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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

New Whole-House Solutions Case Study: Technology Solutions for New Manufactured Homes, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington

The Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction, the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), and Northwest Energy Works (NEW), the current Northwest Energy Efficient Manufactured Housing Program (NEEM) administrator, have been collaborating to conduct research on new specifications that would improve on the energy requirements of a NEEM home. In its role as administrator, NEW administers the technical specs, performs research and engineering analysis, implements ongoing construction quality management procedures, and maintains a central database with home tracking. This project prototyped and assessed the performances of cost-effective high performance building assemblies and mechanical systems that are not commonly deployed in the manufacturing setting. The package of measures is able to reduce energy used for space conditioning, water heating and lighting by 50 percent over typical manufactured homes produced in the northwest.

BA-PIRC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evaluation of the excitation spectra with diffusion Monte Carlo on an auxiliary bosonic ground state

We aim to improve upon the variational Monte Carlo (VMC) approach for excitations replacing the Jastrow factor by an auxiliary bosonic (AB) ground state and multiplying it by a fermionic component factor. The instantaneous change in imaginary time of an arbitrary excitation in the original interacting fermionic system is obtained by measuring observables via the ground-state distribution of walkers of an AB system that is subject to an auxiliary effective potential. The effective potential is used to (i) drive the AB system’s ground-state configuration space toward the configuration space of the excitations of the original fermionic system and (ii) subtract from a diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) calculation contributions that can be included in conventional approximations, such as mean-field and configuration interaction (CI) methods. In this novel approach, the AB ground state is treated statistically in DMC, whereas the fermionic component of the original system is expanded in a basis. The excitation energies of the fermionic eigenstates are obtained by sampling a fermion–boson coupling term on the AB ground state. We show that this approach can take advantage of and correct for approximate eigenstates obtained via mean-field calculations or truncated interactions. We demonstrate that the AB ground-state factor incorporates the correlations missed by standard Jastrow factors, further reducing basis truncation errors. Relevant parts of the theory have been tested in soluble model systems and exhibit excellent agreement with exact analytical data and CI and VMC approaches. In particular, for limited basis set expansions and sufficient statistics, AB approaches outperform CI and VMC in terms of basis size for the same systems. The implementation of this method in current codes, despite being demanding, will be facilitated by reusing procedures already developed for calculating ground-state properties with DMC and excitations with VMC.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Technology Solutions for New Manufactured Homes: Idaho, Oregon, and Washington Manufactured Home Builders (Fact Sheet)

The Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction, the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), and Northwest Energy Works (NEW), the current Northwest Energy Efficient Manufactured Housing Program (NEEM) administrator, have been collaborating to conduct research on new specifications that would improve on the energy requirements of a NEEM home. In its role as administrator, NEW administers the technical specs, performs research and engineering analysis, implements ongoing construction quality management procedures, and maintains a central database with home tracking. This project prototyped and assessed the performances of cost-effective high performance building assemblies and mechanical systems that are not commonly deployed in the manufacturing setting. The package of measures is able to reduce energy used for space conditioning, water heating and lighting by 50 percent over typical manufactured homes produced in the northwest.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-G-JeP3-06: Lower KV Image Dose Are Expected From a Limited-Angle Intra-Fractional Verification (LIVE) System for SBRT Treatments

Purpose: In order to track the tumor movement for patient positioning verification during arc treatment delivery or in between 3D/IMRT beams for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), the limited-angle kV projections acquisition simultaneously during arc treatment delivery or in-between static treatment beams as the gantry moves to the next beam angle was proposed. The purpose of this study is to estimate additional imaging dose resulting from multiple tomosynthesis acquisitions in-between static treatment beams and to compare with that of a conventional kV-CBCT acquisition. Methods: kV imaging system integrated into Varian TrueBeam accelerators was modeled using EGSnrc Monte Carlo user code, BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc code was used in dose calculations. The simulated realistic kV beams from the Varian TrueBeam OBI 1.5 system were used to calculate dose to patient based on CT images. Organ doses were analyzed using DVHs. The imaging dose to patient resulting from realistic multiple tomosynthesis acquisitions with each 25–30 degree kV source rotation between 6 treatment beam gantry angles was studied. Results: For a typical lung SBRT treatment delivery much lower (20–50%) kV imaging doses from the sum of realistic six tomosynthesis acquisitions with each 25–30 degree x-ray source rotation between six treatment beam gantry angles were observed compared to that from a single CBCT image acquisition. Conclusion: This work indicates that the kV imaging in this proposed Limited-angle Intra-fractional Verification (LIVE) System for SBRT Treatments has a negligible imaging dose increase. It is worth to note that the MV imaging dose caused by MV projection acquisition in-between static beams in LIVE can be minimized by restricting the imaging to the target region and reducing the number of projections acquired. For arc treatments, MV imaging acquisition in LIVE does not add additional imaging dose as the MV images are acquired from treatment beams directly during the treatment.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Northwest Energy Efficient Manufactured Housing Program: High Performance Manufactured Home Prototyping and Construction Development

The Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction, the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), and Northwest Energy Works (NEW), the current Northwest Energy Efficient Manufactured Housing Program (NEEM) administrator, have been collaborating to conduct research on new specifications that would improve on the energy requirements of a NEEM home. In its role as administrator, NEW administers the technical specs, performs research and engineering analysis, implements ongoing construction quality management procedures, and maintains a central database with home tracking. This project prototyped and assessed the performances of cost-effective high performance building assemblies and mechanical systems that are not commonly deployed in the manufacturing setting. The package of measures is able to reduce energy used for space conditioning, water heating and lighting by 50% over typical manufactured homes produced in the northwest.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2013

Northwest Energy Efficient Manufactured Housing Program: High Performance Manufactured Home Prototyping and Construction Development

The Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction, the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), and Northwest Energy Works (NEW), the current Northwest Energy Efficient Manufactured Housing Program (NEEM) administrator, have been collaborating to conduct research on new specifications that would improve on the energy requirements of a NEEM home. In its role as administrator, NEW administers the technical specs, performs research and engineering analysis, implements ongoing construction quality management procedures, and maintains a central database with home tracking. This project prototyped and assessed the performances of cost-effective high performance building assemblies and mechanical systems that are not commonly deployed in the manufacturing setting. The package of measures is able to reduce energy used for space conditioning, water heating and lighting by 50 percent over typical manufactured homes produced in the northwest.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Optimization and Portability of a Fusion OpenACC-based FORTRAN HPC Code from NVIDIA to AMD GPUs

NVIDIA has been the main provider of GPU hardware in HPC systems for over a decade. Most applications that benefit from GPUs have thus been developed and optimized for the NVIDIA software stack. Recent exascale HPC systems are, however, introducing GPUs from other vendors, e.g. with the AMD GPU-based OLCF Frontier system just becoming available. AMD GPUs cannot be directly accessed using the NVIDIA software stack, and require a porting effort by the application developers. This paper provides an overview of our experience porting and optimizing the CGYRO code, a widely-used fusion simulation tool based on FORTRAN with OpenACC-based GPU acceleration. While the porting from the NVIDIA compilers was relatively straightforward using the CRAY compilers on the AMD systems, the performance optimization required more fine-tuning. In the optimization effort, we uncovered code sections that had performed well on NVIDIA GPUs, but were unexpectedly slow on AMD GPUs. After AMD-targeted code optimizations, performance on AMD GPUs has increased to meet our expectations. Modest speed improvements were also seen on NVIDIA GPUs, which was an unexpected benefit of this exercise.

Sfiligoi, Igor↗
DOE OSTI2022

MAPPRAISER: A massively parallel map-making framework for multi-kilo pixel CMB experiments

Forthcoming cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarized anisotropy experiments have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the Universe and fundamental physics. The sought-after, tale-telling signatures will be however distributed over voluminous data sets which these experiments will collect. These data sets will need to be efficiently processed and unwanted contributions due to astrophysical, environmental, and instrumental effects characterized and efficiently mitigated in order to uncover the signatures. This poses a significant challenge to data analysis methods, techniques, and software tools which will not only have to be able to cope with huge volumes of data but to do so with unprecedented precision driven by the demanding science goals posed for the new experiments. A keystone of efficient CMB data analysis is solvers of very large linear systems of equations. Such systems appear in very diverse contexts throughout CMB data analysis pipelines, however they typically display similar algebraic structures and can therefore be solved using similar numerical techniques. Linear systems arising in the so-called map-making problem are one of the most prominent and common ones. In this work we present a massively parallel, flexible and extensible framework, comprised of a numerical library, MIDAPACK, and a high level code, MAPPRAISER, which provide tools for solving efficiently such systems. Here, the framework implements iterative solvers based on conjugate gradient techniques: enlarged and preconditioned using different preconditioners. We demonstrate the framework on simulated examples reflecting basic characteristics of the forthcoming data sets issued by ground-based and satellite-borne instruments, executing it on as many as 16,384 compute cores. The software is developed as an open source project freely available to the community at: https://github.com/B3Dcmb/midapack.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Massively parallel modeling and inversion of electrical resistivity tomography data using PFLOTRAN

Abstract. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a broadly accepted geophysical method for subsurface investigations. Interpretation of field ERT data usually requires the application of computationally intensive forward modeling and inversion algorithms. For large-scale ERT data, the efficiency of these algorithms depends on the robustness, accuracy, and scalability on high-performance computing resources. In this regard, we present a robust and highly scalable implementation of forward modeling and inversion algorithms for ERT data. The implementation is publicly available and developed within the framework of PFLOTRAN, an open-source, state-of-the-art massively parallel subsurface flow and transport simulation code. The forward modeling is based on a finite-volume discretization of the governing differential equations, and the inversion uses a Gauss–Newton optimization scheme. To evaluate the accuracy of the forward modeling, two examples are first presented by considering layered (1D) and 3D earth conductivity models. The computed numerical results show good agreement with the analytical solutions for the layered earth model and results from a well-established code for the 3D model. Inversion of ERT data, simulated for a 3D model, is then performed to demonstrate the inversion capability by recovering the conductivity of the model. To demonstrate the parallel performance of PFLOTRAN's ERT process model and inversion capabilities, large-scale scalability tests are performed by using up to 131 072 processes on a leadership class supercomputer. These tests are performed for the two most computationally intensive steps of the ERT inversion: forward modeling and Jacobian computation. For the forward modeling, we consider models with up to 122 ×106 degrees of freedom (DOFs) in the resulting system of linear equations and demonstrate that the code exhibits almost linear scalability on up to 10 000 DOFs per process. On the other hand, the code shows superlinear scalability for the Jacobian computation, mainly because all computations are fairly evenly distributed over each process with no parallel communication.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

SCALE Enhancements for Detailed Cask Dose Rate Analysis - Paper 37

The Nuclear Fuels Storage and Transportation Planning Project and the Used Fuel Disposition Campaign, both under the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Nuclear Energy, require the ability to predict k{sub eff}, heat generation and temperature distributions, and external dose rates from any combination of commercial spent nuclear fuel assemblies loaded into any type of licensed cask. Work in the Reactor and Nuclear Systems Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has begun to develop the UNF-ST[and]DARDS system (Used Nuclear Fuel Storage, Transportation and Disposal Analysis Resource and Data System) that uses many of the nuclear analysis codes from the SCALE package, a comprehensive database of used nuclear fuel inventories from utilities, and a library of model template files to produce complete input files for the various types of UNF computational analyses. UNF-ST[and]DARDS uses the template files and input parameters that are applicable to a safety analysis to assemble and execute a complete input file, collect the output files and relevant information for subsequent calculations, and illustrate calculation results as a function of decay time and other relevant analysis parameters. This paper will focus on the shielding aspects and the ability to predict external dose rates from as-loaded casks. Realistic dose rate values based on actual canister fuel contents may be used in developing appropriate plans, procedures, and methods to keep personnel radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable during cask repackaging and transportation operations, as well as in performing total system analyses and transportation risk evaluations. The MAVRIC shielding sequence of the SCALE package was created for the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission for analyzing dose rates outside of storage, transfer, or transportation casks loaded with spent nuclear fuel. MAVRIC contains automated variance reduction capabilities based on the CADIS and FW-CADIS methods that are effective for optimizing deep penetration Monte Carlo shielding problems for achieving low relative uncertainties in short computing times. MAVRIC uses the Denovo discrete ordinates code to compute importance maps and biased source terms for the Monaco fixed-source Monte Carlo code, which can use multi-group or continuous-energy cross section data. ORIGEN (Oak Ridge Isotope Generation and Depletion) is the SCALE computer code for calculating time-dependent isotopic concentrations during irradiation and decay for more than 2,200 nuclides that can be produced by nuclear fuel irradiation and activation. A series of SCALE enhancements was implemented to enable automatic decay heat and radiation source term generation and shielding safety analysis of as-loaded casks. The enhancements to SCALE made under this project will be a part of the SCALE 6.2 release expected in fall 2014. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Mixed quantum/classical theory of rotationally and vibrationally inelastic scattering in space-fixed and body-fixed reference frames

We formulated the mixed quantum/classical theory for rotationally and vibrationally inelastic scattering process in the diatomic molecule + atom system. Two versions of theory are presented, first in the space-fixed and second in the body-fixed reference frame. First version is easy to derive and the resultant equations of motion are transparent, but the state-to-state transition matrix is complex-valued and dense. Such calculations may be computationally demanding for heavier molecules and/or higher temperatures, when the number of accessible channels becomes large. In contrast, the second version of theory requires some tedious derivations and the final equations of motion are rather complicated (not particularly intuitive). However, the state-to-state transitions are driven by real-valued sparse matrixes of much smaller size. Thus, this formulation is the method of choice from the computational point of view, while the space-fixed formulation can serve as a test of the body-fixed equations of motion, and the code. Rigorous numerical tests were carried out for a model system to ensure that all equations, matrixes, and computer codes in both formulations are correct.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

SAM Code Enhancement, Validation, and Reference Model Development for Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Reactors

The System Analysis Module (SAM) is under development at Argonne National Laboratory as a modern system-level modeling and simulation tool for advanced non-light water reactor safety analyses. It utilizes the object-oriented application framework MOOSE to leverage the modern software environment and advanced numerical methods. The capabilities of SAM are being extended to enable the transient modeling, analysis, and design of various advanced nuclear reactor systems. This report summarizes recent progress under DOE-NE’s Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation program in SAM code development, demonstration, and validation to support transient safety analysis of Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Reactors.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Solid waste bin detection and classification using Dynamic Time Warping and MLP classifier

Highlights: • Solid waste bin level detection using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). • Gabor wavelet filter is used to extract the solid waste image features. • Multi-Layer Perceptron classifier network is used for bin image classification. • The classification performance evaluated by ROC curve analysis. - Abstract: The increasing requirement for Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a significant challenge for municipal authorities. A number of integrated systems and methods have introduced to overcome this challenge. Many researchers have aimed to develop an ideal SWM system, including approaches involving software-based routing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Radio-frequency Identification (RFID), or sensor intelligent bins. Image processing solutions for the Solid Waste (SW) collection have also been developed; however, during capturing the bin image, it is challenging to position the camera for getting a bin area centralized image. As yet, there is no ideal system which can correctly estimate the amount of SW. This paper briefly discusses an efficient image processing solution to overcome these problems. Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) was used for detecting and cropping the bin area and Gabor wavelet (GW) was introduced for feature extraction of the waste bin image. Image features were used to train the classifier. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) classifier was used to classify the waste bin level and estimate the amount of waste inside the bin. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves was used to statistically evaluate classifier performance. The results of this developed system are comparable to previous image processing based system. The system demonstration using DTW with GW for feature extraction and an MLP classifier led to promising results with respect to the accuracy of waste level estimation (98.50%). The application can be used to optimize the routing of waste collection based on the estimated bin level.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Rapid Sample Insertion/Extraction Systems for Gamma Irradiation

The Rapid Sample Insertion/Extraction System for Gamma Irradiation, otherwise known as the "rabbit" system, was a four-week long project which included many different aspects; from coding an Arduino to building PVC piping to 3-D printing the "rabbit" capsules. The "rabbit" system is a system of PVC piping that allows a quick and efficient transfer of materials into/out of one of the irradiation chambers in the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) with the use of a 3-D printed "rabbit." This "rabbit" encapsulates material to be irradiated and carries it from a position outside of the irradiation chamber to the basket inside of the chamber. The main purpose of this system is to save time and provide more exact data without any delays that normally occur when a person has to enter the chamber, retrieve data, and then analyze the data. This system should take measurements and retrieve the data instantaneously. The way in which the "rabbit" is sent through the PVC piping is with an advanced bi-directional, high-throughput pneumatic system, or a shop vacuum cleaner. When the vacuum is set to blow or suck then the "rabbit" will be pulled through the PVC piping to its intended destination and will hit sensors along the sides of the tubing when it reaches the end of the piping. These sensors tell the Arduino that the "rabbit" is finished moving throughout the tubing and stops a timer. Another timer is used to see how long the "rabbit" is being irradiated so when the "rabbit" reaches the sensors in the basket in the irradiation chamber another timer is started and it ends when the sensors no longer detect the "rabbit," which means that it has begun its journey back to the starting point.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2015

Quantifying Scheduling Challenges for Exascale System Software

The move towards high-performance computing (HPC) ap- plications comprised of coupled codes and the need to dra- matically reduce data movement is leading to a reexami- nation of time-sharing vs. space-sharing in HPC systems. In this paper, we discuss and begin to quantify the perfor- mance impact of a move away from strict space-sharing of nodes for HPC applications. Specifically, we examine the po- tential performance cost of time-sharing nodes between ap- plication components, we determine whether a simple coor- dinated scheduling mechanism can address these problems, and we research how suitable simple constraint-based opti- mization techniques are for solving scheduling challenges in this regime. Our results demonstrate that current general- purpose HPC system software scheduling and resource al- location systems are subject to significant performance de- ciencies which we quantify for six representative applica- tions. Based on these results, we discuss areas in which ad- ditional research is needed to meet the scheduling challenges of next-generation HPC systems.

C.1.2 [Multiprocessors]: Parallel Processors↗
DOE OSTI2021

Demonstration of the On-the-Fly Shielding Analysis Method: Spent Fuel and Waste Disposition

This report documents work performed supporting the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) Spent Fuel and Waste Disposition (SFWD) Integrated Waste Management activities under work breakdown structure element 1.08.02.04.01, “Data and Tools Development, Validation, and Maintenance.” In particular, this report fulfills milestone M3SF-21OR020401016, “Implement on-the-fly dose analysis methodology in UNF-ST&DARDS” within work package SF-21OR02040101, “Commercial SNF Characterization - ORNL.” The Used Nuclear Fuel - Storage, Transportation & Disposal Analysis Resource and Data System (UNFST& DARDS) enables automated dose rate calculations for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) transportation packages and storage casks using a Monte Carlo radiation transport code. The explicit method uses a detailed model of the SNF system and its contents. Therefore, a dose rate calculation is required for each as-loaded transportation package or storage cask because the SNF assemblies within a canister typically have unique irradiation characteristics. An alternate method, referred to as the “on-the-fly” shielding analysis method, has been proposed that requires only a set of Monte Carlo dose rate calculations for each transportation packaging/storage cask design. The results of the Monte Carlo dose rate calculations are independent of the SNF assembly irradiation and decay characteristics. The dose rate values may then be combined with the radiation source strength of the SNF assemblies associated with a particular transportation packaging/storage cask design to determine actual dose rates. This report presents on-the-fly dose rate calculations for a representative SNF storage cask and verification of the on-the-fly dose rate calculation results by comparison with reference dose rate calculations using the explicit Monte Carlo dose rate calculation. The on-the-fly shielding analysis method was implemented in UNF-ST&DARDS. A Python program was developed to process the MAVRIC dose rate results obtained by source particle type, energy group, and fuel geometry region. A Python processor created binary files, which were saved as a special UNF-ST&DARDS library for on-the- fly shielding analyses. UNF-ST&DARDS uses the precalculated on-the-fly binary libraries generated by the Python data processor and directly executes the Python code for on-the-fly dose analysis. This Python code unzips the pre-generated binary files mentioned above, reads the data, and combines them with user-specified sources for dose and uncertainty calculations. The Python programs were verified using Excel calculations and by comparison with the values obtained with the MAVRIC post-processing utilities applied to the 3dmap files. This method can currently be used to determine dose rates for as-loaded HI-STORM FW storage casks. The UNF-ST&DARDS analysis wizard for on-the-fly shielding analysis is described in this report.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Making Uintah Performance Portable for Department of Energy Exascale Testbeds

To help ease ports to forthcoming Department of Energy (DOE) exascale systems, testbeds have been made available to select users. These testbeds are helpful for preparing codes to run on the same hardware and similar software as in their respective exascale systems. This paper describes how the Uintah Computational Framework, an open-source asynchronous many-task (AMT) runtime system, has been modified to be performance portable across the DOE Crusher, DOE Polaris, and DOE Sunspot testbeds in preparation for portable simulations across the exascale DOE Frontier and DOE Aurora systems. The Crusher, Polaris, and Sunspot testbeds feature the AMD MI250X, NVIDIA A100, and Intel PVC GPUs, respectively. This performance portability has been made possible by extending Uintah’s intermediate portability layer [18] to additionally support the Kokkos::HIP, Kokkos::OpenMPTarget, and Kokkos::SYCL back-ends. This paper also describes notable updates to Uintah’s support for Kokkos, which were required to make this extension possible. Results are shown for a challenging radiative heat transfer calculation, central to the University of Utah’s predictive boiler simulations. These results demonstrate single-source portability across AMD-, NVIDIA-, and Intel-based GPUs using various Kokkos back-ends.

Holmen, John↗
DOE OSTI2018

Rapid Sample Insertion/Extraction Systems for Gamma Irradiation

The Rapid Sample Insertion/Extraction System for Gamma Irradiation, otherwise known as the "rabbit" system, was a four-week long project which included many different aspects such as coding an Arduino, building PVC piping, and 3-D printing the "rabbit" capsules. The "rabbit" system is a system of PVC piping that allows a quick and efficient transfer of materials into and out of one of the irradiation chambers in the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) with the use of a 3-D printed "rabbit." This "rabbit" encapsulates material to be irradiated and carries it from a position outside of the irradiation chamber to the basket inside of the chamber. The main purpose of this system is to save time and provide more exact data without any delays that normally occur when a person has to enter the chamber, retrieve data, and then analyze the data. This system should take measurements and retrieve the data instantaneously. The way in which the "rabbit" is sent through the PVC piping is with an advanced bi-directional, high-throughput pneumatic system, or a shop vacuum cleaner. When the vacuum is set to blow or suck then the "rabbit" will be pulled or pushed through the PVC piping to its intended destination and will hit sensors along the sides of the tubing when it reaches the end of the piping. These sensors tell the Arduino that the "rabbit" is finished moving throughout the tubing and stops a timer. Another timer is used to see how long the "rabbit" is being irradiated so when the "rabbit" reaches the sensors in the basket in the irradiation chamber another timer is started and it ends when the sensors no longer detect the "rabbit," which means that it has begun its journey back to the starting point. These times, as well as the temperatures, are the data necessary for the project and must be extremely accurate.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗