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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,639 records · Page 91
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

A Human Life-Stage Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Model for Chlorpyrifos: Development and Validation

Sensitivity to chemicals in animals and humans are known to vary with age. Age-related changes in sensitivity to chlorpyrifos have been reported in animal models. A life-stage physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model was developed to computationally predict disposition of CPF and its metabolites, chlorpyrifos-oxon (the ultimate toxicant) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), as well as B-esterase inhibition by chlorpyrifos-oxon in humans. In this model, age-dependent body weight was calculated from a generalized Gompertz function, and compartments (liver, brain, fat, blood, diaphragm, rapid, and slow) were scaled based on body weight from polynomial functions on a fractional body weight basis. Blood flows among compartments were calculated as a constant flow per compartment volume. The life-stage PBPK/PD model was calibrated and tested against controlled adult human exposure studies. Model simulations suggest age-dependent pharmacokinetics and response may exist. At oral doses ≥ 0.55 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos (significantly higher than environmental exposure levels), 6 mo old children are predicted to have higher levels of chlorpyrifos-oxon in blood and higher levels of red blood cell cholinesterase inhibition compared to adults from equivalent oral doses of chlorpyrifos. At lower doses that are more relevant to environmental exposures, the model predicts that adults will have slightly higher levels of chlorpyrifos-oxon in blood and greater cholinesterase inhibition. This model provides a computational framework for age-comparative simulations that can be utilized to predict CPF disposition and biological response over various postnatal life-stages.

Smith, Jordan N.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Energy-Screened Many-Body Expansion for Protein–Ligand Interactions: Examining Convergence for Metalloenzymes Through Seven–Body Interactions

Fragment-based quantum chemistry is a powerful strategy for calculating protein−ligand interaction energies using quantum chemistry methods. Rigorous convergence often requires hundreds of atoms in the protein binding-site model, especially if that model is constructed using distance-based criteria to select amino acid residues, while three- and four-body calculations exhibit instability related to combinatorial proliferation in the number of subsystem calculations. Here, we report an energy-based screening protocol for the many-body expansion applied to protein−ligand interactions, implemented in the open-source FRAGME∩T code. Using a combination of aggressive screening based on semiempirical quantum chemistry, with an improved graph-theoretical algorithm to eliminate unimportant subsystems, we are able to perform n-body calculations up to n = 7 using density functional theory in triple-ζ basis sets. Distance cutoffs further reduce the cost without compromising accuracy. Rapid and stable convergence of the many-body expansion is obtained by n = 4, for a pair of metalloenzymes in which a divalent ion coordinates directly to the ligand. As compared to previous results that relied solely on distance cutoffs, oscillations in the n-body corrections are reduced or eliminated, although residual errors remain in one case. This work demonstrates that benchmark-quality protein−ligand interaction energies can be systematically converged using a method with excellent parallel efficiency and scalability.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

An Attractive Way to Correct for Missing Singles Excitations in Unitary Coupled Cluster Doubles Theory

Coupled cluster methods based exclusively on double excitations are comparatively “cheap” and interesting model chemistries, as they are typically able to capture the bulk of the dynamic electron correlation effects. The trade-off in such approximations is that the effect of neglected excitations, particularly single excitations, can be considerable. Using standard and electron-pair-restricted T 2 operators to define two flavors of unitary coupled cluster doubles (UCCD) methods, we investigate the extent to which missing single excitations can be recovered from low-order corrections in many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) within the unitary coupled cluster (UCC) formalism. Here, our analysis includes the derivations of finite-order UCC energy functionals, which are used as a basis to define perturbative estimates of missed single excitations. This leads to the novel UCCD[4S] and UCCD[6S] methods, which consider energy corrections for missing single excitations through fourth- and sixth-order in MBPT, respectively. We also apply the same methodology to the electron-pair-restricted ansatz, but the improvements are only marginal. Our findings show that augmenting UCCD with these post hoc perturbative corrections can lead to UCCSD-quality results.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Elucidating the Formation Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticles from a Comprehensive Simulation Based on First-Principles Calculations

The nucleation and growth of silver nanoparticles are modeled and simulated based on first-principles calculations. The formation energy of single-crystal and multiply twinned particles is calculated to elucidate the thermodynamic properties of particles and modeled as a function of geometric parameters. On the basis of the calculated formation energy and the molecular collision theory, Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are performed to trace the formation process of silver nanoparticles. In particular, the temporal change of size distribution and morphology are obtained and used to elucidate the governing mechanism in each stage of the formation process. It is demonstrated that the formation process is separated into four phases depending on the power-law time dependence of the particle formation and they are characterized by the size difference between coalescent particles. The temperature dependence of size distribution and morphology is also studied to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The findings are compared with classical theories quantitatively and a strategy to control the morphology of silver nanoparticles is discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

From Nonclassical to Classical: Crystallization Seeds Reshape Nucleation Mechanisms

Crystalline seeds are widely employed in crystallization to accelerate nucleation and control product polymorphs; yet, their impact on nucleation mechanisms remains poorly understood. While homogeneous nucleation of crystals from solution often proceeds through nonclassical pathways involving amorphous intermediates, it is unclear how seeds that promote heterogeneous nucleation reshape these mechanisms and govern polymorph selection. Here, in this study, we provide the first direct evidence that crystalline seeds can bypass the need for amorphous intermediates as nucleation sites, converting nonclassical nucleation mechanisms into classical, monomer-by-monomer crystallization pathways. Using molecular dynamics simulations of zeolite synthesis, we uncover a complex reaction network of competing nucleation processes mediated by intermediate interfacial polymorphs. The interplay between thermodynamic stability and kinetic favorability of these interfacial polymorphs dictates nucleation outcomes, creating a dynamic balance between the interfacial polymorph stability and crystallization rates. Furthermore, we show that the synthesis environment-whether monomers or aggregates serve as reactants-profoundly impacts these pathways. At moderate supersaturation, seeds eliminate amorphous intermediates and promote classical nucleation, whereas high supersaturation or aggregate-based reactants favor nonclassical pathways, even in the presence of seeds. These findings establish a general framework for understanding how seeds govern crystallization mechanisms, with broad implications for controlling nucleation kinetics, polymorph selection, and material properties. While focused on zeolites, this work reveals insights that may be applicable to biominerals, pharmaceuticals, functional materials, and catalysts, providing a basis for engineering crystallization pathways in diverse applications.

Chu-Jon, Carlos [Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT↗
DOE OSTI2018

Na 3 MnZr(PO 4 ) 3 : A High-Voltage Cathode for Sodium Batteries

Sodium batteries have been regarded as promising candidates for large-scale energy storage application, provided cathode hosts with high energy density and long cycle life can be found. Herein, we report NASICON-structured Na 3 MnZr(PO 4 ) 3 as a cathode for sodium batteries that exhibits an electrochemical performance superior to those of other manganese phosphate cathodes reported in the literature. Both the Mn 4+ /Mn 3+ and Mn 3+ /Mn 2+ redox couples are reversibly accessed in Na 3 MnZr(PO 4 ) 3 , providing high discharge voltage plateaus at 4.0 and 3.5 V, respectively. A high discharge capacity of 105 mAh g –1 was obtained from Na 3 MnZr(PO 4 ) 3 with a small variation of lattice parameters and a small volume change on extraction of two Na + ions per formula unit. Moreover, Na 3 MnZr(PO 4 ) 3 exhibits an excellent cycling stability, retaining 91% of the initial capacity after 500 charge/discharge cycles at 0.5 C rate. On the basis of structural analysis and density functional theory calculations, we have proposed a detailed desodiation pathway from Na 3 MnZr(PO 4 ) 3 where Mn and Zr are disordered within the structure. We further show that the cooperative Jahn–Teller distortion of Mn 3+ is suppressed in the cathode and that Na 2 MnZr(PO 4 ) 3 is a stable phase

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2019

Organic Nanotube with Subnanometer, pH-Responsive Lumen

While many synthetic nanotubes with a hydrophobic lumen and fast molecular transport have been developed, decorating the interior of these channels with polar and/or responsive functional groups remains challenging. In transmembrane proteins like the aquaporin and M2 channels, the presence of histidine residues in a mostly hydrophobic channel has led to enhanced selectivity and pH-based activation. In this paper, we report the synthesis of Bzim-CP, a cyclic octapeptide that contains a benzimidazole functionality as a chemical and structural mimic of histidine. Bzim-CP undergoes different protonation states, forms subnanometer nanotubes, and projects two different ionizable functionalities into the lumen. Present studies open up synthetic possibilities to functionalize subnanometer porous channels as a basis toward understanding new transport phenomena.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

A Simple AIMD Approach to Derive Atomic Charges for Condensed Phase Simulation of Ionic Liquids

The atomic charges for two ionic liquids (ILs), 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM] [PF6]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([EMIM][PF6]), were derived from periodic crystal phase calculations with density functional theory (DFT) and plane wave basis sets (denoted as "AIMD-c charge"). For both ILs, the total charge was found to be +/- 0.8 e for the cation and anion, respectively, due to the charge transfer between ions and polarization caused by the environment. These atomic charges were used in a force field developed within the general Amber force field framework. Using this force field, static, dynamic, and thermodynamic properties were computed for the two ILs using molecular dynamics simulation. The results were compared against results obtained using the same Amber force field but four different sets of partial charges, denoted as full charge, scaled charge, AIMD-1 charge, and AIMD-b charge, respectively. The full charge was derived from quantum chemistry calculation of isolated ions in a vacuum and resulted in a total charge of unity on each ion. The scaled charge was obtained by uniformly scaling the full charge by 0.8. AIMD-1 and AIMD-b charges were derived from liquid phase ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The scaled charges have the same total charge on the ions as the AIMD-c charge but different distributions. It was found that simulation results not only depend on the total charge of each ion, but they are also sensitive to the charge distribution within an ion, especially for dynamic and thermodynamic properties. Overall, for the two ILs under study, the AIMD-c charge was found to predict experimental results better than the other four sets of charges, indicating that fitting charges from crystal phase DFT calculations, instead of extensive sampling of the liquid phase configurations, is a simple and reliable way to derive atomic charges for condensed phase ionic liquid simulations.

Zhang, Y↗
DOE OSTI2025

Negative linear compressibility and complex phase behaviour in 7 Li 2 CO 3

We present a combination of neutron powder-diffraction measurements demonstrating negative linear compressibility and irregular thermal expansion in 7 Li 2 CO 3 . This is shown to be due to an interplay between the tilting of the rigid carbonate group and the shear strain in the unit cell, which leads to a first-order transition from monoclinic to hexagonal symmetry. The phase evolution is shown to be highly sensitive to the level of hydrostaticity in the sample. Under hydrostatic conditions, the sample begins transformation at 8.5 GPa leading to a change from tetrahedral to octahedral Li coordination. Symmetry adapted basis mode analysis, combined with density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations and Raman spectroscopy, is used to show that this transition is reverse proper ferroelastic in nature.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2011

Fine Structure of Optical Energy Levels Scheme for Ni{sup 2+} Doped in Inverted Perovskite BaLiF{sub 3}

The aim of this paper is to calculate the fine structure of the optical energy levels scheme of BaLiF{sub 3}:Ni{sup 2+} taken into account besides the spin-orbit interaction, also the spin-spin, orbit-orbit and spin-other-orbit interactions. The numerical theoretical crystal field parameters were computed using the model exchange charge calculations of crystal field, taking into account the effects of the covalent bond formation between the Ni{sup 2+} and F{sup -} ions. The Hamiltonian of the BaLiF{sub 3}:Ni{sup 2+} system has been diagonalized in a complete basis set spanned by all wave functions of the 3d{sup 8} electron configuration. The comparison of the calculated energy levels with experimental data gives a satisfactory agreement, which confirms the model and used method.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Rovibrational energy transfer in the He-C{sub 3} collision: Potential energy surface and bound states

We present a four-dimensional potential energy surface (PES) for the collision of C{sub 3} with He. Ab initio calculations were carried out at the coupled-cluster level with single and double excitations and a perturbative treatment of triple excitations, using a quadruple-zeta basis set and mid-bond functions. The global minimum of the potential energy is found to be −26.9 cm{sup −1} and corresponds to an almost T-shaped structure of the van der Waals complex along with a slightly bent configuration of C{sub 3}. This PES is used to determine the rovibrational energy levels of the He-C{sub 3} complex using the rigid monomer approximation (RMA) and the recently developed atom-rigid bender approach at the Close Coupling level (RB-CC). The calculated dissociation energies are −9.56 cm{sup −1} and −9.73 cm{sup −1}, respectively at the RMA and RB-CC levels. This is the first theoretical prediction of the bound levels of the He-C{sub 3} complex with the bending motion.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

The Raman spectrum of CaCO{sub 3} polymorphs calcite and aragonite: A combined experimental and computational study

Powder and single crystal Raman spectra of the two most common phases of calcium carbonate are calculated with ab initio techniques (using a “hybrid” functional and a Gaussian-type basis set) and measured both at 80 K and room temperature. Frequencies of the Raman modes are in very good agreement between calculations and experiments: the mean absolute deviation at 80 K is 4 and 8 cm{sup −1} for calcite and aragonite, respectively. As regards intensities, the agreement is in general good, although the computed values overestimate the measured ones in many cases. The combined analysis permits to identify almost all the fundamental experimental Raman peaks of the two compounds, with the exception of either modes with zero computed intensity or modes overlapping with more intense peaks. Additional peaks have been identified in both calcite and aragonite, which have been assigned to {sup 18}O satellite modes or overtones. The agreement between the computed and measured spectra is quite satisfactory; in particular, simulation permits to clearly distinguish between calcite and aragonite in the case of powder spectra, and among different polarization directions of each compound in the case of single crystal spectra.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Cost-effective description of strong correlation: Efficient implementations of the perfect quadruples and perfect hextuples models

Novel implementations based on dense tensor storage are presented here for the singlet-reference perfect quadruples (PQ) [J. A. Parkhill et al., J. Chem. Phys. 130, 084101 (2009)] and perfect hextuples (PH) [J. A. Parkhill and M. Head-Gordon, J. Chem. Phys. 133, 024103 (2010)] models. The methods are obtained as block decompositions of conventional coupled-cluster theory that are exact for four electrons in four orbitals (PQ) and six electrons in six orbitals (PH), but that can also be applied to much larger systems. PQ and PH have storage requirements that scale as the square, and as the cube of the number of active electrons, respectively, and exhibit quartic scaling of the computational effort for large systems. Applications of the new implementations are presented for full-valence calculations on linear polyenes (C n H n+2 ), which highlight the excellent computational scaling of the present implementations that can routinely handle active spaces of hundreds of electrons. The accuracy of the models is studied in the π space of the polyenes, in hydrogen chains (H 50 ), and in the π space of polyacene molecules. In all cases, the results compare favorably to density matrix renormalization group values. With the novel implementation of PQ, active spaces of 140 electrons in 140 orbitals can be solved in a matter of minutes on a single core workstation, and the relatively low polynomial scaling means that very large systems are also accessible using parallel computing.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

An experimental and theoretical study of the C 1s ionization satellites in CH 3 I

We report the C 1s ionization spectrum of CH 3 I has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Synchrotron radiation has been employed to record polarization dependent photoelectron spectra at a photon energy of 614 eV. These spectra encompass the main-line due to the C 1s single-hole state and the peaks associated with the shake-up satellites. Vertical ionization energies and relative photoelectron intensities have been computed using the fourth-order algebraic-diagrammatic construction approximation scheme for the one-particle Green’s function and the 6-311++G** basis set. The theoretical spectrum derived from these calculations agrees qualitatively with the experimental results, thereby allowing the principal spectral features to be assigned. According to our calculations, two 2 A 1 shake-up states of the C 1s -1 σ CI → σ$*\atop{CI}$ type with singlet and triplet intermediate coupling of the electron spins (S' = 0, 1) play an important role in the spectrum and contribute significantly to the overall intensity. Both of these states are expected to have dissociative diabatic potential energy surfaces with respect to the C–I separation. Whereas the upper of these states perturbs the manifold of Rydberg states, the lower state forms a band which is characterized by a strongly increased width. Our results indicate that the lowest shake-up peak with significant spectral intensity is due to the pair (S' = 0, 1) of 2 E (C 1s -1 I 5p → σ$*\atop{CI}$) states. We predict that these 2 E states acquire photoelectron intensity due to spin-orbit interaction. Lastly, such interactions play an important role here due to the involvement of the I 5p orbitals.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Fast transformations between configuration state function and Slater determinant bases for direct configuration interaction

A hybrid configuration state function (CSF) and Slater determinant (SD) basis full configuration interaction (CI) program was developed to simultaneously take advantage of fast SD basis algorithms for σ = Hc formation and the smaller CI vector length and more robust convergence offered by a CSF basis. Graphical processing unit acceleration of the direct CSF-SD and SD-CSF basis transformation algorithms ensures that the combined transformation time per iteration relative to σ formation is small (~15%). In addition to the obvious benefits of reducing the memory footprint of the CI vector, additional computational savings are demonstrated that rely directly on the size of the CI basis, in one particular case reducing the CI time-to-solution of a HF-CAS-(16,16)-CI/6-31G calculation of ethylene from 1954.79 s to 956 s by using a CSF basis, a 2.0× speedup.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Infrared spectroscopy of RG–Co + (H 2 O) complexes (RG = Ar, Ne, He): The role of rare gas “tag” atoms

RG n –Co + (H 2 O) cation complexes (RG = Ar, Ne, He) are generated in a supersonic expansion by pulsed laser vaporization. Here, complexes are mass-selected using a time-of-flight spectrometer and studied with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy, measuring the respective mass channels corresponding to the elimination of the rare gas “tag” atom. Spectral patterns and theory indicate that the structures of the ions with a single rare gas atom have this bound to the cobalt cation opposite the water moiety in a near-C 2v arrangement. The O–H stretch vibrations of the complex are shifted compared to those of water because of the metal cation charge-transfer interaction; these frequencies also vary systematically with the rare gas atom attached. The efficiencies of photodissociation also vary with the rare gas atoms because of their widely different binding energies to the cobalt cation. The spectrum of the argon complex could only be measured when at least three argon atoms were attached. In the case of the helium complex, the low binding energy allows the spectra to be measured for the low-frequency H–O–H scissors bending mode and for the O–D stretches of the deuterated analog. The partially resolved rotational structure for the antisymmetric O–H and O–D stretches reveals the temperature of these complexes (6 K) and establishes the electronic ground state. The helium complex has the same 3 B 1 ground state as the tag-free complex studied previously by Metz and co-workers (2013), but the A rotational constant is contaminated by vibrational averaging from the bending motion of the helium.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗