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DOE OSTI2026

Wyoming Trails Carbon Hub (WyoTCH)

The Wyoming Trails Carbon Hub (WyoTCH) project completed a front-end engineering and design (FEED) study for a commercial-scale, open-access carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) transport pipeline in Wyoming under U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Award DEFE0032347, funded through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Carbon Capture Technology Program and administered by the National Energy Technology Laboratory. The project’s approach of designing a multi-source, multi-destination pipeline, rather than a dedicated line serving a single project, would lower the barrier to entry for individual CO 2 projects. The projects would leverage Wyoming's concentrated industrial and power generation CO 2 sources, its existing CO 2 pipeline infrastructure, and its extensive CO 2 storage and utilization capacity. This is the project's final technical report.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

NASA NTRS2026

Hidden in Plain Sight: A New Main Belt Population of Aqueously Altered and Thermally Metamorphosed Asteroids

C-complex low albedo asteroids are understood to be related to aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. However, in recent years, a new subgroup of aqueously altered meteorites that have experienced significant heating after their initial interactions with water has been extensively studied. It remains unclear where the aqueously altered and heated parent bodies are located in the asteroid belt. To address this question, we reanalyzed the original dataset that defined the Bus-DeMeo spectral taxonomy of asteroids (DeMeo et al., 2009) using a machine learning approach trained with near-infrared archival meteorite spectra. Results show that ~50% of the C-complex asteroids first identified in the Bus-DeMeo asteroid spectral taxonomy are aqueously altered and heated. Though Ryugu has been shown to also have experienced both of these processes, this is the first evidence of a population of aqueously altered and thermally metamorphosed asteroids in the Main Asteroid Belt. Based on the expected velocity and frequency of impacts in the main belt population, we conclude that impacts are the most likely heat source driving thermal metamorphism we identify. Moreover, these aqueously altered and thermally metamorphosed asteroids may represent a primordial population of low-albedo material that formed in situ in the inner solar system. If these asteroids formed in place, rather than being brought in from the outer solar system during giant planet migration, they would have experienced more frequent and higher velocity impacts, resulting in their distinct mineralogy.

Main Belt asteroids↗

NASA NTRS1993

Failure Modes of Reduced-Order Orbit Determination Filters and Their Remedies

Ways in which failure can occur in reduced-order, orbit determination filter, error covariance calculations are discussed. In the context of this article, reduced-order filters denote nonoptimal filters which include fixed levels of uncertainty in some parameters of the measurement models or in the spacecraft dynamical model which are not explicitly estimated in the filter equations. Failure is defined as an increase in the orbit determination covariance with the addition of data or as an unreasonable growth in the covariance with time, i.e., nonasymptotic behavior of the covariance. Some simple, known cases of failure are discussed along with their traditional remedies. In addition, more modern remedies are discussed which are currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The article first describes the known problems of reduced-order filters when they are employed for orbit determination, and their traditional remedies. Then, having defined these, the relevancy and desirability of the more modern remedies are made apparent.

D J Scheeres↗

DOE OSTI2026

Asymmetric pathways for lithium extraction and recovery based on the two-phase equilibrium of layered oxides

Electrochemical intercalation offers a promising platform for Li + extraction. However, only limited types of electrode materials have been investigated. The challenge to broaden and tailor materials for electrochemical intercalation-based Li + extraction lies in the lack of understanding of material’s response upon co-intercalation of multiple ions, therefore, paired process design to enable reversible Li + extraction and recovery. Here, we showcase the design of asymmetric ion pathways for Li + extraction and recovery for host material with complex Li + and Na + interaction using layered cobalt oxide as a model material. The two-phase equilibrium of Na 0.48 CoO 2 and Li 0.94 CoO 2 governs Li + selectivity when a high depth of intercalation is achieved (low vacancy level). We show that the relative rate between ion exchange and intercalation is critical to determine the ion pathways. The relationship can be quantitatively compared using the average pseudo ion exchange rate (C pseudoIX ) and the intercalation rate (C inter ). The ion pathways at the three regimes with C pseudoIX > C inter , C pseudoIX ~ C inter , and C pseudoIX < C inter are constructed. By selecting the optimized ion pathway and particle size, we demonstrate 9.7×10 4 Li + selectivity with 99% purity Li + recovery from an initial 1:1000 Li: Na molar ratio solution using 115 mAh/g specific capacity.

electrochemistry↗

NASA NTRS2026

Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of LP-DED NASA HR-1 – A Hydrogen Resistant AM Superalloy for Space Propulsion Applications

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has actively pursued metal additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for spaceflight applications since the late 2000s. AM offers transformative advantages in cost, schedule, part consolidation, and design flexibility. Among the various AM techniques, laser powder directed energy deposition (LP-DED) is particularly well suited for fabricating complex geometries with fine feature resolution. In propulsion systems that utilize high-pressure gaseous hydrogen—such as liquid hydrogen rocket engines—hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) presents a serious threat to material performance 1,2 . Mechanical property degradation under these conditions can compromise component reliability, especially under cyclic loading. To address this challenge, NASA developed NASA HR-1 (Hydrogen Resistant-1) as a solution for liquid rocket engine components operating in hydrogen-rich environments, using the LP-DED technique 3-9 . A key component in a liquid rocket engine is the exhaust nozzle, which is typically regeneratively cooled (regen) due to the high heat flux. NASA HR-1 was specifically developed for regen nozzle applications using hydrogen as a propellant, providing resistance to HEE, a critical issue for many materials. The AM version of NASA HR-1 was also formulated to achieve high ultimate tensile strength, along with high yield strength and ductility in this environment 5,6 . Low-cycle fatigue (LCF) is another important consideration in nozzle design, as components are expected to endure multiple starts and missions. Additionally, the LP-DED version of the alloy exhibits improved thermal conductivity compared to its wrought counterpart, which benefits nozzle cooling. Overall, NASA HR-1 offers an excellent balance of high strength, HEE resistance, LCF performance, thermal conductivity, and ductility to meet the demanding requirements of channel-cooled nozzles and other components used with hydrogen and other propellants. The LP-DED–processed NASA HR-1 requires several post-processing heat treatment steps to achieve the material properties desirable for its intended application 6 . These steps include stress relief, homogenization, solution annealing, and aging for precipitation hardening. The stress relief treatment mitigates residual stresses accumulated during the LP-DED process and minimizes the potential for distortion. Homogenization, a common step for AM materials, reduces elemental segregation and promotes recrystallization to develop a more equiaxed grain structure. The subsequent solution annealing treatment heats the part to a solid solution temperature to dissolve the undesirable η-phase that forms during cooling from homogenization, followed by rapid cooling to retain an η-phase–free microstructure. Finally, aging promotes precipitation of the strengthening γ′ phase in the alloy. The integration of compositional design and optimized thermal processing enables high-quality LP-DED NASA HR-1 components with excellent microstructural and mechanical stability. Improved chemical and microstructure homogeneity enhances ductility and fatigue resistance—both critical for safe and reliable operation in high-pressure hydrogen environments. NASA has successfully fabricated and hot-fire tested multiple subscale and full-scale channel wall nozzles using LP-DED NASA HR-1 5,6, 9-14 . These efforts included process refinements to support thin-wall construction and various channel geometries. Throughout development, several key observations emerged. After homogenization, the as-built columnar grain structure transforms into a fully equiaxed microstructure. However, subsequent treatments—such as solution annealing and aging—result in changes that are more difficult to track. The grain structure remains largely unchanged, and the γ′ precipitates, typically 5–10 nm in diameter, are beyond the resolution of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). While transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can resolve these fine precipitates, TEM sample preparation is time-consuming and difficult for LP-DED material. As an alternative, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) offers a useful, qualitative approach to monitor precipitate evolution throughout different stages of heat treatment. The overall goal is to improve the understanding of how heat treatment affects the microstructure and mechanical performance of LP-DED NASA HR-1. This paper presents heat treatment design considerations, microstructural characterization, mechanical testing – including tensile and LCF testing in both air and hydrogen environments.

Superalloy↗

DOE OSTI2023

Constraints on Nuclear Symmetry Energy Parameters

A review is made of constraints on the nuclear symmetry energy parameters arising from nuclear binding energy measurements, theoretical chiral effective field predictions of neutron matter properties, the unitary gas conjecture, and measurements of neutron skin thicknesses and dipole polarizabilities. While most studies have been confined to the parameters 𝑆 𝑉 and L, the important roles played by, and constraints on 𝐾 sym , or, equivalently, the neutron matter incompressibility 𝐾 𝑁 , are discussed. Strong correlations among 𝑆 𝑉 ,𝐿, and 𝐾 𝑁 are found from both nuclear binding energies and neutron matter theory. However, these correlations somewhat differ in the two cases, and those from neutron matter theory have smaller uncertainties. To 68% confidence, it is found from neutron matter theory that 𝑆 𝑉 = 32.0 ± 1.1 MeV, 𝐿 = 51.9 ± 7.9 MeV and 𝐾 𝑁 = 152.2 ± 38.1 MeV. Theoretical predictions for neutron skin thickness and dipole polarizability measurements of the neutron-rich nuclei 48 Ca, 120 Sn, and 208 Pb are compared to recent experimental measurements, most notably the CREX and PREX neutron skin experiments from Jefferson Laboratory. By themselves, PREX I+II measurements of 208 Pb and CREX measurement of 48 Ca suggest 𝐿 = 121 ± 47 MeV and 𝐿 = −5 ± 40 MeV, respectively, to 68% confidence. However, we show that nuclear interactions optimally satisfying both measurements imply 𝐿 = 53 ± 13 MeV, nearly the range suggested by either nuclear mass measurements or neutron matter theory, and is also consistent with nuclear dipole polarizability measurements. This small parameter range implies 𝑅 1.4 = 11.6 ± 1.0 km and Λ 1.4 = 228$^{+148}_{−90}$, which are consistent with NICER X-ray and LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave observations of neutron stars.

neutron skins↗

DOE OSTI2025

Do Households Adapt? Repeated Hurricane Exposure and the Purchasing of Bottled Water

Understanding how households adapt to hurricanes is increasingly important as these events become more frequent and severe. This paper examines how past hurricane exposure influences current household preparedness, focusing specifically on the stockpiling of bottled water. Leveraging scanner data on bottled water purchases for households in the Southeastern United States, we employ a difference-in-differences event study framework to analyze how repeated hurricane experiences affect consumer behavior. Our results indicate that households exposed to hurricane warnings do not increase their preparedness in the subsequent hurricane season, and those experiencing a landfall event underprepare. These results suggest limited learning from past events.

D12↗

DOE OSTI2026

The critical role of intrinsic defects and many-body interactions on the stability of MnBi2Te4

Intrinsic antisite defects pose a major challenge to understanding and predicting the exotic properties of the layered topological magnetic insulator MnBi2Te4 (MBT). In this work, we study the origin of the abundance of intrinsic defects in MBT, including many-body defect–defect interactions and many-body electronic correlations. Until now, ab initio methods have struggled to explain thermodynamic stability and properties influenced by defect behavior in MBT. We model native Mn–Bi antisite defects in MBT at finite temperatures using a cluster expansion that includes defect–defect interactions. To overcome the limitations of conventional density functional theory (DFT), we introduce a hybrid approach that incorporates high-accuracy quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) calculations, introducing missing correlations. This strategy allows for accurate estimation of defect energetics and finite-temperature properties. We compute the configurational free energy, defect concentration, and configurational heat capacity, revealing a second-order order–disorder phase transition near the experimental synthesis temperature. Our study provides the first theoretical insight into the thermodynamics of intrinsic defects in MBT. The negative free energy relative to pristine MBT at synthesis temperatures indicates that Mn–Bi antisite formation is thermodynamically spontaneous. We also present a broadly applicable general framework for correcting low-level theoretical theories using highly accurate many-body corrections from QMC.

Ghaffar, Abdul [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000241190168)↗

DOE OSTI2026

Enhancing 300 Degree Celsius Electronic Packaging with Ceramic PCBs and Advanced Interconnection Techniques

Geothermal energy development requires downhole tools that operate reliably at temperatures up to 320 °C. While MWD tools work without thermal protection and logging tools use vacuum flasks for limited high-temperature use, Sandia National Laboratories is developing durable electronics on ceramic PCBs with protective coatings to enable long-term operation of geothermal instruments at sustained temperatures up to 300 °C.

Wright, Andrew Alexander [Sandia National Laborato↗

NASA NTRS1994

Analysis of the Erosion of Cubic Centered and Face Centered Metallic Materials [Analyse de L'erosion de Matereaux Metalliques de Structures Cubiques Centree et Face Centree]

A generalized law of erosion, in nondimensional form, is proposed. The aforementioned explicitly gives an account of the nature and the microstructure of the material impacted, the angle of impact of the particles, and their hardness. The erosion behavior of various steels, pig iron, and cast iron is examined as well as the behavior of new ordered intermetallic materials, Fe-25% Al-(Zr, Cr, B). The concern of such alloys in an erosion-corrosion environment is shown. --- Une loi généralisée d'usure par érosion, sous forme non dimensionnelle, est proposée. Celle-ci rend compte explicitement de la nature et de la microstructure du matériau impacté, de l'angle d'impact des particules, de leur acuité at de leur durete. Le comportement à l'érosion de divers aciers et fontes est examiné ainsi que la tenue de nouveaux matériaux intermétalliques ordonnés Fe-25% Al - (Zr, Cr, B). L'interet de tels alliages dans des environnements agressifs du type érosion-corrosion est montré. Mots clés: usure, érosion, modèle, matériaux métalliques, intermétalliques Fe-Al.

A Magnée↗

DOE OSTI2026

High-Throughput Uniformity and Defect Monitoring in Low-Temperature Electrolysis Porous Transport Layers Using X-Ray Radiography

Effective quality control (QC) for manufacturing proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) components is critical to enabling widespread adoption of the technology for hydrogen generation. This study investigates X-ray radiography as a novel, high-throughput, potentially in-line QC technique for detecting defects and assessing material property distributions in titanium-based porous transport layers (PTLs) which constitute a crucial component of low temperature PEMWE stacks. We obtain radiographs of a set of fifteen PTLs and model their absorbance of the broadband radiation as a second-order polynomial to account for the non-monoenergetic radiation source used in this study. The resulting model serves as a basis for predicting the areal density and porosity distributions of the PTLs. We find radiography successful in detecting multiple instances of defects, including holes/depressions, cracks, and excess material on the surface or in the pores of the material, demonstrating its potential as a robust in-line QC tool for PTL manufacturing.

08 HYDROGEN↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Strong Thermoset Regolith UV-Curable Composite Technology (STRUCT) Overview

Future lunar surface missions require construction materials that can be manufactured in situ using lo-cal resources while operating under extreme environmental conditions. Many Lunar material demands can be solved solely with regolith by compacting or sintering. And yet past Lunar missions rely on polymeric materials, and sustained Lunar missions must reduce Earth-supplied polymers dependence. Dual-cure (Ultraviolet (UV) and thermal) polymer-regolith composites offer a promising pathway by leveraging solar UV radiation, moderate thermal in-put, and regolith. Mission mass limits, power availability and energy constraints on the lunar surface further motivate low-energy processing and curing strategies for surface construction materials. The Strong Thermoset Regolith UV-Curable Composite Technology (STRUCT) project has successfully synthesized and demonstrated dual-cure photopolymer resins derivable from in-situ resources [3]. Morphological, thermal, and mechanical characterization show that the newly formulated UV curable resin systems integrates well with lunar regolith simulants. Processing and chemistry changes, and computational analysis advanced the composite design. X-ray CT scanned and computational analysis demonstrate that resin, regolith and additives are well incorporated. The large fraction of regolith, 95% by mass, large char yield (82% mass), low thermal conductivity (0.26 W/m/K), confirm this material as a promising high-performance thermal and structural material.

thermal conductivity↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

High Energy Hydroforming Friction Stir Welded 2050 Al-Li Blanks for Aerospace Domes and Cones

Friction stir welded (FSW) aluminum blanks offer larger preform sizes than available from the mill in single width plates. Large blanks made from aerospace-grade aluminum alloys are essential for making large domes and cones for launch vehicles and crew vehicles. Previous research efforts have demonstrated >5m FSW blanks can be formed into large domes or cones using spin forming, but the subsequent solution heat treatment consistently led to abnormal grain growth (AGG). The AGG phenomenon occurs because the FSW blanks must be spin formed in the -O annealed temper to withstand the high strain process without cracking. Subsequently, the solution heat treatment process leads to the onset of AGG, whereby a small number of grains grow much larger than the surrounding matrix. Ultimately, the large grains and bimodal grain-size distribution leads to unacceptable ductility in the short-transverse direction of the part. Alternatively, explosive hydroforming is a nascent process that can be applied to large and thick aerospace-grade aluminum alloy blanks in the -T3 temper and only require a post-forming artificial aging process to a -T8. Avoiding the solution heat treatment (SHT) process mitigates AGG, and also eliminates the need for very rare drop-furnace quench baths that can accommodate a part size larger than 5m in diameter. This presentation summarizes a Lockheed Martin-led effort that demonstrated explosive hydroforming of a 1.9m diameter, 39mm thick 2050 aluminum lithium FSW blank. Details will be provided on the process flow, mechanical properties, and metallographic analyses. This work was performed in partnership with NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) under a NASA Announcement of Collaboration Opportunities program.

Friction stir welded blank↗

DOE OSTI2026

Process control-enabled mitigation of microstructural and plastic heterogeneities in additively manufactured Grade 91 steel

Synergizing wire arc-directed energy deposition (WA-DED) additive manufacturing (AM) with particle-strengthened creep strength-enhanced ferritic (CSEF) steels enables fabrication and repair of critical power-plant components. Investigations focused on fusion-welded particle-strengthened CSEF steels, such as Grade 91 steel, have linked microstructurally heterogeneous regions—forming due to heat affected zones (HAZ)—with premature failure during elevated temperature service. Fusion-based AM, including WA-DED, likewise generates microstructurally and plastically heterogeneous regions due to spatiotemporally varying thermokinetics during deposition. However, works investigating such microstructural heterogeneities, their implications for mechanical behavior, and strategies to mitigate their formation remain scarce. This work identifies microstructurally and plastically heterogeneous regions within the WA-DED-processed Grade 91 steel. Spatial microhardness variations in the as-fabricated specimen correlate with the variation in the attributes of grain, martensitic microstructure, and precipitates across the fusion zone and HAZ. Digital image correlation-enabled tensile tests performed at 500 °C revealed pronounced deformation localization and a wave-like strain distribution, with wavelength close to the melt pool depth, indicating susceptibility of the as-fabricated components to premature creep failure. Such heterogeneity in microstructural and mechanical behavior was attributed to recurring solid-state phase transformations. Subsequently, an interlayer temperature control strategy was implemented, wherein maintaining interlayer temperature above the martensitic start temperature mitigated the heterogeneous microstructural and plastic response in the as-fabricated condition. Findings open pathways to achieving deformation-localization- and creep-resistant microstructures in WA-DED fabricated particle-strengthened CSEF steel components, reducing reliance on post-welding heat treatments—conventionally required to enhance creep resistance—and enabling on-demand, short lead-time fabrication of next-generation power-plant components.

Heat affected zones↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

BEAST: Expanding Sustainable Data Infrastructure for High-Enthalpy Facilities

Reproducible, data-driven thermal protection system (TPS) research requires that experimental records from high-enthalpy testing be consistently structured, traceable, and accessible across campaigns and institutions. In practice, however, arcjet and plasma facilities data remain largely fragmented: raw diagnostics are stored in ad hoc formats, material sample histories are disconnected from test conditions, and metadata standards are absent, precluding systematic cross-campaign analysis and long-term reuse. BEAST (Backend for Experiment Analysis, Storage, and Traceability) is an open-source, web-based platform that addresses these limitations by providing a unified, queryable infrastructure for high-enthalpy ground-test data [1]. First presented at the 15th Ablation Workshop [2], BEAST has since undergone significant development. The platform ingests and structures multi-channel time-series diagnostics, facility configurations, and material property records within a common provenance model, ensuring end-to-end traceability from raw sensor acquisition to reduced experimental quantities. A versioned material library links specimen identity and processing history to the specific runs in which each sample was tested. An integrated modeling workbench enables training and evaluation of regression models directly on archived experimental data, supporting condition interpolation and the construction of empirical material response databases. Beyond its original deployment at NASA Ames Research Center, BEAST has been designed to be facility-agnostic, with ongoing efforts to extend its adoption to other facilities. Its modular architecture accommodates heterogeneous diagnostic setups and facility types, and its future open-source distribution allows institutions to build on a common data standard rather than maintaining isolated, bespoke solutions. BEAST is further integrated within a broader ecosystem of companion tools: arcjetCV [3] extracts recession rates and shock standoff distances from high-speed video using computer vision, and miniSTARscan [4] provides sub-minute, portable photogrammetric surface reconstruction of test articles before and after exposure. All tools share a common data schema, enabling seamless ingestion of surface geometry, imagery, and time-series data into a single, coherent experimental record.

Database↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

BEAST: Expanding Sustainable Data Infrastructure for High-Enthalpy Facilities

Database↗

DOE OSTI2026

Aliovalent gallium dopants remove Ti 3+ defects and improve photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water oxidation properties of LaTiO 2 N

LaTiO 2 N is a promising semiconductor for the water splitting reaction due to its 2.1 eV band gap and stability against corrosion. However, its solar energy conversion is limited by Ti 3+ recombination defects introduced during ammonolysis. Here we show for the first time that Ti 3+ defects in LaTiO 2 N can be suppressed with incorporation of 2, 5, and 10% aliovalent gallium (Ga 3+ ) dopants during synthesis via the layered La 2 Ti 2 O 7 intermediate. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy on the solid powders confirms a reduction in the Ti 3+ donor density from 2.97 × 10 17 cm −3 for the non-doped material to ∼6.24 × 10 16 cm −3 for 5% Ga-doped LaTiO 2 N. The remaining Ti 3+ defects are concentrated near the LaTiO 2 N surface, according to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The defect reduction shifts the optical absorption edge from 2.02 to 2.09 eV and eliminates a broad absorption band at 1050 nm from the optical absorption spectra. It also removes a 1.0–1.7 eV sub-band gap photovoltage signal from surface photovoltage spectra. This suggests that empty Ti 3+ d-orbitals are located 1.0–1.7 eV above the LaTiO 2 N valence band edge. Removing these recombination states with increasing Ga 3+ content enhances the photoconversion efficiency of LaTiO 2 N during water oxidation. The optimized 2 wt% CoO x -loaded 5% Ga-doped LaTi O2 N material has a 16% AQE (400 nm) for O 2 production from aqueous silver nitrate solution and a ∼2.1 mA cm −2 water oxidation photocurrent at 1.23 V under 100 mW cm −2 Xe arc lamp illumination. The water oxidation photocurrent is stable during a 50 min test, and the Faraday efficiency for O 2 generation is 97%, confirming short-term corrosion stability of LaTiO 2 N. Altogether, these results provide a better understanding of the distribution, concentration, and impact of Ti 3+ defects on the optical, photovoltage, and photoelectrochemical properties of LaTiO 2 N. In combination with other defect control strategies, aliovalent Ga 3+ doping can help bring the solar energy conversion efficiency of LaTiO 2 N closer to the theoretical limit.

Wang, Li [University of California, Davis, CA (Uni↗

DOE OSTI2026

Evolution of magnetic bubble domains in the uniaxial ferromaget CeRu 2 Ga 2 B inferred from the Hall effect and ac magnetic susceptibility

We study the Hall effect, AC magnetic susceptibility (χ ac ), and magnetic force microscopy of the uniaxial ferromagnet CeRu 2 Ga 2 B with a centrosymmetric crystal structure. We observe a finite topological Hall effect (THE) within the ordered phase, before the magnetization is polarized by applied field. By comparing the field dependences of the area fraction of the magnetic bubbles, the derivative of χ ac , and the THE signal, we deduce that the magnetic bubbles in CeRu 2 Ga 2 B evolve from the trivial to topological spin texture with field. Our findings enable the expansion of the search for magnetic materials hosting topological spin textures to include uniaxial ferromagnets and open a new possibility to tailor the topological spin texture.

AC magnetic susceptibility↗