Results for “Field Operators” — Page 91

DOE OSTI2024

Field redefinitions and infinite field anomalous dimensions

Field redefinitions are commonly used to reduce the number of operators in the Lagrangian by removing redundant operators and transforming to a minimal operator basis. We give a general argument that such field redefinitions, while leaving the S-matrix invariant and consequently finite, lead not only to infinite Green’s functions, but also to infinite field anomalous dimensions γ ϕ . These divergences cannot be removed by counterterms without reintroducing redundant operators.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Low bias stress and reduced operating voltage in SnCl{sub 2}Pc based n-type organic field-effect transistors

Vacuum deposited tin (IV) phthalocyanine dichloride (SnCl{sub 2}Pc) field-effect transistors were fabricated on polymethylmethacrylate/aluminum oxide (PMMA/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) bilayer gate dielectric, with reduced operating voltage and low contact resistance. The devices with top contact Ag electrodes exhibit excellent n-channel behavior with electron mobility values of 0.01 cm{sup 2}/Vs, low threshold voltages ∼4 V, current on/off ratio ∼10{sup 4} with an operating voltage of 10 V. Bias stress instability effects are investigated during long term operation using thin film devices under vacuum. We find that the amount of bias stress of SnCl{sub 2}Pc based thin film transistor is extremely small with characteristic relaxation time >10{sup 5} s obtained using stretched exponential model. Stressing the SnCl{sub 2}Pc devices by applying 10 V to the gate for half an hour results in a decrease of the source drain current, I{sub DS} of only ∼10% under low vacuum. These devices show highly stable electrical behavior under multiple scans and low threshold voltage instability under electrical dc bias stress (V{sub DS} = V{sub GS} = 10 V, for 2 h) even after 40 days.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2019

Experimental Evaluation of the Fast-Neutron Passive Collar (FNPC) Performance and Comparison with Scintillation Based Collars

This report describes a new method for the verification of fresh low enrichment uranium (LEU) fuel assemblies that can reduce International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspection time in the field and be completely independent of operator declared burnable poison content. The passive measurement makes unattended mode operation practical, and thus provides the potential for reducing inspector time in the field for future applications. The new simplified passive neutron measurement uses the 238 U spontaneous fission in LEU fresh fuel rods to self-interrogate the 235 U mass in the neighboring rods. The measured response increases linearly with the increase in the linear density (LD) of 235 U. The relatively high efficiency of the passive neutron detector (24%) provides good statistical precision (~ 2%) for the singles, doubles, and triples counting rates in the thermal-neutron mode. The three observables makes possible multiplicity analysis so that both the 235 U LD and the effective burnable poison content can be determined independent of the operator declarations. This closes the potential diversion path of miss-declaration the burnable poison content. This report presents the detector design, the as-built system, the detector parameter measurements, the calibration, and the assay uncertainty estimates. The calibration measurements were performed using the Los Alamos Laboratory mockup PWR fuel assembly. The measurements were made in both the fastneutron mode (with Cd/Gd metal liners) and the thermal-neutron mode (no Cd/Gd liners).

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2023

July 2023 Monthly Sewer Monitoring Report

The Sandia National Laboratories, in California (Sandia/CA) is a research and development facility, owned by the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration agency (DOE/NNSA). The laboratory is located in the City of Livermore (the City) and is comprised of approximately 410 acres. The Sandia/CA facility is operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS) under a contract with the DOE/NNSA. The DOE/ NNSA’s Sandia Field Office (SFO) oversees the operations of the site. North of the Sandia/CA facility is the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), in which Sandia/CA’s sewer system combines with before discharging to the City’s Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) for final treatment and processing. The City’s POTW authorizes the wastewater discharge from Sandia/CA via the assigned Wastewater Discharge Permit #1251 (the Permit), which is issued to the DOE/NNSA’s main office for Sandia National Laboratories, located in New Mexico (Sandia/NM). The Permit requires the submittal of this Monthly Sewer Monitoring Report to the City by the twenty-fifth day of each month.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Monthly Sewer Monitoring Report for June 2023

The Sandia National Laboratories, in California (Sandia/CA) is a research and development facility, owned by the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration agency (DOE/NNSA). The laboratory is located in the City of Livermore (the City) and is comprised of approximately 410 acres. The Sandia/CA facility is operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS) under a contract with the DOE/NNSA. The DOE/ NNSA’s Sandia Field Office (SFO) oversees the operations of the site. North of the Sandia/CA facility is the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), in which Sandia/CA’s sewer system combines with before discharging to the City’s Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) for final treatment and processing. The City’s POTW authorizes the wastewater discharge from Sandia/CA via the assigned Wastewater Discharge Permit #1251 (the Permit), which is issued to the DOE/NNSA’s main office for Sandia National Laboratories, located in New Mexico (Sandia/NM). The Permit requires the submittal of this Monthly Sewer Monitoring Report to the City by the twenty-fifth day of each month.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

Monthly Sewer Monitoring Report for March 2023

The Sandia National Laboratories, in California (Sandia/CA) is a research and development facility, owned by the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration agency (DOE/NNSA). The laboratory is located in the City of Livermore (the City) and is comprised of approximately 410 acres. The Sandia/CA facility is operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS) under a contract with the DOE/NNSA. The DOE/ NNSA’s Sandia Field Office (SFO) oversees the operations of the site. North of the Sandia/CA facility is the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), in which Sandia/CA’s sewer system combines with before discharging to the City’s Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) for final treatment and processing. The City’s POTW authorizes the wastewater discharge from Sandia/CA via the assigned Wastewater Discharge Permit #1251 (the Permit), which is issued to the DOE/NNSA’s main office for Sandia National Laboratories, located in New Mexico (Sandia/NM). The Permit requires the submittal of this Monthly Sewer Monitoring Report to the City by the twenty-fifth day of each month.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2024

Monthly Sewer Monitoring Report for February 2023

The Sandia National Laboratories, in California (Sandia/CA) is a research and development facility, owned by the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration agency (DOE/NNSA). The laboratory is located in the City of Livermore (the City) and is comprised of approximately 410 acres. The Sandia/CA facility is operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS) under a contract with the DOE/NNSA. The DOE/ NNSA’s Sandia Field Office (SFO) oversees the operations of the site. North of the Sandia/CA facility is the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), in which Sandia/CA’s sewer system combines with before discharging to the City’s Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) for final treatment and processing. The City’s POTW authorizes the wastewater discharge from Sandia/CA via the assigned Wastewater Discharge Permit #1251 (the Permit), which is issued to the DOE/NNSA’s main office for Sandia National Laboratories, located in New Mexico (Sandia/NM). The Permit requires the submittal of this Monthly Sewer Monitoring Report to the City by the twenty-fifth day of each month.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

Monthly Sewer Monitoring Report for January 2023

The Sandia National Laboratories, in California (Sandia/CA) is a research and development facility, owned by the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration agency (DOE/NNSA). The laboratory is located in the City of Livermore (the City) and is comprised of approximately 410 acres. The Sandia/CA facility is operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS) under a contract with the DOE/NNSA. The DOE/ NNSA’s Sandia Field Office (SFO) oversees the operations of the site. North of the Sandia/CA facility is the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), in which Sandia/CA’s sewer system combines with before discharging to the City’s Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) for final treatment and processing. The City’s POTW authorizes the wastewater discharge from Sandia/CA via the assigned Wastewater Discharge Permit #1251 (the Permit), which is issued to the DOE/NNSA’s main office for Sandia National Laboratories, located in New Mexico (Sandia/NM). The Permit requires the submittal of this Monthly Sewer Monitoring Report to the City by the twenty-fifth day of each month.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

Semiannual Categorical Process Report - January Through June 2023

The Sandia National Laboratories, in California (SNL/CA) is a research and development facility, owned by the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration agency (DOE/NNSA). The laboratory is located in the City of Livermore (the City) and is comprised of approximately 410 acres. The SNL/CA facility is operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS) under a contract with the DOE/NNSA. The DOE/ NNSA’s Sandia Field Office (SFO) oversees the operations of the site. North of the SNL/CA facility is the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), in which SNL/CA’s sewer system combines with before discharging to the City’s Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) for final treatment and processing. The City’s POTW authorizes the wastewater discharge from SNL/CA via the assigned Wastewater Discharge Permit #1251 (the Permit), which is issued to the DOE/NNSA’s main office for Sandia National Laboratories, located in New Mexico (SNL/NM). The Monitoring and Reporting Condition 2.B of the Permit requires compliance with the semiannual reporting requirements contained in federal categorical pretreatment standards regulations (40 CFR 403.12). These regulations set numerical limits on the concentration of pollutants allowed to discharge from certain categories of industrial processes. This report is submitted to the City to satisfy this reporting requirement.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

Monthly Wastewater Report - May 2023

The Sandia National Laboratories, in California (Sandia/CA) is a research and development facility, owned by the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration agency (DOE/NNSA). The laboratory is located in the City of Livermore (the City) and is comprised of approximately 410 acres. The Sandia/CA facility is operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS) under a contract with the DOE/NNSA. The DOE/ NNSA’s Sandia Field Office (SFO) oversees the operations of the site. North of the Sandia/CA facility is the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), in which Sandia/CA’s sewer system combines with before discharging to the City’s Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) for final treatment and processing. The City’s POTW authorizes the wastewater discharge from Sandia/CA via the assigned Wastewater Discharge Permit #1251 (the Permit), which is issued to the DOE/NNSA’s main office for Sandia National Laboratories, located in New Mexico (Sandia/NM). The Permit requires the submittal of this Monthly Sewer Monitoring Report to the City by the twenty-fifth day of each month.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

Smooth, homogeneous, high-purity Nb 3 Sn superconducting RF resonant cavity by seed-free electrochemical synthesis

Abstract Workbench-size particle accelerators, enabled by Nb 3 Sn-based superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities, hold the potential of driving scientific discovery by offering a widely accessible and affordable source of high-energy electrons and x-rays. Thin-film Nb 3 Sn RF superconductors with high quality factors, high operation temperatures, and high-field potentials are critical for these devices. However, surface roughness, non-stoichiometry, and impurities in Nb 3 Sn deposited by conventional Sn-vapor diffusion prevent them from reaching their theoretical capabilities. Here we demonstrate a seed-free electrochemical synthesis that pushes the limit of chemical and physical properties in Nb 3 Sn. Utilization of electrochemical Sn pre-deposits reduces the roughness of converted Nb 3 Sn by five times compared to typical vapor-diffused Nb 3 Sn. Quantitative mappings using chemical and atomic probes confirm improved stoichiometry and minimized impurity concentrations in electrochemically synthesized Nb 3 Sn. We have successfully applied this Nb 3 Sn to the large-scale 1.3 GHz SRF cavity and demonstrated ultra-low BCS surface resistances at multiple operation temperatures, notably lower than vapor-diffused cavities. Our smooth, homogeneous, high-purity Nb 3 Sn provides the route toward high efficiency and high fields for SRF applications under helium-free cryogenic operations.

Physics↗

DOE OSTI2020

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Path Generation for Image Collection to Assist Heliostat Field Optical Characterization

This paper focuses on applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for measuring optical error of heliostats in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. In CSP, there is a need to measure solar-field optical errors, which is critical for future production improvement as well as for operations and maintenance of a heliostat field. This latter need is particularly challenging because of the large number of heliostats (over 10,000 for a utility-scale power plant) that individually track the sun in the field. To address this issue, a camera-equipped UAV, with an optimized drone flight path developed and uploaded to it, collects images of a precise reflection of the tower on each heliostat to evaluate optical error sources without interrupting plant operation. Generation of the drone path for capturing the reflected images is affected by a number technical and realistic constraints, which include the camera angle used to capture the image, the blocking of the camera view due to surrounding heliostats, the location of the camera in reference to the target heliostat, and the target heliostat position with reference to the tower. The effect of these constraints on calculating the camera position will be discussed in detail in this article. An effective drone-path algorithm is generated to fulfil the need of image collection under various constraints.

concentrated solar power↗

NASA NTRS2012

Desert RATS 2011: Near-Earth Asteroid Human Exploration Operations

The Desert Research and Technology Studies (D-RATS) 2011 field test involved the planning and execution of a series of exploration scenarios under operational conditions similar to those that would be expected during a human exploration mission to a near-Earth asteroid (NEA). The focus was on understanding the operations tempo during simulated NEA exploration and the implications of communications latency and limited data bandwidth. Anchoring technologies and sampling techniques were not evaluated due to the immaturity of those technologies and the inability to meaningfully test them at D-RATS. Reduced gravity analogs and simulations are being used to fully evaluate Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle (MMSEV) and extravehicular (EVA) operations and interactions in near-weightlessness at a NEA as part of NASA s integrated analogs program. Hypotheses were tested by planning and performing a series of 1-day simulated exploration excursions comparing test conditions all of which involved a single Deep Space Habitat (DSH) and either zero, one, or two MMSEVs; three or four crewmembers; one of two different communications bandwidths; and a 100-second roundtrip communications latency between the field site and Houston. Excursions were executed at the Black Point Lava Flow test site with a Mission Control Center and Science Support Room at Johnson Space Center (JSC) being operated with 100-second roundtrip communication latency to the field. Crews were composed of astronauts and professional field geologists and teams of Mission Operations, Science, and Education & Public Outreach (EPO) experts also supported the mission simulations each day. Data were collected separately from the Crew, Mission Operations, Science, and EPO teams to assess the test conditions from multiple perspectives. For the operations tested, data indicates practically significant benefits may be realized by including at least one MMSEV and by including 4 versus 3 crewmembers in the NEA exploration architecture as measured by increased Scientific Data Quality, EVA Exploration Time, Capability Assessment Ratings, and Overall Acceptability ratings by Crew, Mission Operations, Science, and Education & Public Outreach teams. A combination of text and voice was used to effectively communicate over the 100-second roundtrip communications latency and increased communication bandwidth yielded a small but practically significant improvement in Overall Acceptability as rated by the Science team, although the impact of bandwidth on scientific strategic planning was not assessed. No effect of increased bandwidth was observed with respect to Crew, Mission Operations, or EPO team ratings of Overall Acceptability.

Abercromby, Andrew↗

DOE OSTI2023

Field Performance of R-1234yf Heat Pump Water Heaters

Heat pump water heaters (HPWH) provide a resource for increasing water heating efficiency in U.S. residences. Electric HPWHs have traditionally utilized R-134a as the refrigerant in the vapor-compression cycle; however, this refrigerant is undesirable long-term due to its high global warming potential. For HPWHs, low global warming potential refrigerants such as R-1234yf may offer comparable performance, but the evaluation of these systems has been limited to laboratory settings. This study provides field evaluations of off-the-shelf HPWHs that had their factory R-134a refrigerant replaced with an optimized charge of R-1234yf. The field evaluation consisted of R-1234yf HPWHs at two occupied field sites and two unoccupied, simulated lab homes. At the two residential field sites with occupants, the R-1234yf HPWHs operated issue-free for the 18-month field trial, and the home occupants perceived no change in HPWH performance relative to their prior R-134a HPWHs. At the lab homes, under simulated hot water draws, the average daily operating efficiency of the R-1234yf HPWH was within 2% of the baseline R-134a HPWHs.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2021

Lorentzian dynamics and factorization beyond rationality

We investigate the emergence of topological defect lines in the conformal Regge limit of two-dimensional conformal field theory. We explain how a local operator can be factorized into a holomorphic and an anti-holomorphic defect operator connected through a topological defect line, and discuss implications on analyticity and Lorentzian dynamics including aspects of chaos. We derive a formula relating the infinite boost limit, which holographically encodes the “opacity” of bulk scattering, to the action of topological defect lines on local operators. Leveraging the unitary bound on the opacity and the positivity of fusion coefficients, we show that the spectral radii of a large class of topological defect lines are given by their loop expectation values. Factorization also gives a formula relating the local and defect operator algebras and fusion categorical data. We then review factorization in rational conformal field theory from a defect perspective, and examine irrational theories. On the orbifold branch of the c = 1 free boson theory, we find a unified description for the topological defect lines through which the twist fields are factorized; at irrational points, the twist fields factorize through “non-compact” topological defect lines which exhibit continuous defect operator spectra. Along the way, we initiate the development of a formalism to characterize non-compact topological defect lines.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

On mathematical and physical approaches to constructing a quantum cluster state in continuous variables, or is it possible to construct a cluster from different modes?

We consider the problems of constructing a cluster state from a set of orthogonal modes. It is shown that the commonly used unitary transformation is not reduced in this case to a set of standard operations of linear optics performed over fields in a squeezed state, but should be supplemented by a more complicated operation of a noise-free transformation of the quantum signal profile. At the same time, if it is possible to form a cluster whose node amplitudes have different time profiles, this property does not interfere with the performance of calculations on the cluster. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2024

γ 5 schemes and the interplay of SMEFT operators in the Higgs-gluon coupling

We calculate the four-top-quark operator contributions to Higgs production via gluon fusion in the Standard Model effective field theory. The four-top operators enter for the first time via two-loop diagrams. Owing to their chiral structure they contain γ 5 , so special care needs to be taken when using dimensional regularization for the loop integrals. We use two different schemes for the continuation of γ 5 to D space-time dimensions in our calculations and present a mapping for the parameters in the two schemes. This generically leads to an interplay of different operators, such as four-top operators, chromomagnetic operators, or Yukawa-type operators at the loop level. We validate our results by examples of matching onto UV models. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Di Noi, Stefano (ORCID:0000000211404073)↗

DOE OSTI2023

A Field Study of Nonintrusive Load Monitoring Devices and Implications for Load Disaggregation

Evaluations of nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) algorithms and technologies have mostly occurred in constrained, artificial environments. However, few field evaluations of NILM products have taken place in actual buildings under normal operating conditions. This paper describes a field evaluation of a state-of-the-art NILM product, tested in eight homes. The match rate metric—a technique recommended by a technical advisory group—was used to measure the NILM’s success in identifying specific loads and the accuracy of the energy consumption estimates. A performance assessment protocol was also developed to address common issues with NILM mislabeling and ground-truth comparisons that have not been sufficiently addressed in past evaluations. The NILM product’s estimates were compared to the submetered consumption of eight major appliances. Overall, the product had good performance in disaggregating the energy consumption of the electric water heaters, which included both electric resistance and heat-pump water heaters, but only a fair accuracy with refrigerators, dryers, and air conditioners. The performance was poor for cooking equipment, furnace fans, clothes washers, and dishwashers. Moreover, the product was often unable to detect major loads in homes. Typically, two or more appliances were not detected in a home. At least two dryers, furnace fans, and air conditioners went undetected across the eight homes. On the other hand, the dishwasher was detected in all homes where available or monitored. The key findings were qualitatively compared to those of past field evaluations. Potential areas for improvement in NILM product performance were determined along with areas where complementary technologies may be able to aid in load-disaggregation applications.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗