for increasing projectile scattering angles, as has been seen for ionization of atomic p-states. A detailed investigation of this evolution was performed. As expected because of its s-type character, for ionization of the 2 a 1 state, only a single binary peak was observed. Altogether, good agreement was found between experiment and theory.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Verification of an improved equation-free projective integration method for neoclassical plasma-profile evolution in tokamak geometry

A brute-force, long-time gyrokinetic simulation of plasma profile evolution in magnetic fusion devices is not desirable due to large computational resource requirements and a possible accumulation of numerical error. The equation-free projective integration method of Keverekidis et al. [Commun. Math. Sci. 1(4), 715–762 (2003)] is one of the outstanding candidates in projecting micro-scale simulations to a longer timescale. However, its application to tokamak plasma has not been fruitful due to the appearance of spurious transient oscillations in the lifting process, which are present when the kinetic simulations are initialized with a simplified model distribution function and which make the kinetic simulations to deviate from the desired paths. In this work, a kinetically informed lifting algorithm is added to the equation-free projective integration method, which is then verified in the electrostatic gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code XGCa [R. Hager and C. S. Chang, Phys. Plasmas 23, 042503 (2016)] for a neoclassical ion heat transport problem with adiabatic electrons. This new lifting operator is demonstrated to control spurious transients, enabling an over four-times reduction in the overall computing time in the time-evolution of the ion temperature profile in an axisymmetric toroidal plasma. Further reduction in the computing time is found to be limited due to the stability properties of the linear least squares projective integrator.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

A neutron recoil-spectrometer for measuring yield and determining liner areal densities at the Z facility

For this study, a proof-of-principle CR-39 based neutron-recoil-spectrometer was built and fielded on the Z facility. Data from this experiment match indium activation yields within a factor of 2 using simplified instrument response function (IRF) models. The data also demonstrates the need for neutron shielding in order to infer liner areal densities. A new shielded design has been developed. The spectrometer is expected to achieve signal-to-background greater than 2 for the down-scattered neutron signal and greater than 30 for the primary signal.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Two-fluid and kinetic transport physics of Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities in nonuniform low-beta plasmas

Hall-magnetohydrodynamic (Hall-MHD) theory, two-fluid simulations, and kinetic simulations are used in this work to investigate the cross-field transport properties of Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities in nonuniform low-beta collisionless plasmas. Hall-MHD analysis shows how the linear properties of the instability are modified by density gradients and magnetization. High-order accurate two-fluid and kinetic simulations, with complete dynamics of finite-mass electrons and ions, are applied to a suite of parameter cases to systematically assess the effects of diamagnetic drift, magnetization, charge separation, and finite Larmor motion. Initialization of exact two-species kinetic equilibria facilitates the study of isolated physical effects and enables detailed cross-comparisons between two-fluid and kinetic simulations, including for cases where ion gyroradii are comparable to gradient scale lengths. For nonuniform plasmas with significant space charge, the results of two-fluid and kinetic simulations are found to disagree with Hall-MHD predictions. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability growth rates, per unit shear, are shown to be smaller when ion diamagnetic drift and $E \times B$ drift are parallel and larger when the two drifts are antiparallel. The effect is attributed to polarization drift in the shear layer, which leads to redistribution of charge, alters the electric field that drives plasma advection, and consequently modifies growth rates. Instability-induced mass transport for different parameters is characterized in terms of the flux across the shear layer and a simplified diffusion model. Distribution functions from kinetic simulations are shown to deviate substantially from Maxwellian reconstructions, indicating the importance of kinetic physics during the nonlinear phase of the instability.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2010

Model representations for systems of selfadjoint operators satisfying commutation relations

Model representations are constructed for a system {l_brace}B{sub k}{r_brace}{sub 1}{sup n} of bounded linear selfadjoint operators in a Hilbert space H such that; [B{sub k},B{sub s}] = i/2 {phi}*R{sub k,s}{sup -}{phi}, {sigma}{sub k}{phi}B{sub s} - {sigma}{sub s}{phi}B{sub k}=R{sub k,s}{sup +}{phi}, {sigma}{sub k}{phi}{phi}*{sigma}{sub s}-{sigma}{sub s}{phi}{phi}*{sigma}{sub k}=2iR{sub k,s}{sup -}, 1{<=}k, s{<=}n; where {phi} is a linear operator from H into a Hilbert space E and {l_brace}{sigma}{sub k},R{sub k,s}{sup {+-}}{r_brace}{sub 1}{sup n} are some selfadjoint operators in E. A realization of these models in function spaces on a Riemann surface is found and a full set of invariants for {l_brace}B{sub k}{r_brace}{sub 1}{sup n} is described. Bibliography: 11 titles.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2010

SHAKEN, NOT STIRRED: THE DISRUPTED DISK OF THE STARBURST GALAXY NGC 253

Near-infrared images obtained with WIRCam on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope are used to investigate the recent history of the nearby Sculptor Group spiral NGC 253, which is one of the nearest starburst galaxies. Bright asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars are traced out to projected distances of {approx}22-26 kpc ({approx}13-15 disk scale lengths) along the major axis. The distribution of stars in the disk is lopsided, in the sense that the projected density of AGB stars in the northeast portion of the disk between 10 and 20 kpc from the galaxy center is {approx}0.5 dex higher than on the opposite side of the galaxy. A large population of red supergiants is also found in the northeast portion of the disk and, with the exception of the central 2 kpc, this area appears to have been the site of the highest levels of star-forming activity in the galaxy during the past {approx}0.1 Gyr. It is argued that such high levels of localized star formation may have produced a fountain that ejected material from the disk, and the extraplanar H I detected by Boomsma et al. may be one manifestation of such activity. Diffuse stellar structures are found in the periphery of the disk, and the most prominent of these is to the south and east of the galaxy. Bright AGB stars, including cool C stars that are identified based on their J - K colors, are detected out to 15 kpc above the disk plane, and these are part of a diffusely distributed, flattened extraplanar component. Comparisons between observed and model luminosity functions suggest that the extraplanar regions contain stars that formed throughout much of the age of the universe. Additional evidence of a diffuse, extraplanar stellar component that contains moderately young stars comes from archival Galaxy Evolution Explorer images. It is suggested that the disk of NGC 253 was disrupted by a tidal encounter with a now defunct companion. This encounter introduced asymmetries that remain to this day, and the projected distribution of stars in and around NGC 253 suggests that the companion had an orbit that was prograde and moderately inclined to the NGC 253 disk. The star-forming history of the extraplanar stars suggests that they either originated in the NGC 253 disk, or in a gas-rich companion. In the latter case, the companion must have had an initial M{sub B} < -15 in order to produce the more-or-less continuous star-forming history that is suggested by the stellar content. The ages of the youngest extraplanar stars suggest that the event that produced the extraplanar population, and presumably induced the starburst, occurred within the past {approx}0.2 Gyr.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electronic and structural properties of single-crystal Jahn–Teller active Co 1+x Mn 2–x O 4 thin films

Recent investigations on spinel CoMn 2 O 4 have shown its potential for applications in water splitting and fuel cell technologies as it exhibits strong catalytic behavior through oxygen reduction reactivity. To further understand this material, we report for the first time the synthesis of single-crystalline Co 1+x Mn 2-x O 4 thin films using molecular beam epitaxy. By varying sample composition, we establish links between cation stoichiometry and material properties using in-situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Our results indicate that excess Co ions occupy interstitial tetrahedral sites up to a certain stoichiometry, then are substitutional for octahedrally-coordinated Mn beyond this threshold. Here, we compare these results with density functional theory models of stoichiometric CoMn 2 O 4 to understand how the Jahn-Teller distortion and hybridization in Mn-O bonds impact the ability to hole dope the material with excess Co. The findings provide important insights into CoMn 2 O 4 and related spinel oxides for future application as inexpensive oxygen reduction reaction catalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Methanol carbonylation to acetaldehyde on Au particles supported by single-layer MoS 2 grown on silica

Homogenous single-layer MoS 2 films coated with sub-single layer amounts of gold are found to isolate the reaction of methanol with carbon monoxide, the fundamental step toward higher alcohols, from an array of possible surface reactions. Active surfaces were prepared from homogenous single-layer MoS 2 films coated with sub-single layer amounts of gold. These gold atoms formed clusters on the MoS2 surface. A gas mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and methanol (CH 3 OH) was partially converted to acetaldehyde (CH 3 CHO) under mild process conditions (308 kPa and 393 K). This carbonylation of methanol to a C 2 species is a critical step toward the formation of higher alcohols. Density functional theory modeling of critical steps of the catalytic process identify a viable reaction pathway. Imaging and spectroscopic methods revealed that the single layer of MoS 2 facilitated formation of nanoscale gold islands, which appear to sinter through Ostwald ripening. Here, the formation of acetaldehyde by the catalytic carbonylation of methanol over supported gold clusters is an important step toward realizing controlled production of useful molecules from low carbon-count precursors.

2D catalyst↗
DOE OSTI2013

The CMB modulation from inflation

Erickcek, Kamionkowski and Carroll proposed in 2008 that the dipole modulation of the CMB could be due to a very large scale perturbation of the field φ causing the primordial curvature perturbation. We repeat their calculation using weaker assumptions and the current data. If φ is the inflaton of any single-field inflation with the attractor behaviour, the asymmetry is almost certainly too small. If instead φ is any curvaton-type field (ie. one with the canonical kinetic term and a negligible effect during inflation) the asymmetry can agree with observation if |f{sub NL}| in the equilateral configuration is ≅ 10 for k{sup −1} = 1Gpc and ∼<3 for k{sup −1} = 1Mpc. An f{sub NL} with these properties can apparently be obtained from the curvaton with an axionic potential. Within any specific curvaton-type model, the function f{sub NL}(k{sub 1},k{sub 2},k{sub 3}) required to generate the asymmetry would be determined, and could perhaps already be confirmed or ruled out using existing Planck or WMAP data.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2012

A LARGE GROUP OF ASYMPTOTIC GIANT BRANCH STARS IN THE DISK OF M31: A MISSING PIECE OF THE PUZZLE?

We examine the properties of a stellar grouping that is {approx}3.5 kpc to the northeast of the center of M31. This structure has (1) a surface brightness that is lower than the surrounding disk, (2) a more-or-less round appearance, (3) a size of {approx}300 arcsec ({approx}1 kpc), and (4) an integrated brightness K = 6.5. It is populated by stars with ages {>=}100 Myr and J - K colors that tend to be bluer than those of stars in the surrounding disk. Comparisons with model luminosity functions suggest that the star formation rate in this object has changed twice in the past few hundred Myr. Fitting a Sersic function to the light profile reveals a power-law index and effective surface brightness that are similar to those of dwarf galaxies with the same integrated brightness. Two possible origins for this object are considered: (1) it is a heretofore undiscovered satellite of M31 that is seen against/in/through the M31 disk or (2) it is a fossil star-forming region in the M31 disk.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Conformalized-KANs: Uncertainty Quantification with Coverage Guarantees for Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) in Scientific Machine Learning

This paper explores uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods in the context of Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KANs). We apply an ensemble approach to KANs to obtain a heuristic measure of UQ, enhancing interpretability and robustness in modeling complex functions. Building on this, we introduce Conformalized-KANs, which integrate conformal prediction, a distribution-free UQ technique, with KAN ensembles to generate calibrated prediction intervals with guaranteed coverage.} Extensive numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of these methods, focusing particularly on the robustness and accuracy of the prediction intervals under various hyperparameter settings. We show that the conformal KAN predictions can be applied to recent extensions of KANs, including Finite Basis KANs (FBKANs) and multifideilty KANs (MFKANs). The results demonstrate the potential of our approaches to significantly improve the reliability and applicability of KANs in scientific machine learning.

• Artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning ↗
DOE OSTI2021

The kinematic properties of Milky Way stellar halo populations

ABSTRACT In the Gaia era, stellar kinematics are extensively used to study Galactic halo stellar populations, to search for halo structures, and to characterize the interface between the halo and hot disc populations. We use distribution function-based models of modern data sets with 6D phase space data to qualitatively describe a variety of kinematic spaces commonly used in the study of the Galactic halo. Furthermore, we quantitatively assess how well each kinematic space can separate radially anisotropic from isotropic halo populations. We find that scaled action space (the ‘action diamond’) is superior to other commonly used kinematic spaces at this task. We present a new, easy to implement selection criterion for members of the radially anisotropic Gaia–Enceladus merger remnant. Assuming a 1:1 ratio of Gaia–Enceladus stars to more isotropic halo, we find our selection achieves a sample purity of 86 per cent in our models with respect to contamination from the more isotropic halo. We compare this criterion to literature criteria, finding that it produces the highest purity in the resulting samples, at the expense of a modest reduction in completeness. We also show that selection biases that underlie nearly all contemporary spectroscopic data sets can noticeably impact the E−Lz distribution of samples in a manner that may be confused for real substructure. We conclude by providing recommendations for how authors should use stellar kinematics in the future to study the Galactic stellar halo.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Dark energy survey year 3 results: weak lensing shape catalogue

ABSTRACT We present and characterize the galaxy shape catalogue from the first 3 yr of Dark Energy Survey (DES) observations, over an effective area of 4143 deg2 of the southern sky. We describe our data analysis process and our self-calibrating shear measurement pipeline metacalibration, which builds and improves upon the pipeline used in the DES Year 1 analysis in several aspects. The DES Year 3 weak-lensing shape catalogue consists of 100 204 026 galaxies, measured in the riz bands, resulting in a weighted source number density of neff = 5.59 gal arcmin−2 and corresponding shape noise σe = 0.261. We perform a battery of internal null tests on the catalogue, including tests on systematics related to the point spread function (PSF) modelling, spurious catalogue B-mode signals, catalogue contamination, and galaxy properties.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Minimum unit for the fractional statistics of anyons and its application

Although Han et al.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 150404 (2007)] proposed a quantum circuit with six qubits to demonstrate the basic braiding statistics of anyons, we have found that a four-qubit system is enough for realizing such a process. We call it the minimum unit for the fractional statistics of anyons. With some special order, the minimum unit can be used to construct two kinds of fractional charge excitation n/(n+1)[or (n+1)/n] and (n{sup 2}-kn+6n+2)/(n{sup 2}-kn+5n+4)[or (n{sup 2}-kn+2n+k+1)/3(n{sup 2}-kn+5n+4)], where n,k are positive integers and k{<=}n. This minimum unit can be realized by a photonic quantum simulator or by electrons in an optical lattice or quantum dot array. Its use will have some advantages in metrology.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2010

Quantum walks and quantum simulations with Bloch-oscillating spinor atoms

We propose a scheme for the realization of a quantum walker and a quantum simulator for the Dirac equation with ultracold spinor atoms in driven optical lattices. A precise control of the dynamics of the atomic matter wave can be realized using time-dependent external forces. If the force depends on the spin state of the atoms, the dynamics will entangle the inner and outer degrees of freedom, which offers unique opportunities for quantum information and quantum simulation. Here we introduce a method to realize a quantum walker based on the state-dependent transport of spinor atoms and a coherent driving of the internal state. In the limit of weak driving the dynamics are equivalent to that of a Dirac particle in 1+1 dimensions. Thus it becomes possible to simulate relativistic effects such as Zitterbewegung and Klein tunneling.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Interlayer correlated fractional quantum Hall state in the ν = 4 / 5 bilayer system

We perform exact diagonalization studies for fractional quantum Hall states at filling factor 4/5 in a bilayer system, on a torus with various aspect ratios and angles. In this work we find that in the absence of tunneling, two weakly coupled 2/5 layers undergo a phase transition into an interlayer-correlated regime, which is also Abelian with the fivefold degeneracy on the torus. In the limit of zero layer separation, this phase becomes a singlet in the pseudospin variable describing the layer degree of freedom. By studying the Chern-number matrix, we show that the K matrix describing the interlayer-correlated regime requires a matrix dimension larger than two and this regime is in particular not described by a Halperin state. A detailed analysis of possible 4 × 4 K matrices having the requisite symmetries and quantum numbers shows that there is only one equivalence class of such matrices. A model wave function representing this universality class is constructed. The role of separate particle number conservation in both layers is discussed, and it is argued that this additional symmetry allows for the further distinction of two different symmetry-protected Abelian phases in the interlayer correlated regime. Interlayer tunneling breaks this symmetry and can drive the system into a single-layer regime when strong enough. A qualitative phase diagram in the tunneling-layer separation parameter space is proposed based on our numerical results.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗