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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,729 records · Page 96
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1988

A noise source identification technique using an inverse Helmholtz integral equation method

A technique is developed which utilizes numerical models and field pressure information to characterize acoustic fields and identify acoustic sources. The numerical models are based on boundary element numerical procedures. Either pressure, velocity, or passive boundary conditions, in the form of impedance boundary conditions, may be imposed on the numerical model. Alternatively, if no boundary information is known, a boundary condition can be left unspecified. Field pressure data may be specified to overdetermine the numerical problem. The problem is solved numerically for the complete sound field from which the acoustic sources may be determined. The model can then be used to idenfify acoustic intensity paths in the field. The solution can be modified and the model used to evaluate design alternatives. In this investigation the method is tested analytically and verified. In addition, the sensitivity of the method to random and bias error in the input data is demonstrated.

Gardner, B. K.↗
NASA NTRS1988

VLF noises triggered by whistlers as observed in the topside ionosphere

ISIS-1, ISIS-2, and DE-1 VLF electric field data from Kashima station, Japan are used to investigate characteristics of whistler triggered emissions in the topside ionosphere. The occurrence rate for nonducted whistler triggered emission is shown to be distributed randomly between L = 2.0 and 4.2, while the occurrence rate of ducted whistler triggered emissions increases with latitudes between L = 1.5 and 2.9, attains a maximum at L = 2.7, and abruptly drops off at L = 3.0. The findings indicate that some whistler triggered emissions may be generated by the interaction of whistlers with magnetospheric electrons.

Nakamura, Yoshikatsu↗
NASA NTRS1989

The cooling rate dependence of cation distributions in CoFe2O4

The room-temperature cation distributions in bulk CoFe2O4 samples, cooled at rates between less than 0.01 and about 1000 C/sec, have been determined using Mossbauer spectroscopy in an 80-kOe magnetic field. With increasing cooling rate, the quenched structure departs increasingly from the mostly ordered cation distribution ordinarily observed at room temperature. However, the cation disorder appears to saturate just short of a random distribution at very high cooling rates. These results are interpreted in terms of a simple relaxation model of cation redistribution kinetics. The disordered cation distributions should lead to increased magnetization and decreased coercivity in CoFe2O4.

De Guire, Mark R.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Mitigation selection and qualification recommendations for Xilinx Virtex, Virtex-II, and Virtex-4 field programmable gate arrays

This work discusses mitigation selection and qualification techniques for Xilinx reconfigurable field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The aim of the paper is to provide readers with a better understanding of the engineering/reliability/project cost relationship that occurs when developing a mitigation strategy for static random access memory (SRAM)-based FPGAs.

Allen, Gregory↗
NASA NTRS2003

Concentration and Velocity Gradients in Fluidized Beds

In this work we focus on the height dependence of particle concentration, average velocity components, fluctuations in these velocities and, with the flow turned off, the sedimentation velocity. The latter quantities are measured using Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV). The PIV technique uses a 1-megapixel camera to capture two time-displaced images of particles in the bed. The depth of field of the imaging system is approximately 0.5 cm. The camera images a region with characteristic length of 2.6 cm for the small particles and 4.7 cm. for the large particles. The local direction of particle flow is determined by calculating the correlation function for sub-regions of 32 x 32 pixels. The velocity vector map is created from this correlation function using the time between images (we use 15 to 30 ms). The software is sensitive variations of 1/64th of a pixel. We produce velocity maps at various heights, each consisting of 3844 velocities. We break this map into three vertical zones for increased height information. The concentration profile is measured using an expanded (1 cm diameter) linearly polarized HeNe Laser incident on the fluidized bed. A COHU camera (gamma=1, AGC off) with a lens and a polarizer images the transmitted linearly polarized light to minimize the effects of multiply scattered light. The intensity profile (640 X 480 pixels) is well described by a Gaussian fit and the height of the Gaussian is used to characterize the concentration. This value is compared to the heights found for known concentrations. The sedimentation velocity is estimated using by imaging a region near the bottom of the bed and using PIV to measure the velocity as a function of time. With a nearly uniform concentration profile, the time can be converted to height information. The stable fluidized beds are made from large pseudo-monodisperse particles (silica spheres with radii (250-300) microns and (425-500) microns) dispersed in a glycerin/water mix. The Peclet number is sufficiently large that Brownian motion of the particles can be ignored and the Reynolds number sufficiently small that particle inertia is negligible. A packed particle bed is used to randomize and disperse the flowing fluid introduced by a peristaltic pump. The bed itself is a rectangular glass cell 8 cm wide (x), 0.8 cm deep and a height of 30.5 cm (z). The depth of field of the camera is approximately 0.5 cm so depth information is averaged. Over flow fluid is returned to the reservoir making a closed loop system. In these experiments the particles form a sediment approximately 5.7 cm high with the pump off and expand to 22 cm with the pump on. For the smaller particles the pump velocity is .5 millimeters per second and 1.1 millimeters per second for the large particles. At this concentration the bed has a very well defined top where particle concentration rapidly drops to zero.

McClymer, James P.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Automated defect identification in electroluminescence images of solar modules

Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules are susceptible to manufacturing defects, mishandling problems or extreme weather events that can limit energy production or cause early device failure. Trained professionals use electroluminescence (EL) images to identify defects in modules, however, field surveys or inline image acquisition can generate millions of EL images, which are infeasible to analyze by rote inspection. Here, we develop a rapid automatic computer vision pipeline (~0.5 seconds/module) to analyze EL images and identify defects including cracks, intra-cell defects, oxygen-induced defects, and solder disconnections. Defect identification is achieved with a machine learning model (Random Forest, ResNet models and YOLO) trained on 762 manually-labeled EL images of PV modules. We compare model performance on an imbalanced real-world validation set containing 134 EL images and determine that ResNet18 and YOLO are the optimal models; we next evaluated these models on a dedicated testing set (129 module images) with resulting macro F1 scores of 0.83 (ResNet18) and 0.78 (YOLO). Using a field EL survey of a PV power plant damaged in a vegetation fire, we analyze 18,954 EL images (2.4 million cells) and inspect the spatial distribution of defects on the solar modules. The results find increased frequency of ‘crack’, ‘solder’ and ‘intra-cell’ defects on the edges of the solar module closest to the ground after fire. We also find an abnormal increase of striation rings on cells which were assumed to be caused mainly in fabrication process. Our methods are published as open-source software. It can also be used to identify other kinds of defects or process different types of solar cells with minor modification on models by transfer learning.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1982

Aerodynamic prediction I

The aerodynamic prediction methodology which is needed for rotor noise calculations is presented. Airloads and wakes, dynamic stall, compressible flow, and random loads are reviewed. The aerodynamics/acoustics interface is defined when the noise or measurements are considered. The classical approach involving a distinct separation of aerodynamic sources and acoustic propagation is the basis of most rotor noise calculations. Aeroacoustics of rotors involve unique features which are not encountered in other aerodynamic problems of rotors: (1) acoustics problems ultimately require only an order of magnitude estimate of the sound pressure field, consequently remarkably good noise predictions are obtained from very simple aerodynamic analyses; (2) aeroacoustics introduce an interest in the higher frequency aerodynamics, the deterministic aerodynamic phenomena are still low frequency, however, the high frequency noise comes from the acoustic propagation; and (3) the aerodynamic phenomena on rotors that are only of interest due to the noise they produce, are the random aerodynamic pressures on the blades.

Johnson, W.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Full 3D Kinetic Modeling and Quantification of Positive Streamer Evolution in an Azimuthally Swept Pin-to-Plane Wedge Geometry

Cathode-directed streamer evolution in near atmospheric air is modeled in 3D pin-to-plane geometries using a 3D kinetic Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code that simulates particle-particle collisions via the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Due to the computational challenges associated with a complete 360° volumetric domain, a practical alternative was achieved using a wedge domain and a range of azimuthal angles was explored (5°, 15°, 30°, and 45°) to study possible effects on the streamer growth and propagation due to the finite wedge angle. A DC voltage of 6 kV is administered to a hemispherical anode of radius 100 μm, with a planar cathode held at ground potential, generating an over-volted state with an electric field of 4 MV/m across a 1500 μm gap. The domain is seeded with an initial ion and electron density of 10 18 m -3 at 1 eV temperature confined to a spherical region of radius 100 μm centered at the tip of the anode. The air chemistry model [1] includes standard Townsend breakdown mechanisms (electron-neutral elastic, excitation, ionization, attachment, and detachment collision chemistry and secondary electron emission) as well as streamer mechanisms (photoionization and ion-neutral collisions) via tracking excited state neutrals which can then either quench via collisions or spontaneously emit a photon based on specific Einstein-A coefficients [2, 3]. In this work, positive streamer dynamics are formally quantified for each wedge angle in terms of electron velocity and density as temporal functions of coordinates r, Φ, and z. Applying a random plasma seed for each simulation, particles of interest are tracked with near femtosecond temporal resolution out to 1.4 ns and spatially binned. This process is repeated six times and results are averaged. Prior 2D studies have shown that the reduced electric field, E/n, can significantly impact streamer evolution [4]. We extend the analysis to 3D wedge geometries, to limit computational costs, and examine the wedge angle’s effect on streamer branching, propagation, and velocity. Results indicate that the smallest wedge angle that produced an acceptably converged solution is 30°. The potential effects that a mesh, when under-resolved with respect to the Debye length, can impart on streamer dynamics and numerical heating were not investigated, and we explicitly state here that the smallest cell size was approximately 10 times the minimum λ D in the streamer channel at late times. This constraint on cell size was the result of computational limitations on total mesh count.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1983

Simulation studies and the need for field reflectance studies

There is a need to calibrate satellite data obtained at large polar (i.e., off-nadir) view angles for effects caused by scanner geometry and by the atmosphere. If such effects are not corrected for, then recorded radiance data will contain systematic and random errors which will make accurate target identification and quantification difficult. Adequate calibration of digital radiance data requires both an inductive analysis of digital satellite images and a deductive analysis based upon a priori simulation studies. The inputs to a simulation model (ground reflectance, atmospheric transmission and bandscatter) and their variability are dependent upon (for example) sun-target-sensor geometry. There is a major need to make accurate ground reflectance measurements to provide calibration information on the anisotropy of ground reflectance. There is also a need to assess atmospheric transmission and backscatter from the image itself. A potential simple, inexpensive method for making ground reflectance measurements in the above context is discussed.

Duggin, M. J.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nanocomposites Based on Coil-Comb Diblock Copolymers

The polymer chain architecture is an important factor determining the phase behavior of nanoparticle (NP) assembly in polymer matrices. Block copolymers (BCPs) containing a random copolymer (RCP) block present a convenient variation on traditional BCPs to tune the interaction parameters between the polymer blocks and the nanofillers as well as to evaluate the effect of the chain architecture on the NP arrangements within BCP microdomains. Here, we synthesized BCPs with a coil polystyrene (PS) block and a comb RCP block through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The RCP block consists of methyl- and lauryl acrylates, the latter of which confers a long-chain alkyl moiety to favorably interact with alkyl-passivated NPs. BCPs showing lamellar, cylindrical, and mixed morphologies were obtained by varying the volume fractions of the RCP block (f RCP ). In comparison to coil-coil BCP, the coil-comb BCPs show highly asymmetric phase behavior with respect to fRCP, where lamellar morphologies were observed at fRCP from 0.31 to 0.51. NPs in the size of 4-5 nm were successfully incorporated in the RCP block of the BCPs with periodicities of 30-60 nm. An order-to-order phase transition from lamellae to PS cylinders was observed after the addition of only 1-2 vol % 5 nm NPs into the BCP with a periodicity of 25 nm and f RCP of 0.51. Self-consistent field theory-density functional theory simulations qualitatively described the observed morphologies and phase transitions in the nanocomposites. Here, the current study presents a platform to fabricate nanocomposites with NP assemblies in coil-comb BCPs that contain a random copolymer block and provides insight into how polymer chain architectures can affect the phase behavior of BCPs and nanocomposites.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

A four‐alternative forced choice (4AFC) methodology for evaluating microcalcification detection in clinical full‐field digital mammography (FFDM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) systems using an inkjet‐printed anthropomorphic phantom

Purpose The advent of three‐dimensional breast imaging systems such as digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has great promise for improving the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. With these new technologies comes an essential need for testing methods to assess the resultant image quality. Although randomized clinical trials are the gold standard for assessing image quality, phantom‐based studies can provide a simpler and less burdensome approach. In this work, a complete framework is presented for task‐based evaluation of microcalcification (MCs) detection performance for DBT imaging systems. Methods The framework consists of three parts. The first part is a realistic anthropomorphic physical breast phantom created through inkjet printing, with parchment paper and iodine‐doped ink. The second is a method for inserting realistic MCs fabricated from calcium hydroxyapatite. The reproducibility and stability of the phantom materials were investigated through multiple samples of parchment and ink over 6 months. The final part is an analysis using a four‐alternative forced choice (4AFC) reader study. To demonstrate the framework, a task‐based 4AFC study was conducted using a clinical system to compare performance from DBT, synthetic mammography (SM), and full‐field digital mammography (FFDM). Nine human observers read images containing MC clusters imaged with all three modalities and tried to correctly locate the MCs. The proportion correct (PC) was measured as the number of correctly detected clusters out of all trials. Results Overall, readers scored the highest with FFDM, (PC = 0.95 ± 0.03) then DBT (0.85 ± 0.04), and finally SM (0.44 ± 0.06). For the parchment and ink samples, the linear attenuation properties were very stable over 6 months. In addition, little difference was found between the various parchment and ink samples, indicating good reproducibility. Conclusions This framework presents a promising methodology for evaluating diagnostic task performance of clinical breast DBT systems.

Ikejimba, Lynda C.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multi-scale investigation of short-range order and dislocation glide in MoNbTi and TaNbTi multi-principal element alloys

Refractory multi-principal element alloys (RMPEAs) are promising materials for high-temperature structural applications. Here, we investigate the role of short-range ordering (SRO) on dislocation glide in the MoNbTi and TaNbTi RMPEAs using a multi-scale modeling approach. Monte carlo/molecular dynamics simulations with a moment tensor potential show that MoNbTi exhibits a much greater degree of SRO than TaNbTi and the local composition has a direct effect on the unstable stacking fault energies (USFEs). From mesoscale phase-field dislocation dynamics simulations, we find that increasing SRO leads to higher mean USFEs and stress required for dislocation glide. The gliding dislocations experience significant hardening due to pinning and depinning caused by random compositional fluctuations, with higher SRO decreasing the degree of USFE dispersion and hence, amount of hardening. Finally, we show how the morphology of an expanding dislocation loop is affected by the applied stress.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Two-Level Sketching Alternating Anderson Acceleration for Complex Physics Applications

We present a novel two-level sketching extension of the Alternating Anderson–Picard (AAP) method for accelerating fixed-point iterations in challenging single- and multiphysics simulations governed by discretized PDEs. Our approach combines a static, physics-based projection that reduces the least-squares (LS) problem to the most informative field (e.g., via Schur-complement insight) with a dynamic, algebraic sketching stage driven by a backward stability analysis under Lipschitz continuity. We introduce inexpensive estimators for stability thresholds and cache-aware randomized selection strategies to balance computational cost against memory access overhead. The resulting algorithm solves reduced LS systems in place, minimizes memory footprints, and seamlessly alternates between low-cost Picard updates and Anderson mixing. Implemented in Julia, our two-level sketching AAP achieves up to 50% time-to-solution reductions compared to standard Anderson acceleration—without degrading convergence rates—on benchmark problems including Stokes, 𝑝-Laplacian, bidomain, and Navier–Stokes formulations at varying problem sizes. These results demonstrate the method’s robustness, scalability, and potential for integration into high-performance scientific computing frameworks. Our implementation is available open source in the AAP.jl library.

Barnafi, Nicolas [University of Chile, Santiago]↗
DOE OSTI2017

Ion Conduction in Microphase-Separated Block Copolymer Electrolytes

Microphase separation of block copolymers provides a promising route towards engineering a mechanically robust ion conducting film for electrochemical devices. The separation into two different nano-domains enables the film to simultaneously exhibit both high ion conductivity and mechanical robustness, material properties inversely related in most homopolymer and random copolymer electrolytes. To exhibit the maximum conductivity and mechanical robustness, both domains would span across macroscopic length scales enabling uninterrupted ion conduction. One way to achieve this architecture is through external alignment fields that are applied during the microphase separation process. In this review, we present the progress and challenges for aligning the ionic domains in block copolymer electrolytes. A survey of alignment and characterization is followed by a discussion of how the nanoscale architecture affects the bulk conductivity and how alignment may be improved to maximize the number of participating conduction domains.

Kambe, Yu (ORCID:000000021422350X)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Transcripts and genomic intervals associated with variation in metabolite abundance in maize leaves under field conditions

Abstract Plants exhibit extensive environment-dependent intraspecific metabolic variation, which likely plays a role in determining variation in whole plant phenotypes. However, much of the work seeking to use natural variation to link genes and transcript’s impacts on plant metabolism has employed data from controlled environments. Here, we generated and analyzed data on the variation in the abundance of 26 metabolites across 660 maize inbred lines under field conditions. We employ these data and previously published transcript and whole plant phenotype data reported for the same field experiment to identify both genomic intervals (through genome-wide association studies (GWAS)) and transcripts (using both transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) and an explainable artificial intelligence (AI) approach based on random forest (RF)) associated with variation in metabolite abundance. Both genome-wide association and random forest-based methods identified substantial numbers of significant associations including genes with plausible links to the metabolites they are associated with. In contrast, the transcriptome-wide association identified only six significant associations. In three cases, genetic markers associated with metabolic variation in our study colocalized with markers linked to variation in non-metabolic traits scored in the same experiment. We speculate that the poor performance of transcriptome-wide association studies in identifying transcript-metabolite associations may reflect a high prevalence of non-linear interactions between transcripts and metabolites and/or a bias towards rare transcripts playing a large role in determining intraspecific metabolic variation.

Mathivanan, Ramesh Kanna↗
DOE OSTI2019

Evaluation of Anodized and Electroplated Radioactive Check Sources for Radiological Monitoring Instruments

Radioactive check sources are often used for source checking calibrated instruments to confirm accurate readings are obtained from radiological monitoring instruments. Because of the importance of check sources and their application, PNNL conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of active sources produced using different construction methods. Eleven, randomly selected check sources of both anodized (five) and electroplated (six) construction were evaluated, along with their calculated decay curves, to determine how well they withstand consistent, multi-year use in the field. Results show that the anodized and electroplated check sources evaluated hold up well enough to continue their use, regardless of wear and tear sustained over years of use. This report provides the source information, empirical data for the 11 anodized and electroplated check sources and their representative decay curves, and it documents the conclusion that anodized and electroplated check sources are reliable for routine use in the field over multiple years.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Objective Phenotyping of Root System Architecture Using Image Augmentation and Machine Learning in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Active breeding programs specifically for root system architecture (RSA) phenotypes remain rare; however, breeding for branch and taproot types in the perennial crop alfalfa is ongoing. Phenotyping in this and other crops for active RSA breeding has mostly used visual scoring of specific traits or subjective classification into different root types. While image-based methods have been developed, translation to applied breeding is limited. This research is aimed at developing and comparing image-based RSA phenotyping methods using machine and deep learning algorithms for objective classification of 617 root images from mature alfalfa plants collected from the field to support the ongoing breeding efforts. Our results show that unsupervised machine learning tends to incorrectly classify roots into a normal distribution with most lines predicted as the intermediate root type. Encouragingly, random forest and TensorFlow-based neural networks can classify the root types into branch-type, taproot-type, and an intermediate taproot-branch type with 86% accuracy. With image augmentation, the prediction accuracy was improved to 97%. Coupling the predicted root type with its prediction probability will give breeders a confidence level for better decisions to advance the best and exclude the worst lines from their breeding program. This machine and deep learning approach enables accurate classification of the RSA phenotypes for genomic breeding of climate-resilient alfalfa.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗