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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,639 records · Page 91
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2003

Models And Experiments Of Laminar Diffusion Flames In Non-Uniform Magnetic Fields

Non-uniform magnetic fields affect laminar diffusion flames as a result of the paramagnetic and diamagnetic properties of the products and reactants. Paramagnetism is the weak attraction to a magnetic field a material exhibits as a result of permanent magnetic dipole moments in the atoms of the material. Diamagnetism is the weak repulsion to a magnetic field exhibited by a material due to the lack of permanent magnetic dipole moments in the atoms of a material. The forces associated with paramagnetic and diamagnetism are several orders of magnitude less than the forces associated with the more familiar ferromagnetism. A typical example of a paramagnetic gas is oxygen while hydrocarbon fuels and products of combustion are almost always diamagnetic. The fact that magnets can affect flame behavior has been recognized for more than one hundred years. Early speculation was that such behavior was due to the magnetic interaction with the ionized gases associated with a flame. Using a scaling analysis, it was later shown that for laminar diffusion flames the magnetic field/ionized gas interaction was insignificant to the paramagnetic and diamagnetic influences. In this effort, the focus has been on examining laminar diffusion slot flames in the presence of non-uniform upward decreasing magnetic fields produced using permanent magnets. The principal reason for choosing slot flames was mathematical models of such flames show an explicit dependence on gravitational body forces, in the buoyancy-controlled regime, and an applied magnetic field would also impose a body force. In addition, the behavior of such flames was more easily visualized while maintaining the symmetry of the two-dimensional problem whereas it would have been impossible to obtain a symmetric magnetic field around a circular flame and still visually record the flame height and shape along the burner axis. The motivation for choosing permanent magnets to produce the magnetic fields was the assumption that space-related technologies based on the knowledge gained during this investigation would more likely involve permanent magnets as opposed to electromagnets. While no analysis has been done here to quantify the impact that an electric field, associated with an electromagnetic, would have relative to the paramagnetic and diamagnetic interactions, by using permanent magnets this potential effect was completely eliminated and thus paramagnetic and diamagnetic effects were isolated.

Baker, J.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Large anomalous Hall effect in the chiral-lattice antiferromagnet CoNb 3 S 6

An ordinary Hall effect in a conductor arises due to the Lorentz force acting on the charge carriers. In ferromagnets, an additional contribution to the Hall effect, the anomalous Hall effect (AHE), appears proportional to the magnetization. While the AHE is not seen in a collinear antiferromagnet, with zero net magnetization, recently it has been shown that an intrinsic AHE can be non-zero in non-collinear antiferromagnets as well as in topological materials hosting Weyl nodes near the Fermi energy. Here we report a large anomalous Hall effect with Hall conductivity of 27 Ω -1 cm -1 in a chiral-lattice antiferromagnet, CoNb 3 S 6 consisting of a small intrinsic ferromagnetic component (approximate to 0.0013 μ B per Co) along c-axis. This small moment alone cannot explain the observed size of the AHE. Finally, we attribute the AHE to either formation of a complex magnetic texture or the combined effect of the small intrinsic moment on the electronic band structure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

XMCD study of magnetism and valence state in iron-substituted strontium titanate

Room-temperature ferromagnetism was characterized for thin films of SrTi 0.6 Fe 0.4 O 3–δ grown by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO 3 and Si substrates under different oxygen pressures and after annealing under oxygen and vacuum conditions. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism demonstrated that the magnetization originated from Fe 2+ cations, whereas Fe 3+ and Ti 4+ did not contribute. Films with the highest magnetic moment (0.8 μ B per Fe) had the highest measured Fe 2+ :Fe 3+ ratio of 0.1 corresponding to the largest concentration of oxygen vacancies (δ = 0.19). Postgrowth annealing treatments under oxidizing and reducing conditions demonstrated quenching and partial recovery of magnetism respectively, and a change in Fe valence states. In conclusion, the study elucidates the microscopic origin of magnetism in highly Fe-substituted SrTi 1–x Fe x O 3–δ perovskite oxides and demonstrates that the magnetic moment, which correlates with the relative content of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ , can be controlled via the oxygen content, either during growth or by postgrowth annealing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Interface-induced multiferroism by design in complex oxide superlattices

Interfaces between materials present unique opportunities for the discovery of intriguing quantum phenomena. Here, we explore the possibility that, in the case of superlattices, if one of the layers is made ultrathin, unexpected properties can be induced between the two bracketing interfaces. We pursue this objective by combining advanced growth and characterization techniques with theoretical calculations. Using prototype La 2/3 Sr 1/3 MnO 3 (LSMO)/BaTiO 3 (BTO) superlattices, we observe a structural evolution in the LSMO layers as a function of thickness. Atomic-resolution EM and spectroscopy reveal an unusual polar structure phase in ultrathin LSMO at a critical thickness caused by interfacing with the adjacent BTO layers, which is confirmed by first principles calculations. Most important is the fact that this polar phase is accompanied by reemergent ferromagnetism, making this system a potential candidate for ultrathin ferroelectrics with ferromagnetic ordering. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate the important role of spin–lattice coupling in LSMO. These results open up a conceptually intriguing recipe for developing functional ultrathin materials via interface-induced spin–lattice coupling.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Optical and magneto-optical properties of ferromagnetic monolayer CrBr 3 : A first-principles G W and G W plus Bethe-Salpeter equation study

The discovery of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) magnetic semiconductors has triggered enormous research interest recently. In this paper, we use first-principles many-body perturbation theory to study a prototypical 2D ferromagnetic semiconductor, monolayer chromium tribromide (CrBr 3 ). With broken time-reversal symmetry, spin-orbit coupling, and excitonic effects included through the full-spinor GW and GW plus Bethe-Salpeter equation (GW-BSE) methods, we compute the frequency-dependent layer polarizability tensor and dielectric function tensor that govern the optical and magneto-optical (MO) properties. In addition, we provide a detailed theoretical formalism for simulating magnetic circular dichroism, MO Kerr effect, and Faraday effect, demonstrating the approach with monolayer CrBr 3 . Due to reduced dielectric screening in 2D and the localized nature of the Cr d orbitals, we find strong self-energy effects on the quasiparticle band structure of monolayer CrBr 3 that give a 3.8 eV indirect bandgap. Also, excitonic effects dominate the low-energy optical and MO responses in monolayer CrBr 3 where a large exciton binding energy of 2.3 eV is found for the lowest bright exciton state with excitation energy at 1.5 eV. We further find that the MO signals demonstrate strong dependence on the excitation frequency and substrate refractive index. Furthermore, our theoretical framework for modeling optical and MO effects could serve as a powerful theoretical tool for future study of optoelectronic and spintronics devices consisting of van der Waals 2D magnets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Large spin-orbit torque efficiency enhanced by magnetic structure of collinear antiferromagnet IrMn

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) offers promising approaches to developing energy-efficient memory devices by electric switching of magnetization. Compared to other SOT materials, metallic antiferromagnet (AFM) potentially allows the control of SOT through its magnetic structure. Here, combining the results from neutron diffraction and spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance experiments, we show that the magnetic structure of epitaxially grown L1 0 -IrMn (a collinear AFM) is distinct from the widely presumed bulk one. It consists of twin domains, with the spin axes orienting toward [111] and [–111], respectively. This unconventional magnetic structure is responsible for much larger SOT efficiencies up to 0.60 ± 0.04, compared to 0.083 ± 0.002 for the polycrystalline IrMn. Furthermore, we reveal that this magnetic structure induces a large isotropic bulk contribution and a comparable anisotropic interfacial contribution to the SOT efficiency. Our findings shed light on the critical roles of bulk and interfacial antiferromagnetism to SOT generated by metallic AFM.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Challenges to magnetic doping of thin films of the Dirac semimetal Cd 3 As 2

Magnetic doping of topological quantum materials provides an attractive route for studying the effects of time-reversal symmetry breaking. Thus motivated, we explore the introduction of the transition metal Mn into thin films of the Dirac semimetal Cd 3 A s2 during growth by molecular beam epitaxy. Scanning transmission electron microscopy measurements show the formation of a Mn-rich phase at the top surface of Mn-doped Cd 3 A s2 thin films grown using both uniform doping and delta doping. This suggests that Mn acts as a surfactant during epitaxial growth of Cd 3 A s2 , resulting in phase separation. Magnetometry measurements of such samples indicate a ferromagnetic phase with out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy. Electrical magneto-transport measurements of these films as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and chemical potential reveal a lower carrier density and higher electron mobility compared with pristine Cd 3 A s2 films grown under similar conditions. This suggests that the surfactant effect might also serve to remove impurities from the bulk of the film. Further, we observe robust quantum transport (Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations and an incipient integer quantum Hall effect) in very thin (7 nm) Cd 3 A s2 films despite being in direct contact with a structurally disordered surface ferromagnetic overlayer.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Electrons at the monkey saddle: A multicritical Lifshitz point

In this work, we consider two-dimensional interacting electrons at a monkey saddle with dispersion ∝ p x 3 - 3 p x p y 2 . Such a dispersion naturally arises at the multicritical Lifshitz point when three Van Hove saddles merge in an elliptical umbilic elementary catastrophe, which we show can be realized in biased bilayer graphene. A multicritical Lifshitz point of this kind can be identified by its signature Landau level behavior E m ∝ ( B m ) 3 / 2 and related oscillations in thermodynamic and transport properties, such as de Haas–Van Alphen and Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations, whose period triples as the system crosses the singularity. We show, in the case of a single monkey saddle, that the noninteracting electron fixed point is unstable to interactions under the renormalization-group flow, developing either a superconducting instability or non-Fermi-liquid features. Biased bilayer graphene, where there are two non-nested monkey saddles at the K and K ' points, exhibits an interplay of competing many-body instabilities, namely, s -wave superconductivity, ferromagnetism, and spin- and charge-density waves.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

High-Energy Permanent Magnets for Hybrid Vehicles and Alternative Energy Uses

The report summarizes research undertaken by a multidisciplinary team aimed at the development of the next generation high-energy permanent magnets. The principal approach was relied on bottom-up fabrication of anisotropic nanocomposite magnets. Our efforts resulted in further development of the theoretical concept and fabrication principles for the nanocomposites and in synthesis of a range of rare-earth-based hard magnetic nanoparticles. Even though we did not make a breakthrough in the assembly of these hard magnetic particles with separately prepared Fe(Co) nanoparticles and did not obtain a compact nanocomposite magnet, our performed research will help to direct the future efforts, in particular, towards nano-assembly via coating, when the two phases which made the nanocomposite are first organized in core-shell-structured particles. Two other approaches were to synthesize (discover) new materials for the traditional singe-material magnets and the nanocomposite magnets. Integrated theoretical and experimental efforts lead to a significant advance in nanocluster synthesis technique and yielded novel rare-earth-free nanostructured and nanocomposite materials. Examination of fifteen R-Fe-X alloy systems (R = rare earth), which have not been explored earlier due to various synthesis difficulties reveal several new ferromagnetic compounds. The research has made major progress in bottom-up manufacturing of rare-earth-containing nanocomposite magnets with superior energy density and open new directions in development of higher-energy-density magnets that do not contain rare earths. The advance in the scientific knowledge and technology made in the course of the project has been reported in 50 peer-reviewed journal articles and numerous presentations at scientific meetings.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Direct neutron-diffraction-based measurement of magnetic order in brownmillerite SrCoO 2.5 and La 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 2.5 thin films

Epitaxial cobaltites have emerged as exemplary materials for electrochemical gating, in large part due to their topotactic perovskite (P) ↔ brownmillerite (BM) transformations. SrCoO 3-δ , for example, can be cycled between metallic ferromagnetic P SrCoO 3 and insulating BM SrCoO 2.5 , realizing exceptional modulation of electronic, thermal, and optical properties. It is often presumed that such cycling also generates ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic (F-AF) modulation due to the G-type AF order in bulk SrCoO 2.5 . Little is understood about magnetism in thin-film BM SrCoO 2.5 , however, meaning that the true magnetic property modulation is unclear. We address this here through a neutron diffraction study of BM La 1-x Sr x CoO 2.5 films at x = 0.5 and 1.0. Lightly compressively strained SrCoO 2.5 films are shown to retain G-type AF order, albeit with suppressed Néel temperature (~340 K). Of high interest for AF spintronics, room-temperature F–AF cycling is thus possible across the SrCoO 3-δ P ↔ BM transformation. At x = 0.5, however, BM La 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 2.5 films are found to exhibit no detectable G-type AF order but instead weak F order (Curie temperature ~115 K), unveiling a La 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 3-δ phase diagram with two distinct F phases. These results thus uncover new, unanticipated magnetic phase behavior in these materials, in addition to being directly relevant to cobaltite-based magnetoionics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Structure–Property Correlations in the Heterobimetallic 4f/3d Materials Ln 2 M(TeO 3 ) 2 (SO 4 ) (Ln = Y, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu; M = Co or Zn)

Eighteen new lanthanide transition metal heterobimetallic compounds, Ln 2 Co(TeO 3 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 (Ln = Y, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu) and Ln 2 Zn(TeO 3 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 (Ln = Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, or Yb), have been prepared. They crystallize in triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$ with two different structural topologies occurring because of a reduction in the Ln 3+ coordination number from eight to seven with the smallest lanthanides, Yb 3+ and Lu 3+ . Magnetic susceptibility studies of compounds with diamagnetic lanthanides and lanthanide-like ions suggest that antiferromagnetic interactions occur between the Co 2+ ions. Similarly, the replacement of Co 2+ with Zn 2+ yields Ln 2 Zn(TeO 3 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 (Ln = Gd, Dy, Ho, or Er), and these materials allow for the resolution of the nature of the interactions between lanthanide ions. The data suggest that the short-range Ln 3+ ···Ln 3+ interactions are ferromagnetic. However, a wide range of ferro- and antiferromagnetic interactions occur between the Ln 3+ and the Co 2+ cations, with several compounds exhibiting short-range magnetic correlations below 25 K. Finally, the results are discussed and contrasted with those recently reported for the related Ln 2 Cu(TeO 3 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 family.

crystal structure↗
DOE OSTI2013

Correlation between structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of manganese substituted cobalt ferrite

Manganese (Mn) substituted cobalt ferrites (CoFe{sub 2−x}Mn{sub x}O{sub 4}, referred to CFMO) were synthesized and their structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties were evaluated. X-ray diffraction measurements coupled with Rietveld refinement indicate that the CFMO materials crystallize in the inverse cubic spinel phase. Temperature (T = 300 K and 10 K) dependent magnetization (M(H)) measurements indicate the long range ferromagnetic ordering in CoFe{sub 2−x}Mn{sub x}O{sub 4} (x = 0.00–0.15) ferrites. The cubic anisotropy constant (K{sub 1}(T)) and saturation magnetization (M{sub s}(T)) were derived by using the “law of approach” to saturation that describes the field dependence of M(H) for magnetic fields much higher than the coercive field (H{sub c}). Saturation magnetization (M{sub s}), obtained from the model, decreases with increasing temperature. For CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}, M{sub s} decreases from 3.63 μ{sub B} per formula unit (f.u.) to 3.47 μ{sub B}/f.u. with increasing temperature from 10 to 300 K. CFMO (0.00–0.15) exhibit the similar trend while the magnitude of M{sub s} is dependent on Mn-concentration. M{sub s}-T functional relationship obeys the Bloch's law. The lattice parameter and magnetic moment calculated for CFMO reveals that Mn ions occupying the Fe and Co position at the octahedral site in the inverse cubic spinel phase. The structure and magnetism in CFMO are further corroborated by bond length and bond angle calculations. The dielectric constant dispersion of CFMO in the frequency range of 20 Hz–1 MHz fits to the modified Debye's function with more than one ion contributing to the relaxation. The relaxation time and spread factor derived from modeling the experimental data are ∼10{sup −4} s and ∼0.35(±0.05), respectively.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Synthesis and emerging properties of 2D layered III–VI metal chalcogenides

Atomically thin layered III–VI metal chalcogenides are an emerging class of 2D materials that have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their remarkable physical properties and technological applications. Thanks to the recently developed theoretical and experimental methods, a number of exciting discoveries for these materials have revealed their new phases, a unique “Mexican hat”-shaped electronic band structure, and superior optical and electronic properties that distinguish them from other 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides. This review summarizes the novel properties, structures, and synthesis strategies for these materials and emphasizes the most cutting-edge and seminal achievements in this rapidly growing field in order to provide input for future research works. We first present the rich crystal structure and phases that have been found in these materials, with an emphasis on the possibility of phase engineering. Then, we discuss the synthesis strategies for 2D layered III–VI metal chalcogenides from the top-down, bottom-up, and template-based chemical conversion approaches. We focus on the highly controlled synthesis methods that provide fine-tuning of the thickness, phase, edge structure, and other morphological characteristics. Third, we discuss the properties and applications of these materials, focusing on their unique electronic structure including the Mexican hat-shaped valence band, their superior nonlinear optical properties, high-performance electronic devices, promising photoelectrochemical properties, and emerging quantum properties such as quantum emission, exciton condensation, ferromagnetism, and topological quantum phase transition. To conclude, we provide our perspective on the current challenges and future directions in this field.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Impurity-generated non-Abelions

Two classes of topological superconductors and Majorana modes in condensed matter systems are known to date: one in which disorder induced by impurities strongly suppresses topological superconducting gap and is detrimental to Majorana modes, and another where Majorana fermions are protected by a disorder-robust topological superconductor gap. Observation and control of Majorana fermions and other non-Abelions often requires a symmetry of an underlying system leading to a gap in the single-particle or quasiparticle spectra. In semiconductor structures, impurities that provide charge carriers introduce states into the gap and enable conductance and proximity-induced superconductivity via the in-gap states. Thus a third class of topological superconductivity and Majorana modes emerges, in which topological superconductivity and Majorana fermions appear exclusively when impurities generate in-gap states. We show that impurity-enabled topological superconductivity is realized in a quantum Hall ferromagnet, when a helical domain wall is coupled to an 𝑠-wave superconductor. As an example of emergence of topological superconductivity in quantum Hall ferromagnets, we consider the integer quantum Hall effect in Mn-doped CdTe quantum wells. Recent experiments on transport through the quantum Hall ferromagnet domain wall in this system indicated a vital role of impurities in the conductance, but left unresolved the question whether impurities preclude generation of Majorana fermions and other non-Abelions in such systems in general. Here, solving a general quantum-mechanical problem of impurity bound states in a system of spin-orbit coupled Landau levels, we demonstrate that impurity-induced Majorana modes emerge at boundaries between topological and conventional superconducting states generated in a domain wall due to proximity to an 𝑠 superconductor. We consider both short-range disorder and a smooth random potential. The phase diagram of the system is defined by characteristic disorder, gate voltage induced angular momentum splitting of impurity levels, and by a proximity superconducting gap. The phase diagram exhibits two ranges of gate voltage with conventional superconducting order separated by a gate voltage range with topological superconductivity. We show that electrostatic control of domain walls in an integer quantum Hall ferromagnet allows manipulation of Majorana fermions. Ferromagnetic transitions in the fractional quantum Hall regime may lead to the formation and electrostatic control of higher order non-Abelian excitations.

Edge states↗
DOE OSTI2018

Thin films of topological Kondo insulator candidate SmB 6 : Strong spin-orbit torque without exclusive surface conduction

The advent of topological insulators (TIs), a novel class of materials that harbor a metallic spin-chiral surface state coexisting with band-insulating bulk, opens up new possibilities for spintronics. One promising route is current-induced switching of an adjacent magnetic layer via spin-orbit torque (SOT), arising from the large spin-orbit coupling intrinsically possessed by TIs. The Kondo insulator SmB 6 has been recently proposed to be a strongly correlated TI, supported by the observation of a metallic surface state in bulk SmB 6 , as evidenced by the thickness independence of the low-temperature resistance plateau. We report the synthesis of epitaxial (001) SmB 6 /Si thin films and a systematic thickness-dependent electrical transport study. Although the low-temperature resistance plateau is observed for all films from 50 to 500 nm in thickness, the resistance is distinctively thickness-dependent and does not support the notion of surface conduction and interior insulation. On the other hand, we demonstrate that SmB 6 can generate a large SOT to switch an adjacent ferromagnetic layer, even at room temperature. The effective SOT generated from SmB 6 is comparable to that from β-W, one of the strongest SOT materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Layer-resolved magnetic proximity effect in van der Waals heterostructures

Magnetic proximity effects are integral to manipulating spintronic, superconducting, excitonic and topological phenomena in heterostructures. These effects are highly sensitive to the interfacial electronic properties, such as electron wavefunction overlap and band alignment. The recent emergence of magnetic two-dimensional materials opens new possibilities for exploring proximity effects in van der Waals heterostructures. In particular, atomically thin CrI 3 exhibits layered antiferromagnetism, in which adjacent ferromagnetic monolayers are antiferromagnetically coupled. In this paper, we report a layer-resolved magnetic proximity effect in heterostructures formed by monolayer WSe 2 and bi/trilayer CrI 3 . By controlling the individual layer magnetization in CrI 3 with a magnetic field, we show that the spin-dependent charge transfer between WSe 2 and CrI 3 is dominated by the interfacial CrI 3 layer, while the proximity exchange field is highly sensitive to the layered magnetic structure as a whole. In combination with reflective magnetic circular dichroism measurements, these properties allow the use of monolayer WSe 2 as a spatially sensitive magnetic sensor to map out layered antiferromagnetic domain structures at zero magnetic field as well as antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic domains at finite magnetic fields. Our work reveals a way to control proximity effects and probe interfacial magnetic order via van der Waals engineering.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗