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At least 1,711 records · Page 95

Low energy electron emission from surface-interface states of SiO{sub 2}:Ge films

In this paper we present the results of optically stimulated electron emission (OSEE) investigation of thin SiO{sub 2} films implanted with Ge{sup +} ions. The emission models of Urbach rule and power Kane-dependence are used to fit OSEE spectra at different excitation energy ranges. The materials under study may find a number of technological applications in optical devices and ultraviolet sensors. Samples attestation was performed by electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS data revealed strong dependence between the Si, Ge and O atoms state and annealing time. Observed correlations between parameter values of Urbach- and Kane-related models suggest the implantation-induced changeover of both the vibronic subsystem and energy band structure.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Local formation of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond by swift heavy ions

We exposed nitrogen-implanted diamonds to beams of swift heavy ions (∼1 GeV, ∼4 MeV/u) and find that these irradiations lead directly to the formation of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers, without thermal annealing. We compare the photoluminescence intensities of swift heavy ion activated NV{sup −} centers to those formed by irradiation with low-energy electrons and by thermal annealing. NV{sup −} yields from irradiations with swift heavy ions are 0.1 of yields from low energy electrons and 0.02 of yields from thermal annealing. We discuss possible mechanisms of NV center formation by swift heavy ions such as electronic excitations and thermal spikes. While forming NV centers with low efficiency, swift heavy ions could enable the formation of three dimensional NV{sup −} assemblies over relatively large distances of tens of micrometers. Further, our results show that NV center formation is a local probe of (partial) lattice damage relaxation induced by electronic excitations from swift heavy ions in diamond.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Deterministic doping and the exploration of spin qubits

Deterministic doping by single ion implantation, the precise placement of individual dopant atoms into devices, is a path for the realization of quantum computer test structures where quantum bits (qubits) are based on electron and nuclear spins of donors or color centers. We present a donor - quantum dot type qubit architecture and discuss the use of medium and highly charged ions extracted from an Electron Beam Ion Trap/Source (EBIT/S) for deterministic doping. EBIT/S are attractive for the formation of qubit test structures due to the relatively low emittance of ion beams from an EBIT/S and due to the potential energy associated with the ions' charge state, which can aid single ion impact detection. Following ion implantation, dopant specific diffusion mechanisms during device processing affect the placement accuracy and coherence properties of donor spin qubits. For bismuth, range straggling is minimal but its relatively low solubility in silicon limits thermal budgets for the formation of qubit test structures.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Sensitivity of CoSi{sub 2} precipitation in silicon to extra-low dopant concentrations. II. First-principles calculations

The paper is the second part of the study on the influence of very low dopant content in silicon on CoSi{sub 2} precipitation during high-temperature cobalt ion implantation into transmission electron microscope samples. It deals with the computational justification of various assumptions used in Paper I when rationalizing the kinetics of cobalt clustering in ion-implanted intrinsic silicon (both undoped and containing low concentrations of phosphorus atoms). In particular, it is proven that divacancies are efficient nucleation centers for the new Co-Si phase. It is shown that the capture of vacancies and divacancies on phosphorus atoms increases their lifetime in silicon matrix, but practically does not affect the mechanism of their interaction with interstitial cobalt atoms. Finally, it is demonstrated that the mobility of phosphorus interstitials at temperatures of our experiment is orders of magnitude higher than might be expected from the published literature data.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Erbium-doped slot waveguides containing size-controlled silicon nanocrystals

Silicon based slot waveguides with a slot containing Si nanocrystals (Si-nc) and Erbium ions (Er{sup 3+}) inside a silica matrix were prepared using sputter deposition and low-energy ion implantation. This sequence enabled independent optimization of nanocrystal formation and Er{sup 3+} incorporation parameters. Using a superlattice approach, the size of the Si-nc inside the slot could be controlled and optimized for maximum Er{sup 3+} luminescence yield at 1.54 μm. Er{sup 3+} is found to be efficiently pumped by Si-nc of sizes around 3 to 4 nm. Increasing Er{sup 3+} photoluminescence at 1.54 μm with increasing post-implantation annealing temperatures up to 1000 °C is attributed to annealing of matrix or Si-nc interface defects mainly. Additionally, a dependence of the Er{sup 3+} luminescence intensity on both the excitation and emission linear polarization orientation is shown, which demonstrates efficient field enhancement in sputtered slot waveguide structures.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Nanoimplantation and Purcell enhancement of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in photonic crystal cavities in diamond

We present the controlled creation of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers via ion implantation at the center of a photonic crystal cavity which is fabricated in an ultrapure, single crystal diamond membrane. High-resolution placement of NV centers is achieved using collimation of a 5 keV-nitrogen ion beam through a pierced tip of an atomic force microscope. We demonstrate coupling of the implanted NV centers' broad band fluorescence to a cavity mode and observe Purcell enhancement of the spontaneous emission. The results are in good agreement with a master equation model for the cavity coupling.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Interaction of human endothelial cells and nickel-titanium materials modified with silicon ions

The paper studies the influence of chemical and phase compositions of NiTi surface layers modified with Si ions by plasma immersion implantation on their interaction with endothelial cells. It is shown that certain technological modes of Si ion implantation enhance the adhesion, proliferation, and viability of endothelial cells. It is found that the Si-modified NiTi surface is capable of stimulating the formation of capillary-like structures in the cell culture.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Effect of a novel load-bearing trabecular Nitinol scaffold on rabbit radius bone regeneration

The research aim was to evaluate the bone regeneration capability of novel load-bearing NiTi alloy (Nitinol) scaffolds in a critical-size defect (CSD) model. High strength “trabecular Nitinol” scaffolds were prepared by PIRAC (Powder Immersion Reaction Assisted Coating) annealing of the highly porous Ni foam in Ti powder at 900°C. This was followed by PIRAC nitriding to mitigate the release of potentially toxic Ni ions. Scaffolds phase composition and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), and their mechanical properties were tested in compression. New Zealand white rabbits received bone defect in right radius and were divided in four groups randomly. In the control group, nothing was placed in the defect. In other groups, NiTi scaffolds were implanted in the defect: (i) as produced, (ii) loaded with bone marrow aspirate (BMA), and (iii) biomimetically CaP-coated. The animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks. The forelimbs with scaffolds were resected, fixed, sectioned and examined in SEM. New bone formation inside the scaffold was studied by EDS analysis and by the processing of backscattered electron images. Bone ingrowth into the scaffold was observed in all implant groups, mostly next to the ulna. New bone formation was strongly enhanced by BMA loading and biomimeatic CaP coating, the bone penetrating as much as 1–1.5 mm into the scaffold. The results of this preliminary study demonstrate that the newly developed high strength trabecular Nitinol scaffolds can be successfully used for bone regeneration in critical size defects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Structural properties of a bone-ceramic composite as a promising material in spinal surgery

The paper describes the results of in vitro tests of composite bone-ceramic implants and procedures for modifying implant surfaces to enhance osteogenesis. Analysis of CBCI ESs demonstrated that they have a porous structure with the mean longitudinal pore size of 70 µm and the mean transverse pore size of 46 µm; surface pores are open, while inner pores are closed. Elemental analysis of the CBCI surface demonstrates that CBCIs are composed of aluminum and zirconium oxides and contain HA inclusions. Profilometry of the CBCI ES surface revealed the following deviations: the maximum deviation of the profile in the sample center is 15 µm and 16 µm on the periphery, while the arithmetical mean and mean square deviations of the profile are 2.65 and 3.4 µm, respectively. In addition, CBCI biodegradation products were pre-examined; a 0.9% NaCl solution was used as a comparison group. Potentially toxic and tissue accumulated elements, such as cadmium, cobalt, mercury, and lead, are present only in trace amounts and have no statistically significant differences with the comparison group, which precludes their potential toxic effects on the macroorganism. Ceramic-based CBCI may be effective and useful in medicine for restoration of the anatomic integrity and functions of the bone tissue.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

The synthesis and characterization of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy by powder metallurgy process

Known for its biodegradation and biocompatible properties, magnesium alloys have gained many interests to be researched as implant material. In this study, Mg-3Zn-1Ca, Mg-29Zn-1Ca, and Mg-53Zn-4.3Ca (in wt%) were synthesized by means of powder metallurgy method. The compression strength and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy were thoroughly examined. The microstructures of the alloy were characterized using optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope, and also X-ray diffraction analysis. The corrosion resistance were evaluated using electrochemical analysis. The result indicated that Mg- Zn- Ca alloy could be synthesized using powder metallurgy method. This study showed that Mg-29Zn-1Ca would make the highest mechanical strength up to 159.81 MPa. Strengthening mechanism can be explained by precipitation hardening and grain refinement mechanism. Phase analysis had shown the formation of α Mg, MgO, and intermetallic phases: Mg2Zn11 and also Ca2Mg6Zn3. However, when the composition of Zn reach 53% weight, the mechanical strength will be decreasing. In addition, all of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy studied here had better corrosion resistance (Ecorr around -1.4 VSCE) than previous study of Mg. This study indicated that Mg- 29Zn- 1Ca alloy can be further analyzed to be a biodegradable implant material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Influence of N{sup +} ions on bandgap and electrical resistivity of TiN thin films

In the present work, nitrogen ions are embedded into Ti thin films (200 nm) using low energy ion beam implantation (70 keV) by varying ions fluence from 4×10{sup 15} ions/cm{sup 2} to 2×10{sup 16} ions/cm{sup 2}. For this, Ti films were grown using DC magnetron sputtering in Ar environment (power 200 W). TiN films were then characterized using versatile techniques for estimating the band gap and electrical resistivity. X-ray diffraction pattern shows shift in peaks towards higher angle with increase in nitrogen fluence that confirms the introduction of strain in Ti films. UV-Vis spectra show that band gap is reduced from 3.75 eV to 1.7 eV with increase in fluence from 4×10{sup 15} ions/cm{sup 2} to 2×10{sup 16} ions/cm{sup 2}. Furthermore, electrical resistivity also decreases from 2.67×10{sup −4} Ω.cm to 2.31×10{sup −4} Ωcm with nitrogen ion fluence. Based on these results, it can be inferred that ion implantation is an effective approach for uniform distribution of N ions in host matrix and tuning of optical and electrical properties.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Effect of layer thickness on device response of silicon heavily supersaturated with sulfur

We report on a simple experiment in which the thickness of a hyperdoped silicon layer, supersaturated with sulfur by ion implantation followed by pulsed laser melting and rapid solidification, is systematically varied at constant average sulfur concentration, by varying the implantation energy, dose, and laser fluence. Contacts are deposited and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) is measured for visible wavelengths. We posit that the sulfur layer primarily absorbs light but contributes negligible photocurrent, and we seek to support this by analyzing the EQE data for the different layer thicknesses in two interlocking ways. In the first, we use the measured concentration depth profiles to obtain the approximate layer thicknesses, and, for each wavelength, fit the EQE vs. layer thickness curve to obtain the absorption coefficient of hyperdoped silicon for that wavelength. Comparison to literature values for the hyperdoped silicon absorption coefficients [S.H. Pan et al. Applied Physics Letters 98, 121913 (2011)] shows good agreement. Next, we essentially run this process in reverse; we fit with Beer’s law the curves of EQE vs. hyperdoped silicon absorption coefficient for those wavelengths that are primarily absorbed in the hyperdoped silicon layer, and find that the layer thicknesses obtained from the fit are in good agreement with the original values obtained from the depth profiles. We conclude that the data support our interpretation of the hyperdoped silicon layer as providing negligible photocurrent at high S concentrations. This work validates the absorption data of Pan et al. [Applied Physics Letters 98, 121913 (2011)], and is consistent with reports of short mobility-lifetime products in hyperdoped layers. It suggests that for optoelectronic devices containing hyperdoped layers, the most important contribution to the above band gap photoresponse may be due to photons absorbed below the hyperdoped layer.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Helium ion beam enhanced local etching of silicon nitride

We investigated the effect of the helium ion implantation on the etching rate of silicon nitride in hydrofluoric acid. Helium ions were implanted into 500-nm-thick silicon nitride film with energies from 15 keV to 35 keV. The ion fluence from 10{sup 14} cm{sup −2} to 10{sup 17} cm{sup −2} was used. All samples were investigated with a scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. The dependence of the etching rate on the concentration of ion-induced defects is obtained.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Lattice damage and compositional changes in Xe ion irradiated In{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N (x = 0.32−1.0) single crystals

Lattice disorder and compositional changes in In{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N (x = 0.32, 0.47, 0.7, 0.8, and 1.0) films on GaN/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} substrates, induced by room-temperature irradiation of 5 MeV Xe ions, have been investigated using both Rutherford backscattering spectrometry under ion-channeling conditions and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The results show that for a fluence of 3 × 10{sup 13 }cm{sup −2}, the relative level of lattice disorder in In{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N increases monotonically from 59% to 90% with increasing indium concentration x from 0.32 to 0.7; a further increase in x up to 1.0 leads to little increase in the disorder level. In contrast to Ga-rich In{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N (x = 0.32 and 0.47), significant volume swelling of up to ∼25% accompanied with oxidation in In-rich In{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N (x = 0.7, 0.8, and 1.0) is observed. In addition, irradiation-induced atomic mixing occurs at the interface of In-rich In{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N and GaN. The results from this study indicate an extreme susceptibility of the high In-content In{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N to heavy-ion irradiation, and suggest that cautions must be exercised in applying ion-implantation techniques to these materials at room temperature. Further studies of the irradiation behavior at elevated temperatures are warranted.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Structural and optical properties of silicon rich oxide films in graded-stoichiometric multilayers for optoelectronic devices

Silicon nanocrystals (Si-ncs) are excellent candidates for the development of optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, different strategies are still necessary to enhance their photo and electroluminescent properties by controlling their structural and compositional properties. In this work, the effect of the stoichiometry and structure on the optical properties of silicon rich oxide (SRO) films in a multilayered (ML) structure is studied. SRO MLs with silicon excess gradually increased towards the top and bottom and towards the center of the ML produced through the variation of the stoichiometry in each SRO layer were fabricated and confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Si-ncs with three main sizes were observed by a transmission electron microscope, in agreement with the stoichiometric profile of each SRO layer. The presence of the three sized Si-ncs and some oxygen related defects enhances intense violet/blue and red photoluminescence (PL) bands. The SRO MLs were super-enriched with additional excess silicon by Si{sup +} implantation, which enhanced the PL intensity. Oxygen-related defects and small Si-ncs (<2 nm) are mostly generated during ion implantation enhancing the violet/blue band to become comparable to the red band. The structural, compositional, and luminescent characteristics of the multilayers are the result of the contribution of the individual characteristics of each layer.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Lanthanum-silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite: Mechanochemical synthesis and prospects for medical applications

The paper presents the results of mechanochemical synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAP) with simultaneous substitutions of lanthanum (La{sup 3+}) for calcium ions and silicate ((SiO{sub 4}){sup 4−}-group) for the phosphate group with the substituent concentrations in the range 0.2–2.0 mol per HAP mol. The use of Si-substituted HAP as a coating material promotes accelerated osteosynthesis and osteointegration of implants into the bone tissue. The replacement of calcium ions by La{sup 3+} in the HAP structure plays an antimicrobial role preventing inflammatory processes. Annealing-induced variations in the lattice parameters of synthesized samples indicate the substituent incorporation into the HAP structure. It is known that complex compounds with lanthanides are used for cancer chemotherapy. In particular, La plays a key role in the course of treatment of injured defects of bone tissue. In addition, La-substituted HAP can be used for filling bone defects and coating implants in postoperational areas affected by bone cancer.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Concentration of point defects in 4H-SiC characterized by a magnetic measurement

A magnetic method is presented to characterize the concentration of point defects in silicon carbide. In this method, the concentration of common charged point defects, which is related to the density of paramagnetic centers, is determined by fitting the paramagnetic component of the specimen to the Brillouin function. Several parameters in the Brillouin function can be measured such as: the g-factor can be obtained from electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and the magnetic moment of paramagnetic centers can be obtained from positron lifetime spectroscopy combined with a first-principles calculation. To evaluate the characterization method, silicon carbide specimens with different concentrations of point defects are prepared with aluminum ion implantation. The fitting results of the densities of paramagnetic centers for the implanted doses of 1 × 10{sup 14} cm{sup −2}, 1 × 10{sup 15} cm{sup −2} and 1 × 10{sup 16} cm{sup −2} are 6.52 × 10{sup 14}/g, 1.14 × 10{sup 15}/g and 9.45 × 10{sup 14}/g, respectively. The same trends are also observed for the S-parameters in the Doppler broadening spectra. It is shown that this method is an accurate and convenient way to obtain the concentration of point defects in 4H-SiC.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Non-dilute helium-related defect interactions in the near-surface region of plasma-exposed tungsten

We report a systematic energetic analysis of helium-related defect interactions that mediate helium (He) segregation on surfaces of plasma-exposed tungsten at different levels of He ion implantation. We focus on high He fluences that increase the He content in the plasma-exposed material well beyond the dilute limit of He concentration and employ atomic configurations generated by large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of He-implanted tungsten. We perform systematic molecular statics computations of cluster– defect interaction energetics in the highly defect-rich near-surface region of plasma-exposed tungsten for small mobile helium clusters as a function of the cluster distance from the surface. In this region, mobile clusters are also subjected to the stress fields generated by defects such as helium bubbles and other clusters, which govern cluster–defect interactions in addition to the cluster–surface interaction. Based on systematic investigation of individual cluster–defect interactions, we develop a mathematical framework to describe the interaction energy landscapes consisting of elastic interaction potential perturbations to finite-width square-well potentials, where the potential well accounts for cluster trapping by the defect at close range and subsequent coalescence and the perturbation potential is parameterized according to elastic inclusion theory. Superposition of all the relevant interaction potentials provides a comprehensive description of the interaction energy landscape that would be experienced by a small mobile cluster along its migration path toward the plasma-exposed surface at high He fluence. Such descriptions are particularly important for developing atomistically-informed, hierarchical multi-scale models of helium cluster dynamics in plasma-facing materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗