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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2026

Influence of Seawater Salts on Magnesium Oxide Hydration: Implications for Carbonation

The effects of individual component salts on MgO hydration and subsequent carbonation have not been systematically investigated despite the increase in utilization of seawater and other brines in the production of MgO-containing next-generation cements, fire retardants, and sorbents for CO2. Here, we present a study of MgO hydration in the presence of individual saltwater cations at a range of concentrations, as well as binary mixtures at seawater concentrations, and subsequent carbonation. We observed that the presence of the cations increased MgO dissolution rates and that the subsequent carbonation extent of the hydrated material remained constant or even increased. Since the presence of these salts during hydration does not show negative effects on subsequent carbonation in our experimental study, the application of seawater and other brines containing high concentrations of these salts to hydrate MgO in industrial processes is likely feasible.

Evans, Barbara [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000225742567)↗

DOE OSTI2023

Formation and Shape Changing of Conductive Helical Ribbons via Deposition of Highly Stressed Films on Mechanically Responsive Substrates

Abstract This work demonstrates that the electrodeposition of highly stressed films on compliant ribbons is a robust process to obtain helical structures with excellent mechanical stability and potentially high thermal and electrical conductance. Electrodeposition on end‐tethered ribbons alters their axial and bending stiffness while imparting mechanical stress to drive the formation of a helix with a microscale diameter and pitch in a controlled and scalable manner. The process generates helices with diameters and pitches between 80 and 200 µm and lengths as large as several millimeters. The approach is amenable to parallel processing a large number of 3D structures on any substrate, including large‐area semiconductor wafers. This phenomenon is explained in terms of the change of stress gradients as material is added. Applications of the fabricated helices include antennas, metamaterials, and slow‐wave structures in frequency ranges not previously attainable.

Chemistry↗

DOE OSTI2026

Initial Feasibility Assessment and Broader Strategy Development for Fiber Integration via Advanced Manufacturing

Structural health monitoring is critical for ensuring the operational safety and cost-competitiveness of the developing advanced reactor designs. The extreme operational envelopes of these advanced architectures, having operating temperatures ranging 400°C–1,000°C and heightened displacement damage doses, render conventional commercially available piezoelectric transducers and resistive strain gauges unviable. Optical fiber sensors present an attractive solution for advanced radiation-hardened instrumentation due to their high thermal stability and distributed sensing capabilities. However, their deployment in embedded applications can be hindered by the severe thermomechanical strain driven by the coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch between fused silica glass and structural metal alloys like stainless steel (e.g., SS316L).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Divergent evolution of slip banding in CrCoNi alloys

Abstract Metallic materials under high stress often exhibit deformation localization, manifesting as slip banding. Over seven decades ago, Frank and Read introduced the well-known model of dislocation multiplication at a source, explaining slip band formation. Here, we reveal two distinct types of slip bands (confined and extended) in compressed CrCoNi alloys through multi-scale testing and modeling from microscopic to atomic scales. The confined slip band, characterized by a thin glide zone, arises from the conventional process of repetitive full dislocation emissions at Frank–Read source. Contrary to the classical model, the extended band stems from slip-induced deactivation of dislocation sources, followed by consequent generation of new sources on adjacent planes, leading to rapid band thickening. Our findings provide insights into atomic-scale collective dislocation motion and microscopic deformation instability in advanced structural materials.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

NASA NTRS1999

Initial Test Firing Results for Solid CO/GOX Cryogenic Hybrid Rocket Engine for Mars ISRU Propulsion Applications

ORBITEC is developing methods for producing, testing, and utilizing Mars-based ISRU fuel/oxidizer combinations to support low cost, planetary surface and flight propulsion and power systems. When humans explore Mars we will need to use in situ resources that are available, such as: energy (solar); gases or liquids for life support, ground transportation, and flight to and from other surface locations and Earth; and materials for shielding and building habitats and infrastructure. Probably the easiest use of Martian resources to reduce the cost of human exploration activities is the use of the carbon and oxygen readily available from the CO2 in the Mars atmosphere. ORBITEC has conducted preliminary R&D that will eventually allow us to reliably use these resources. ORBITEC is focusing on the innovative use of solid CO as a fuel. A new advanced cryogenic hybrid rocket propulsion system is suggested that will offer advantages over LCO/LOX propulsion, making it the best option for a Mars sample return vehicle and other flight vehicles. This technology could also greatly support logistics and base operations by providing a reliable and simple way to store solar or nuclear generated energy in the form of chemical energy that can be used for ground transportation (rovers/land vehicles) and planetary surface power generators. This paper describes the overall concept and the test results of the first ever solid carbon monoxide/oxygen rocket engine firing.

Eric E Rice↗

DOE OSTI2024

Charmonium Transport in Heavy-Ion Collisions at the LHC

We provide an update on our semi-classical transport approach for quarkonium production in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, focusing on 𝐽/𝜓 and 𝜓(2𝑆) mesons in 5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at both forward and mid-rapidity. In particular, we employ the most recent charm-production cross sections reported in pp collisions, which are pivotal for the magnitude of the regeneration contribution, and their modifications due to cold-nuclear-matter (CNM) effects. Multi-differential observables are calculated in terms of nuclear modification factors as a function of centrality, transverse momentum, and rapidity, including the contributions from feeddown from bottom hadron decays. For our predictions for 𝜓(2𝑆) production, the mechanism of sequential regeneration relative to the more strongly bound 𝐽/𝜓 meson plays an important role in interpreting recent ALICE data.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

NASA NTRS2026

Hidden in Plain Sight: A New Main Belt Population of Aqueously Altered and Thermally Metamorphosed Asteroids

C-complex low albedo asteroids are understood to be related to aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. However, in recent years, a new subgroup of aqueously altered meteorites that have experienced significant heating after their initial interactions with water has been extensively studied. It remains unclear where the aqueously altered and heated parent bodies are located in the asteroid belt. To address this question, we reanalyzed the original dataset that defined the Bus-DeMeo spectral taxonomy of asteroids (DeMeo et al., 2009) using a machine learning approach trained with near-infrared archival meteorite spectra. Results show that ~50% of the C-complex asteroids first identified in the Bus-DeMeo asteroid spectral taxonomy are aqueously altered and heated. Though Ryugu has been shown to also have experienced both of these processes, this is the first evidence of a population of aqueously altered and thermally metamorphosed asteroids in the Main Asteroid Belt. Based on the expected velocity and frequency of impacts in the main belt population, we conclude that impacts are the most likely heat source driving thermal metamorphism we identify. Moreover, these aqueously altered and thermally metamorphosed asteroids may represent a primordial population of low-albedo material that formed in situ in the inner solar system. If these asteroids formed in place, rather than being brought in from the outer solar system during giant planet migration, they would have experienced more frequent and higher velocity impacts, resulting in their distinct mineralogy.

Main Belt asteroids↗

DOE OSTI2025

Detecting thermodynamic phase transition via explainable machine learning of photoemission spectroscopy

Identifying thermodynamic signatures of electronic phases, such as superconductivity, is challenging in low-dimensional materials due to strong fluctuations and low probing volume. Spectroscopic methods are often used to identify new bulk phases, but their main measurable quantity—electronic energy gaps—is no longer an effective order parameter in low-dimensional and fluctuating systems. Combining angle-resolved photoemission with a domain-adversarial neural network, we report a data-driven method to identify thermodynamic phase transitions solely based on single-particle spectra. We demonstrate 97.6% accuracy in cuprate superconductor Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ with strong superconducting fluctuations. This model notably compensates for the scarcity of experimental data by leveraging virtually inexhaustible simulated data. Further, its explainability reveals the crucial role of in-gap spectral weight in detecting phase fluctuations and thermodynamic transitions. Our work pinpoints the spectroscopic signatures of fluctuating orders and enables using spectroscopy for machine-learning-assisted material discovery for low-dimensional and strong coupling systems.

2D materials↗

DOE OSTI2026

Influence of linkage chemistry and side-chain polarity on Ion 2 transport in click-functionalized polymerized ionic liquids.

Post-polymerization functionalization offers precise molecular weight control and enables the high-throughput investigation of structure−property relationships in polymer research. However, post-polymerization functionalization strategies often introduce additional linkage chemistry, and its role in the physical properties of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) has yet to be explored. In this work, a series of PILs were synthesized using Cu(I)-catalyzed azide−alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), with comparison made to N-alkylation substitution chemistry. The triazole ring introduced by CuAAC chemistry was found to induce extensive ion aggregation and deteriorate ion transport. The impact of linkage chemistry on ion transport can be alleviated by incorporating polar ethylene glycol spacers in the side chain, achieving an ionic conductivity of 2.1 × 10−4 S/cm at 30 °C. Furthermore, the effect of polar spacer placement was explored, revealing that overall side-chain polarity, rather than polarity in the vicinity of the ionic group, governs ion aggregation and ion transport in PILs.

Shan, Naisong↗

NASA NTRS2026

The Future of in-Situ Sequencing-Based Microbial Monitoring: Development of a Shelf-Stable Method for Artemis and Beyond

Microbial monitoring onboard the International Space Station (ISS) is essential for assessing the efficiency of the Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) and providing insight into potential risk to both crew and spacecraft. Historically, this monitoring required the need to culture organisms onboard, return these cultures to Earth, and then complete the identifications, a process that would take months. Over the past decade, and through numerous payloads, advances in molecular biology have enabled in-flight microbial identifications using nanopore sequencing. The swab-to-sequencer method resulting from these efforts was transitioned from research to operations for microbial monitoring under the Crew Health Care Systems (CHeCS) BioMole. Collectively, these accomplishments have propelled the swab-to-sequencer method to be selected as the Microbial Surface Monitor (MSM) for Gateway, as well as a payload on Artemis IV. However, the lack of cold stowage availability for Artemis requires modifications to the entire method due to the thermal instability of the reagents required for sample preparation. To achieve this, new development, optimization, and validations were undertaken. Key considerations included enzyme concentration, buffer compatibility, and equal or enhanced sensitivity and specificity. At each step, thorough side-by-side comparisons with the current ISS method were performed. The development of a robust shelf-stable method will ensure continued sequencing-based microbial monitoring for Artemis and beyond, providing data in near real-time, enhancing risk response time, and yielding clear insight into the microbiome of spacecraft.

Christian G Mena↗

NASA NTRS1977

Battery life test using reconditioning

A discussion is presented on nickel cadmium battery life tests using reconditioning and some comparative tests not using reconditioning. The discussion is aimed at the program application part of the testing. The goals of the program were to get an increased utilization out of the battery system in geosynchronous orbit. An attempt was made to push the depth of discharge operation up around 80 to 85 percent and the intent with the reconditioning program was to extend this type of utilization out towards a 10-year life and attune the voltage regulation.

Sparks, R. H.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Overview of initial research into the effects of strong vortex flow on hybrid rocket combustion and performance

An examination of the effect of vortex flow on hybrid rocket combustion and performance is underway. Emphasis is on response of the fuel regression rate when subjected to vortex flow. Initial results show that there is a definite effect of the vortex on fuel regression rate. Future work will focus on quantitatively measuring this regression rate. This work is part of an overall program to develop an ultra low cost fuel system for hybrid rocket engines.

P Gloyer↗

NASA NTRS2018

Rechargeable Battery Auto-Cycler Requiring Lower Power and Dissipating Reduced Waste Heat

A battery charger system includes a power supply and a switch connected to the power supply wherein the switch has a first switch half and a second switch half. First and second batteries are selectively connected to the power supply via the switch. The first and second switch halves are moved between a plurality of operational positions to fully charge the first battery, discharge the first battery into the second battery, discharge the second battery into the first battery, and fully charge the second battery.

Hanson, Thomas David↗

NASA NTRS2026

NASA Agile Community of Practice 2024-2026 Report

This 2024-2026 report provides a summary of the products and activities executed by the NASA Agile Community of Practice (CoP) during its second and third years. Building on the foundation established in its inaugural year, the CoP continued to advance Agile values and principles across NASA centers. The report highlights key initiatives, including specialized framework training, AI integration in Agile toolkits, and active participation in agency-wide project management and systems engineering workshops.

Agile↗

NASA NTRS2014

Crewed Space Vehicle Battery Safety Requirements

This requirements document is applicable to all batteries on crewed spacecraft, including vehicle, payload, and crew equipment batteries. It defines the specific provisions required to design a battery that is safe for ground personnel and crew members to handle and/or operate during all applicable phases of crewed missions, safe for use in the enclosed environment of a crewed space vehicle, and safe for use in launch vehicles, as well as in unpressurized spaces adjacent to the habitable portion of a space vehicle. The required provisions encompass hazard controls, design evaluation, and verification. The extent of the hazard controls and verification required depends on the applicability and credibility of the hazard to the specific battery design and applicable missions under review. Evaluation of the design and verification program results shall be completed prior to certification for flight and ground operations. This requirements document is geared toward the designers of battery systems to be used in crewed vehicles, crew equipment, crew suits, or batteries to be used in crewed vehicle systems and payloads (or experiments). This requirements document also applies to ground handling and testing of flight batteries. Specific design and verification requirements for a battery are dependent upon the battery chemistry, capacity, complexity, charging, environment, and application. The variety of battery chemistries available, combined with the variety of battery-powered applications, results in each battery application having specific, unique requirements pertinent to the specific battery application. However, there are basic requirements for all battery designs and applications, which are listed in section 4. Section 5 includes a description of hazards and controls and also includes requirements.

Jeevarajan, Judith A.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Aerothermal Shape Optimization of Actively-Cooled Battery Packs Using Conjugate Heat Transfer

Thermal management for battery is important for electric aircraft because battery temperature is critically important to vehicle safety, and it also has direct impact on the efficiency of the battery system. Because ambient air is a readily available resource for aircraft, this paper considers an active cooling concept with forced convection of ambient air through the battery pack. Conjugate heat transfer analysis is used to solve the coupled aero-thermal problem, which consists of a finite-volume computational fluid dynamics solver for the fluid domain, and a conduction heat transfer solver for the solid domain. A mixed Neumann and Dirichlet boundary condition is developed for the fluid-solid interface, which allows the solid domain to completely submerge in the fluid domain. A gradient-based optimization method is adopted, and the discrete adjoint approach implemented in DAFoam is used to efficiently compute the gradients. The aero-thermal coupling for primal analysis and gradient computation is handled using the OpenMDAO-based MPhys framework. A constant heat source is prescribed for the battery cells, and the battery shape (design variable) is optimized to minimize cooling pump power and battery weight (composite objective function) while keeping the battery temperature below a threshold (constraint). The optimized design achieves a 44.6% and 1.5% reduction in the cooling pump power and battery weight, respectively, and the maximal temperature constraint is satisfied. This work has the potential to reduce battery-pack weight, improve performance, and reduce the weight of thermal management systems for electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft.

heat transfer↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Aerothermal Shape Optimization of Actively-Cooled Battery Packs using Conjugate Heat Transfer

thermal management↗

NASA NTRS1964

The Micrometeoroid Satellite Explorer XIII (1961 CHI)

Papers on the spacecraft, experiments, telemeter, and power supply systems, as well as the launch vehicle, for the Explorer XIII micrometeoroid satellite are presented. In addition to the major contributions from the Langley Research Center, two papers from the Goddard Space Flight Center are included. The preflight test program and results are discussed. Ascent flight data and orbital performance are also presented. Finally, separate sections describe the aims of the experiments, discuss the design development, construction, and performance of the apparatus used, and report the results.

Micrometeoroid↗