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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

The KATRIN superconducting magnets: Overview and first performance results

The KATRIN experiment aims for the determination of the effective electron anti-neutrino mass from the tritium beta-decay with an unprecedented sub-eV sensitivity. The strong magnetic fields, designed for up to 6 T, adiabatically guide β-electrons from the source to the detector within a magnetic flux of 191 Tcm 2 . A chain of ten single solenoid magnets and two larger superconducting magnet systems have been designed, constructed, and installed in the 70-m-long KATRIN beam line. The beam diameter for the magnetic flux varies from 0.064 m to 9 m, depending on the magnetic flux density along the beam line. Two transport and tritium pumping sections are assembled with chicane beam tubes to avoid direct "line-of-sight" molecular beaming effect of gaseous tritium molecules into the next beam sections. The sophisticated beam alignment has been successfully cross-checked by electron sources. In addition, magnet safety systems were developed to protect the complex magnet systems against coil quenches or other system failures. The main functionality of the magnet safety systems has been successfully tested with the two large magnet systems. The complete chain of the magnets was operated for several weeks at 70% of the design fields for the first test measurements with radioactive krypton gas. The stability of the magnetic fields of the source magnets has been shown to be better than 0.01% per month at 70% of the design fields. This paper gives an overview of the KATRIN superconducting magnets and reports on the first performance results of the magnets.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2011

Effect of TE Mode Power on the PEP II LER BPM System

The beam chamber of the PEP-II B-Factory Low Energy Ring (LER) arc sections is connected to an antechamber for the absorption of synchrotron radiation on discrete photon stops. The presence of the antechamber substantially reduces the cutoff frequency of the vacuum chamber and, in particular, allows the propagation of higher-order-mode (HOM) TE power generated by beamline components at the BPM signal processing frequency. Calculations of the transmission properties of the TE mode in different sections of the vacuum chamber show that the power is trapped between widely separated bellows in the arc sections. Because of the narrow signal bandwidth and weak coupling of the TE mode to the BPM buttons, the noise contributed by the HOM TE power will not produce a noticeable effect on the BPM position signal voltage. The LER arc vacuum chamber employs an antechamber with a discrete photon stop for absorption of synchrotron radiation and with pumps for maintaining pressure below 10 nTorr [1]. The horizontal dimensions of the antechambers at the pumping chamber section and the magnet chamber section are larger or comparable to that of the beam chamber. Because of the increase in the horizontal dimension, the cutoff frequency of the TE10-like mode (in rectangular coordinates) of the vacuum chamber is considerably reduced and, in particular, is less than the BPM signal processing frequency at 952 MHz. TE power propagating in the vacuum chamber will penetrate through the BPM buttons and will affect the pickup signal if its magnitude is not properly controlled. It is the purpose of this note to clarify various issues pertaining to this problem. TE power is generated when the beam passes a noncylindrically symmetric beamline component such as the RF cavity, the injection region, the IR crotch and the IP region. The beampipes connected to these components have TE cutoff frequencies greater than 952 MHz (for example, the TE cutoff frequency of the RF cavity beampipe is 1.8 GHz), and hence no TE power at this frequency propagates from the component. TE power can also be generated by the scattering of TM power through these beamline components. Since the cutoff frequency of the TM mode is in general higher than that of the TE mode, this mechanism is not pertinent to the problem related to the BPM signal. Consequently, the TE power that needs to be considered is mainly generated by components of the LER arc vacuum chamber, where the TE cutoff frequency is less than the BPM processing frequency.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NON-VACUUM PULSAR OUTER-GAP MODEL: LOCALIZED ACCELERATION ELECTRIC FIELD IN THE HIGHER ALTITUDES

We investigate the particle accelerator that arises in a rotating neutron-star magnetosphere. Simultaneously solving the Poisson equation for the electro-static potential, the Boltzmann equations for relativistic electrons and positrons, and the radiative transfer equation, we demonstrate that the electric field is substantially screened along the magnetic field lines by pairs that are created and separated within the accelerator. As a result, the magnetic-field-aligned electric field is localized in higher altitudes near the light cylinder and efficiently accelerates the positrons created in the lower altitudes outward but does not accelerate the electrons inward. The resulting photon flux becomes predominantly outward, leading to typical double-peak light curves, which are commonly observed from many high-energy pulsars.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1994

Particle/fluid simulations of an eruptive flare: Identifying the field-aligned currents responsible for the hard x-rays

While magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) can provide a reasonable description of the overall magnetic reconnection that is believed to drive flares, additional, and often separate processes have to be envoked to in order to explain the electron acceleration that is responsible for many of the observed flare emissions. A new model that incorporates the dynamic coronal current sheets, the reconnection site, and possible electron acceleration processes is developed through the use of two-dimensional particle and modified two-fluid simulations. The specific example of an eruptive flare driven by the coalescence of flux tubes supported by prescribed photospheric current elements is evaluated. It is shown that the electrons and ions have differential trajectories through the coronal current sheet which leads to the development of additonal plasma currents that flow around the surface of the current sheet. These surface currents are explicitly neglected in MHD but they are vital to the flare dynamics because they divert current from the coronal current sheet into the chromosphere, producing an effective resistivity that aids the development of fast reconnection. Because the surface currents are in the plane of the magnetic field, electrons in them experience strong acceleration and can account for the observed hard X-ray emissions. Model predictions are compared with observed time profiles of hard X-ray emissions and Doppler shifts seen in soft X-ray line emissions and are able to account for such features as (1) the asymmetry in the rise and decay time of the hard X-rays, (2) the apparent delay between the largest Doppler shifts and the hard X-ray peak, and (3) the relatively low intensity of the blue-shifted component. The use of particle and fluid simulations is important because it provides different, but complementary treatments of the electron acceleration, the global magnetic morphology, and the flare current system.

Winglee, R. M.↗
DOE OSTI2017

When Disorder Looks Like Order: A New Model to Explain Radial Magnetic Fields in Young Supernova Remnants

Radial magnetic fields are observed in all known young, shell-type supernova remnants in our Galaxy, including Cas A, Tycho, Kepler, and SN1006, and yet the nature of these radial fields has not been thoroughly explored. Using a 3D model, we consider the existence and observational implications of an intrinsically radial field. We also present a new explanation of the origin of the radial pattern observed from polarization data as resulting from a selection effect due to the distribution of cosmic-ray electrons (CREs). We show that quasi-parallel acceleration can concentrate CREs at regions where the magnetic field is radial, making a completely turbulent field appear ordered, when it is in fact disordered. We discuss observational properties that may help distinguish between an intrinsically radial magnetic field and the case where it only appears radial due to the CRE distribution. We also show that the case of an intrinsically radial field with a quasi-perpendicular CRE acceleration mechanism has intriguing similarities to the observed polarization properties of SN1006.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1982

Particle drift, diffusion, and acceleration at shocks

The gradient and curvature drifts implicit in change of the ambient magnetic field at a hydromagnetic shock wave are incorporated into the diffusive theory of shock acceleration of charged particles. The conventional jump condition at the shock is modified by a term incorporating the large drift along the shock plane. This term vanished identically for one-dimensional systems, but must be included in general for shocks which are finite in transverse extent or which have transverse structure. It is found that the effect of the drift is such that the transverse drift rate is proportional to the acceleration rate, and for perpendicular shocks is exactly equal to the rate of change of energy in the V x B electric field observed in the shock frame. This establishes a connection with the 'shock drift' models which neglect diffusion.

Jokipii, J. R.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.20 ppm

We present a new measurement of the positive muon magnetic anomaly, a μ ≡ ( g μ - 2 ) / 2 , from the Fermilab Muon g - 2 Experiment using data collected in 2019 and 2020. We have analyzed more than 4 times the number of positrons from muon decay than in our previous result from 2018 data. The systematic error is reduced by more than a factor of 2 due to better running conditions, a more stable beam, and improved knowledge of the magnetic field weighted by the muon distribution, ω ˜ p ′ , and of the anomalous precession frequency corrected for beam dynamics effects, ω a . From the ratio ω a / ω ˜ p ′ , together with precisely determined external parameters, we determine a μ = 116 592 057 ( 25 ) × 10 - 11 (0.21 ppm). Combining this result with our previous result from the 2018 data, we obtain a μ ( FNAL ) = 116 592 055 ( 24 ) × 10 - 11 (0.20 ppm). The new experimental world average is a μ ( exp ) = 116 592 059 ( 22 ) × 10 - 11 (0.19 ppm), which represents a factor of 2 improvement in precision.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Analysis of the Mechanical Performance of the 4.2-m-Long MQXFA Magnets for the Hi-Lumi LHC Upgrade

Under the U.S. High Luminosity LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project (HL-LHC AUP), the 150 mm bore, high-field Nb 3 Sn low-{eta}_MQXFA quadrupole magnets are being fabricated, assembled and tested, in the context of the CERN Hi-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade. These magnets have 4.2 m magnetic length and 4.56 m long iron yoke. To date, eight MQXFA magnets have been tested. One of the magnets additionally underwent a successful endurance test with 40 triggered quenches, and two magnets did not perform as expected. This work summarizes for the first time the available strain gauge data from eight identical Nb 3 Sn MQXFA tested magnets, focusing on the endurance test, and on a possible cause of underperformance of the two magnets that did not pass the vertical test. Here we applied methods to prevent this from happening in future MQXFA magnets, which shown to be effective for last two tested magnets.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Superconducting Magnets for the 12 GeV Upgrade at Jefferson Lab

Jefferson Laboratory is embarked on an energy upgrade to its flagship continuous electron beam accelerator in order to expand the scope of its research capabilities and probe further into the structure of nuclear particles. The 12 GeV upgrade includes the design, manufacture, integration, installation and commissioning of eight different superconducting magnets in three separate experimental halls. The effort involves other national laboratories, universities and industry spanning three countries. This paper will summarize the key characteristics of these magnets, ranging in size from 0.2 to 23 MJ in stored energy, and featuring many different types and configurations. The paper will also give an overview of the specific technical challenges for each magnet, and a status report on magnet manufacture and expected delivery dates. The 12GeV upgrade at J-Lab represents the largest superconducting magnet fabrication and installation program currently ongoing in the United States and this paper will present the breadth of collaborations supporting it.

12 GeV upgrade, continuous electron beam accelerat↗
DOE OSTI2012

Mechanism for magnetic field generation and growth in Rayleigh-Taylor unstable inertial confinement fusion plasmas

Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities (RTI) in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions are expected to generate magnetic fields at the gas-ice interface and at the ice-ablator interface. The focus here is on the gas-ice interface where the temperature gradient is the largest. A Hall-MHD model is used to study the magnetic field generation and growth for 2-D single-mode and multimode RTI in a stratified two-fluid plasma, the two fluids being ions and electrons. Self-generated magnetic fields are observed and these fields grow as the RTI progresses via the {nabla}n{sub e} Multiplication-Sign {nabla}T{sub e} term in the generalized Ohm's law. Srinivasan et al.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 165002 (2012)] present results of the magnetic field generation and growth, and some scaling studies in 2-dimensions. The results presented here study the mechanism behind the magnetic field generation and growth, which is related to fluid vorticity generation by RTI. The magnetic field wraps around the bubbles and spikes and concentrates in flux bundles at the perturbed gas-ice interface where fluid vorticity is large. Additionally, the results of Srinivasan et al.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 165002 (2012)] are described in greater detail. Additional scaling studies are performed to determine the growth of the self-generated magnetic field as a function of density, acceleration, perturbation wavelength, Atwood number, and ion mass.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1987

Rapid temporal evolution of radiation from non-thermal electrons in solar flares

Solutions of the time dependent Fokker-Planck equation was found for accelerated electrons undergoing Coulomb collisions in a magnetized, fully ionized plasma. An exact solution was found for arbitrary pitch angle and energy distribution in a uniform background plasma. Then, for an inhomogeneous plasma, a solution was found for particles with small pitch angles. These solutions were used to calculate the temporal evolution of bremsstrahlung x-rays from short bursts of nonthermal electron beams, and these spectra were compared with observed high time resolution spectra of short timescale solar hard x-ray bursts. It is shown that the observed softening in time of the spectra rules out a homogeneous background and therefore the possibility of electrons being confined to the corona either because of converging magnetic field or high densities. The inhomogeneous solution was also applied to a model with constant coronal density and exponentially rising chromospheric density. The spectra are shown to be consistent with that produced by a collimated beam of electrons accelerated in the corona with certain given conditions. These conditions could be violated if large pitch angle electrons are present.

Lu, Edward T.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Rapid temporal evolution of radiation from nonthermal electrons in solar flares

Solutions of the time dependent Fokker-Planck equation was found for accelerated electrons undergoing Coulomb collisions in a magnetized, fully ionized plasma. An exact solution was found for arbitrary pitch angle and energy distribution in a uniform background plasma. Then, for an inhomogeneous plasma, a solution was found for particles with small pitch angles. These solutions were used to calculate the temporal evolution of bremsstrahlung X-rays from short bursts of nonthermal electron beams, and these spectra were compared with observed high time resolution spectra of short timescale solar hard X-ray bursts. It is shown that the observed softening in time of the spectra rules out a homogeneous background and therefore the possibility of electrons being confined to the corona either because of converging magnetic field or high densities. The inhomogeneous solution was also applied to a model with constant coronal density and exponentially rising chromospheric density. The spectra are shown to be consistent with that produced by a collimated beam of electrons accelerated in the corona with certain given conditions. These conditions could be violated if large pitch angle electrons are present.

Lu, Edward T.↗
DOE OSTI2013

THE POWER-LAW SPECTRA OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES DURING MULTI-ISLAND MAGNETIC RECONNECTION

Power-law distributions are a near-universal feature of energetic particle spectra in the heliosphere. Anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs), super-Alfvenic ions in the solar wind, and the hardest energetic electron spectra in flares all have energy fluxes with power laws that depend on energy E approximately as E {sup -1.5}. We present a new model of particle acceleration in systems with a bath of merging magnetic islands that self-consistently describes the development of velocity-space anisotropy parallel and perpendicular to the local magnetic field and includes the self-consistent feedback of pressure anisotropy on the merging dynamics. By including pitch-angle scattering we obtain an equation for the omnidirectional particle distribution f (v, t) that is solved in closed form to reveal v {sup -5} (corresponding to an energy flux varying as E {sup -1.5}) as a near-universal solution as long as the characteristic acceleration time is short compared with the characteristic loss time. In such a state, the total energy in the energetic particles reaches parity with the remaining magnetic free energy. More generally, the resulting transport equation can serve as the basis for calculating the distribution of energetic particles resulting from reconnection in large-scale inhomogeneous systems.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Application of Chebyshev Formalism to Identify Nonlinear Magnetic Field Components in Beam Transport Systems

An experiment was conducted at Jefferson Lab's Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility to develop a beam-based technique for characterizing the extent of the nonlinearity of the magnetic fields of a beam transport system. Horizontally and vertically oriented pairs of air-core kicker magnets were simultaneously driven at two different frequencies to provide a time-dependent transverse modulation of the beam orbit relative to the unperturbed reference orbit. Fourier decomposition of the position data at eight different points along the beamline was then used to measure the amplitude of these frequencies. For a purely linear transport system one expects to find solely the frequencies that were applied to the kickers with amplitudes that depend on the phase advance of the lattice. In the presence of nonlinear fields one expects to also find harmonics of the driving frequencies that depend on the order of the nonlinearity. Chebyshev polynomials and their unique properties allow one to directly quantify the magnitude of the nonlinearity with the minimum error. A calibration standard was developed using one of the sextupole magnets in a CEBAF beamline. The technique was then applied to a pair of Arc 1 dipoles and then to the magnets in the Transport Recombiner beamline to measure their multipole content as a function of transverse position within the magnets.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS2002

Optimal Control Design using an H(sub 2) Method for the Glovebox Integrated Microgravity Isolation Technology (G-Limit)

The acceleration environment on the International Space Station (ISS) will likely exceed the requirements of many micro-gravity experiments. The Glovebox Integrated Microgravity Isolation Technology (g-LIMIT) is being built by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center to attenuate the nominal acceleration environment and provide some isolation for microgravity science experiments. G-LIMIT uses Lorentz (voice-coil) magnetic actuators to isolate a platform for mounting science payloads from the nominal acceleration environment. The system utilizes payload acceleration, relative position, and relative orientation measurements in a feedback controller to accomplish the vibration isolation task. The controller provides current commands to six magnetic actuators, producing the required experiment isolation from the ISS acceleration environment. This paper presents the development of a candidate control law to meet the acceleration attenuation requirements for the g-LIMIT experiment platform. The controller design is developed using linear optimal control techniques for frequency-weighted H(sub 2) norms. Comparison of the performance and robustness to plant uncertainty for this control design approach is included in the discussion.

Calhoun, Philip C.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Research in particles and fields in space

Theoretical and experimental work in charged particle and magnetic field research is reported. Activities center on plasma generation and acceleration, ATS 1 data processing for evaluation of magnetospheric substorms and micropulsations during magnetic disturbances, and the development of solar wind model using Mariner observations.

Coleman, P. J., Jr.↗
DOE OSTI2011

Dual AC Dipole Excitation for the Measurement of Magnetic Multipole Strength from Beam Position Monitor Data

An experiment was conducted at Jefferson Lab's Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility to develop a technique for characterizing the nonlinear fields of the beam transport system. Two air-core dipole magnets were simultaneously driven at two different frequencies to provide a time-dependent transverse modulation of the electron beam. Fourier decomposition of beam position monitor data was then used to measure the amplitude of these frequencies at different positions along the beamline. For a purely linear transport system one expects to find solely the frequencies that were applied to the dipoles with amplitudes that depend on the phase advance of the lattice. In the presence of nonlinear fields one expects to also find harmonics of the driving frequencies that depend on the order of the nonlinearity. The technique was calibrated using one of the sextupole magnets in a CEBAF beamline and then applied to a dipole to measure the sextupole and octupole strength of the magnet. A comparison is made between the beam-based measurements, results from TOSCA and data from our Magnet Measurement Facility.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗